Your search found 11 records
1 Abdurahman, M. A. 2009. Assessment of micro-dam irrigation projects and runoff predictions for ungauged catchments in northern Ethiopia. Thesis. Munster, Germany: University of Muenster. 176p.
Water resources ; Irrigation management ; Irrigation development ; Microirrigation ; Irrigation programs ; Dams ; Rain ; Runoff ; Catchment areas ; Assessment ; Reservoirs ; Watersheds ; Agricultural extension ; Models ; Calibration ; Sensitivity analysis ; Uncertainty ; Analytical methods ; Evapotranspiration ; Water balance ; GIS ; Soils ; Land use ; Land cover / Northern Ethiopia / Tigray Region
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044924)
http://miami.uni-muenster.de/servlets/DerivateServlet/Derivate-5275/diss_abdurahman.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044924.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044924.pdf
(8.13 MB) (8.13MB)
2 Yami, Mastewal; Mekuria, Wolde; Hauser, M. 2013. The effectiveness of village bylaws in sustainable management of community-managed exclosures in northern Ethiopia. Sustainability Science, 8(1):73-86. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-012-0176-2]
Natural resources ; Communal forests ; Community involvement ; Institutions ; Land degradation ; Grazing lands / Northern Ethiopia / Tigray
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044966)
(0.43 MB)
Communities in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia, have established exclosures on formerly degraded grazing lands and other land uses to promote natural regeneration of plants. Village bylaws devised by communities govern the management of exclosures. We analysed the effectiveness of village bylaws that are used to manage exclosures in addressing forest degradation, resolving conflicts among users over natural resource use, and meeting high expectations of users to realise economic benefits from exclosures through enhancing revenue from sale of grass and dry wood. We collected data using qualitative methods during July and November 2008 in two villages of Tigray. The village bylaws mitigated forest degradation by facilitating users to have common goals in the management of exclosures, and resolved conflicts among users by using monetary sanctions including penalties. The village bylaws were not effective in meeting the high expectations of users to realise economic benefits from exclosures. In some cases, the enforcement of village bylaws was constrained by high social capital, which resulted in the negligence among users in exposing free riders. This indicates that high social capital does not always enhance communal resource management. Moreover, recurrent drought, shortage of fuel wood, and the growing number of landless youths in both villages constrained the effectiveness of village bylaws and further expansion of exclosures. Village committees should focus on addressing the low level of rule enforcement and minimise negligence among users of exclosures through developing a sense of responsibility among users rather than focusing on penalties.
3 Mekuria, Wolde; Yami, Mastewal. 2013. Changes in woody species composition following establishing exclosures on grazing lands in the lowlands of northern Ethiopia. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 7(1):30-40. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5897/AJEST11.378]
Grazing lands ; Land degradation ; Land use ; Vegetation ; Biomass ; Woody plants ; Species / Northern Ethiopia / Tigray
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045629)
http://www.academicjournals.org/ajest/PDF/pdf%202013/Jan/Mekuria%20and%20Yami.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H045629.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H045629.pdf
(0.29 MB) (291.57KB)
Restoring vegetation in low rainfall areas is difficult and urges the need to design an effective and low-cost method of vegetation restoration. This study was undertaken in the lowlands of northern Ethiopia to: (1) investigate how exclosure age affects restoration of degraded native plant species richness, diversity and aboveground standing biomass, and (2) identify soil characteristics, which affect effectiveness of exclosures to restore degraded native vegetation. Replicated (n = 3) 5-, 10- and 15- year-old exclosures were selected and each exclosure was paired with an adjacent grazing land to detect changes in vegetation variables following establishing exclosures on communal grazing lands. All exclosures displayed higher species richness, diversity and aboveground biomass when compared to the adjacent grazing lands. Results on vegetation composition indicate that all exclosures are at early stage of succession. In all exclosures and grazing lands, vegetation variables displayed significant (p < 0.05) correlations with soil variables indicating that consideration of soil fertility will help enhance natural regeneration in exclosures. Our study indicates that the establishment of exclosures on degraded communal grazing lands can be effective in restoring degraded native vegetations, and with time, exclosures may obtain an important role as source of seeds of indigenous woody species.
4 Mekuria, Wolde. 2013. Conversion of communal grazing lands into exclosures restored soil properties in the semi-arid lowlands of northern Ethiopia. Arid Land Research and Management, 27(2):153-166. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15324982.2012.721858]
Grazing lands ; Common lands ; Soil properties ; Soil organic matter ; Soil sampling ; Soil conservation ; Lowland ; Vegetation ; Biomass ; Climate change / Northern Ethiopia / Raya-azebo District / Alemata District / Tanqua-abergele District
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045710)
(0.41 MB)
In the semi-arid tropics, communal grazing lands provide a livelihood for millions of people.However, it is highly threatened by overgrazing and continuous land degradation and, as a result, proper management is important to improve the livelihood of the people. This study investigated the effectiveness of exclosures established on communal grazing lands to restore soil properties and identified the relationship among soil properties, site and vegetation characteristics, and exclosure age. A space-for-time substitution approach to detect changes in soil properties following the establishment of exclosures on communal grazing lands was used. Replicated (n¼3) 5-, 10-, and 15-year-old exclosures were selected and paired, each exclosure with an adjacent communal grazing land. All exclosures showed higher soil organic matter (OM), total soil nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) than the adjacent grazing lands. The increases in soil properties between exclosures and grazing lands in the 0- to 0.2-m depth varied between 58 and 101% for OM, from 54 to 108% for N, from 26 to 128% for P, and from 18 to 28% for CEC over the grazing lands. Soil properties in exclosures and grazing lands showed significant (p<0.05) correlations with biomass and vegetation cover indicating that vegetation restoration is a key to restore degraded soils through exclosure establishment. Establishing exclosures on communal grazing lands can be effective in restoring the degraded soils in the semi-arid lowlands of Ethiopia. However, further studies are required on the ecological and economic benefits of future exclosures, as expansion of exclosure could cause grazing pressure on the remaining communal grazing lands.
5 Hagos, Fitsum; Yazew, E.; Yohannes, M.; Mulugeta, A.; Abraha, G. G.; Abraha, Z.; Kruseman, G.; Linderhof, V. 2013. Small-scale water harvesting and household poverty in northern Ethiopia. In van Beukering, P. J. H.; Papyrakis, E.; Bouma, J.; Brouwer, R. (Eds.). Nature's wealth: the economics of ecosystem services and poverty. New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press. pp.225-282. (Ecology, Biodiversity and Conservation Series)
Water harvesting ; Small scale systems ; Ponds ; Households ; Income ; Poverty ; Climate change ; Rainfed farming ; Public health ; Waterborne diseases ; Malaria ; Water balance ; Socioeconomic environment / Northern Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045811)
(5.25 MB)
6 Mekuria, Wolde; Langan, Simon; Noble, Andrew; Johnston, Robyn. 2014. Soil organic carbon and nutrient contents are not influenced by exclosures established in communal grazing land in Nile Basin, northern Ethiopia. In Rahman, A.; Ahmadi, R. (Eds.) International Institute of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering (IICBEE) International Conference on Advances in Agricultural, Biological and Environmental Sciences (AABES), Dubai, UAE, 15-16 October 2014. Punjab, India: International Institute of Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering (IICBEE) pp.16-21. [doi: https://doi.org/10.15242/IICBE.C1014045]
Grazing lands ; Common lands ; Land degradation ; Soil properties ; Soil fertility ; Soil organic matter ; Carbon ; Ecosystem services ; Watersheds / Northern Ethiopia / Gomit Watershed / Nile Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046769)
(0.73 MB) (748 KB)
Land degradation through extensification of agriculture and overgrazing is an increasing problem across large expanses of the Ethiopian highlands that give rise to a loss in a range of ecosystem services. Ecological restoration through exclosure establishment has become increasingly important approach to reversing degraded ecosystems in Ethiopia and particularly in the Amhara regional state, northern Ethiopia. The present study was conducted in Nile basin, northern Ethiopia to investigate the changes in soil properties and nutrient contents following establishing exclosures on communal grazing lands. A space-for-time substitution approach to monitor changes in soil properties after conversion of communal grazing lands to exclosures with ages of establishment ranging from 1 to 7-years was used. In the 0- to 20- and 20- to 50-cm depths, significant (p < 0.05) differences in soil pH, exchangeable cations, cation exchange capacity, soil moisture content, and bulk density were observed among exclosures and between exclosures and communal grazing land. Communal grazing land displayed significantly higher soil total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compared to exclosures. However, differences between exclosures and grazing land in soil organic matter (SOM) content and soil organic carbon (SOC) stock were not significant (p > 0.05). The results demonstrated that exclosure age influenced SOM content and SOC stock. The lack of influence in soil nutrient and SOM contents as well as SOC stock after 7-year of exclosure establishment could be attributed to: (a) the favorable environment (e.g., better moisture content and soil pH) in exclosures, which results in increased SOM decomposition, and (b) better vegetation growth in exclosures, which consequently reduce soil nutrient content due to higher nutrient uptake by restored plants. Exclosures alone therefore cannot be regarded as a comprehensive short- or medium-term soil rehabilitation option.
7 Gebrekidane, T.; Bhardwaj, R. K.; Gangwar, S. K. 2014. Constraints and opportunities of urban and peri-urban dairy production in Central Tigray of northern Ethiopia. In Maheshwari, B.; Purohit, R.; Malano, H.; Singh, V. P.; Amerasinghe, Priyanie. (Eds.). The security of water, food, energy and liveability of cities: challenges and opportunities for peri-urban futures. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp.291-299. (Water Science and Technology Library Volume 71)
Milk production ; Dairy farms ; Livestock ; Dairy cattle ; Productivity ; Farmers ; Urban areas ; Periurban areas ; Feed resources ; Animal health ; Land resources ; Households / Northern Ethiopia / Central Tigray / Adwa / Axum
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H047043)
The purpose of this study was to explore the constraints and opportunities of dairy production in the urban and peri-urban areas of central Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. A total of 160 dairy holding households were selected for the study by a systematic random sampling technique. Feed shortage and inadequate land were ranked as the first and second order constraints in urban and peri-urban areas respectively. Diseases followed by waste disposal were rated as the third and fourth order constraints in urban areas whereas a lack of exotic breeds ranked third in the peri-urban areas. Increased demands of dairy products, increased farmers’ awareness about dairying and access to credit services were some of the opportunities to increase dairy production in the area. The problem of availability of feed and land were significant both in urban and peri-urban areas and it has to be addressed both in terms of utilisation and management.
8 Zeweld, W.; van Huylenbroeck, G.; Hidgot, A.; Chandrakanth, M. G.; Speelman, S. 2015. Adoption of small-scale irrigation and its livelihood impacts in northern Ethiopia. Irrigation and Drainage, 64(5):655-668. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.1938]
Irrigation schemes ; Small scale farming ; Households ; Living standards ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Socioeconomic environment ; Participation ; Rural areas / Northern Ethiopia / Tigray Region
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047407)
(0.16 MB)
The potential of smallholder-irrigated agriculture to enhance food security and improve livelihoods has led the government of Ethiopia to invest significantly in irrigation establishment. This article aims to investigate the impact of small-scale irrigation on households’ livelihood. To deal with the problems of purposive targeting and self-selection which are likely to occur for this type of intervention, we use a sophisticated econometric technique called ‘propensity score matching’ to study this impact. Our findings confirm the presence of a statistically significant difference in income, overall expenditure, asset accumulation and expenditures on agricultural inputs between the treated and control households. In contrast, no statistically significant differences in livestock resources, food consumption, and expenditure on education and health were found. Furthermore, the proportion of poor is respectively 20 and 30% for the treated and control households. So, overall it can be concluded that participation in the small-scale irrigation has robust and positive effect on most of the livelihood indices and that an expansion of irrigation schemes is a good strategy in the water-stressed and drought-prone areas of Ethiopia.
9 Kifle, Mulubrehan; Gebretsadikan, T. G. 2016. Yield and water use efficiency of furrow irrigated potato under regulated deficit irrigation, Atsibi-Wemberta, North Ethiopia. Agricultural Water Management, 170:133-139. (Special issue: Water Management Strategies in Irrigated Areas). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.01.003]
Water management ; Water use efficiency ; Furrow irrigation ; Irrigation scheduling ; Crop yield ; Potatoes ; Water stress ; Water deficit ; Water requirements ; Rain / Northern Ethiopia / Atsibi Wemberta
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047528)
(0.80 MB)
The pressure on availability of water in Tigray regional state is likely to increase as the requirement for food production in couple with rapidly growing of the population is at increasing rate. Hence, improving water productivity using regulated deficit irrigation is important to reduce the water consumption while minimizing adverse effects on the crop yield. This study was conducted in the eastern zone of Tigray regional state, Atsibi Womberta district. The aim of this study was to determine the yield and water use efficiency of potato under deficit irrigation practice in the 2012 growing period. The effect of water deficit or water stress on crop yield and water use efficiencies were evaluated. Guasa variety potato was grown under eight (T1–T8) irrigation treatments. The treatments were replicated three times under completely randomized blocks experimental design. Water was applied to every furrow using watering can with fixed interval and variable depth irrigation scheduling technique was selected. Yield of potato was significantly (p < 0.05) affected by water stress (deficit irrigation). The highest yield was found in T1 (18770 kg/ha) which was not subjected to water stress (full water requirement) whereas minimum yield of potato was obtained under the fully stressed treatment T8 (7037 kg/ha). There was no significant different between the yield of T1 (18770 kg/ha) and T6 (14440 kg/ha) which was 25% deficit throughout the growing season. According to the result obtained, stressed at the middle stage was affected more the yield of potato as compared to other treatments. This showed that stressing the crop at flowering/middle stage is sensitive to deficit irrigation. Giving 65% of crop water requirement throughout the growing season is better than stressing the crop only at the middle stage. The second sensitive period for water stress is the late crop stage. Crop water use efficiency was not statistically significant. Though it was not significantly different, T6 (2.86 kg/m3) and T4 (1.60 kg/m3) had the highest and the lowest water use efficiency respectively. This elaborated that applying 75% of crop water requirement has better water use efficiency than optimal or “no stress” irrigation. It can be conclude that using deficit irrigation is a good water management technique to save irrigation water without reducing the yield of potato. For dry land areas like The Tigray regional state of Ethiopia and other similar agro-ecology elsewhere in the world with scarce water and agricultural water management is very poor. The authors of this study would like to recommend farmers, water managers, water use associations and decision makers to use water efficiently using deficit irrigation and increase their agricultural production by expanding irrigable land with the same amount of water in a given irrigation scheme.
10 Welde, K.; Gebremariam, B. 2017. Effect of land use land cover dynamics on hydrological response of watershed: case study of Tekeze Dam watershed, northern Ethiopia. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 5(1):1-16. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2017.03.002]
Watersheds ; Land use ; Land cover change ; Catchment areas ; Hydrology ; Models ; Calibration ; Stream flow ; Sediment yield ; Soils ; Sensitivity analysis ; Case studies / Northern Ethiopia / Tekeze Dam Watershed
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048122)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095633916301538/pdfft?md5=f59b1be67df7088e8de77aa1fccdfafa&pid=1-s2.0-S2095633916301538-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048122.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048122.pdf
(1.78 MB) (1.78 MB)
Land use change is a very important issue considering global dynamics and their response to hydrologic characteristics of soil and water management in a catchment. A significant land use change has been observed in the Tekeze dam catchment. The main objective of this study was to estimate the potential impacts of the land use land cover (LULC) dynamics on hydrological response (stream flow and sediment yield). This was done by integrating SWAT model with GIS. The simulation and sensitivity analysis for each land use was done by dividing the catchment in to 47 sub-catchments and assigning HRUs based on multiple HRU definition. After a sensitivity analysis, calibration and validation of SWAT model, the impact of LULC dynamics on hydrological response were evaluated with three scenarios (climate of 2000s & 2008 LULC, climate of 2000s & 1986 LULC and climate of 1980s & 1986 LULC). In the Tekeze dam watershed, land cover change had a beneficial impact on modeled watershed response due to the transition from grass and shrub land to agricultural land. Simulation results for the Tekeze dam watershed indicates that increasing bare land and agricultural areas resulted in increased annual and seasonal stream flow and sediment yield in volumes. The mean annual stream flow was increased by 6.02% (129.20–137.74 m3 /s) and the impact on sediment yield amounts to an increase of 17.39% (12.54–15.18 t/ha/yr) due to LULC dynamics. The hydrological response was more sensitive to LULC dynamics for the months of August to October than others in the year. These results demonstrate the usefulness of integrating remote sensing and distributed hydrologic models through the use of GIS for assessing watershed conditions and the relative impacts of land cover transitions on hydrologic response in a continuous manner.
11 Kifle, M.; Gebremicael, T. G.; Girmay, A.; Gebremedihin, T. 2017. Effect of surge flow and alternate irrigation on the irrigation efficiency and water productivity of onion in the semi-arid areas of North Ethiopia. Agricultural Water Management, 187:69-76. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2017.03.018]
Irrigation water ; Irrigation efficiency ; Surge irrigation ; Water productivity ; Water use efficiency ; Crop yield ; Onions ; Water requirements ; Water measurement ; Performance indexes ; Irrigation schemes ; Irrigation scheduling ; Runoff water ; Discharges ; Soil moisture ; Semiarid zones / Northern Ethiopia / Mainigus Irrigation Scheme
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048145)
(0.90 MB)
The study was conducted in the semi-arid areas of northern Ethiopia with the objective of evaluating the effect of surge flow and alternate irrigation on irrigation performance indicators, water use efficiency and crop yield. The experiment consists of two factors, irrigation systems (alternate furrow (Af) and conventional furrow (CF)) and irrigation flow methods (continuous (C), Surge 1 (S1), Surge 2 (S2), and Surge 3 (S3)). Eight treatment combinations replicated three times were arranged in a factorial randomized complete block design. Onion crop was used as indicator crop for the experiment because of its dominant and cash crop in the region. The result of this experiment indicated that the interaction effect of the irrigation system and irrigation flow methods did not show statistically significant difference on the performance indicators, crop yield and water use efficiency. The irrigation system (Af and CF) as a factor has not significant effect on yield of onion. However, the irrigation flow methods (C, S1, S2 and S3) were significantly affected the irrigation performance indicators (application efficiency, distribution uniformity, deep percolation and tail water runoff losses) and likewise, irrigation water use efficiency and yield of onion were significantly different. Higher crop yield (13208 kg/ha), water use efficiency (1.96–2.55 kg/m3), application efficiency (52.9–58.7%) and distribution uniformity (81.4–86.2%) were obtained from both surge flow and alternate irrigation as compared to continuous flow and conventional furrow irrigation (every furrow water application) which was recorded less 10142 kg/ha, 1.36–1.65 kg/m3, 44–54.7%, 67.1–79.6%, respectively. The result of this study explicitly showed that demonstration of these irrigation methods can enhance the poor water management practices in the semi-arid areas of Ethiopia and elsewhere in the world with limited water resources and similar soil characteristics. The authors of this paper recommend the farmers, irrigation experts, water resources managers and decision makers in the region to apply those techniques for improving water use efficiency.
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