Your search found 49 records
1 Haddadin, M. J. 2009. A Jordanian socio-legal perspective on water management in the Jordan River-Dead Sea Basin. In Lipchin, C.; Sandler, D.; Cushman, E. (Eds.). The Jordan River and Dead Sea Basin: cooperation amid conflict. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp.41-59. (NATO Science for Peace and Security Series - C: Environmental Security)
Water management ; River basins ; International waters ; Canals ; Social aspects ; Valleys ; Political aspects ; Legal aspects ; History / Jordan / Jordan River Basin / Jordan Valley / Dead Sea Basin / East Ghor Canal Project
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.9162 G698 LIP Record No: H044175)
2 Johnson, J. H. 1983. Preliminary appraisal of the hydrogeology of the Lower Mekong Basin: a study supported by UNESCO. Draft report prepared for the Interim Committee for Coordination of Investigations of the Lower Mekong Basin, Lao PDR, Thailand and Vietnam. 101p. + annexes.
River basins ; Hydrogeology ; Projects ; Geology ; Topography ; Catchment areas ; Valleys ; Water supply ; Water quality ; Downstream ; Aquifers ; Drainage ; Deltas / Laos / Thailand / Vietnam / Lower Mekong Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e copy SF Record No: H044479)
3 Niemann, J.; Hallberg, N.; Gates, T. 2007. Characterizing non-beneficial evaporative upflux from shallow groundwater under uncultivated land in an irrigated river valley. Colorado Water Newsletter, 25(1):13-17.
Evaporation ; Groundwater ; Water table ; Vegetation ; Rivers ; Valleys ; Farmland ; Irrigated sites / USA / Colorado / Lower Arkansas River Valley
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044704)
http://water.usgs.gov/wrri/07grants/progress/2007CO152B.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044704.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044704.pdf
(1.56 MB) (1.56MB)
4 Dawuni, B. N.; Namara, Regassa; Kizito, Fred; Fujii, H. 2012. Evaluation of surface water availability for inland valleys rice production: the case of Mankran Watershed in a deciduous forest zone of Ghana. Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering, 1(2B):250-259.
Surface water ; Water availability ; Valleys ; Rice ; Case studies ; Watersheds ; Forests ; Rain ; Rivers ; Flow discharge / Ghana / Ashanti Region / Ahafo-Anosouth District / Mankran Watershed / Deciduous Forest Zone
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044832)
(0.37 MB)
In Ghana, inland valleys have been found to be suitable for rice cultivation and could potentially increase lowland paddy rice production. This study estimated the temporal variations of surface water resources and their spatial distribution in the Mankran watershed of Ghana through the collection of recorded hydro-meteorological data in the bench mark watershed from 1998 to 2010. Since most inland valley rice cultivation highly depends on rainfall, the watershed precipitation data over a decadal period showed sufficient wet years with a potential to sustain a high cultivation of paddy rice. Peak wetness occurred in June and October over a bi-modal precipitation pattern. Rating curve data for the Mankran-kesse river-up stream depicted generally low discharge values despite having a higher stream order suggesting that stream order alone is not sufficient to estimate water resources potential. It was presumed that the geomorphology and lithology of the highly porous river bed and the presence of high sub-surface water resources stored in this zone may be implicated for this observation. Provision of water storage options for zones like Kesse-upstream seems a feasible option in order to cater for supplementary irrigation while indirectly tapping on subsurface water resources stored in the porous aquifers through basin interflows. Baseflow data also showed that the discharge from upstream locations to the downstream exit of the watershed was high through direct surface river discharge and subsurface interflow. The temporal patterns of the hydrology indicate that annual paddy rice cultivation is ideal between May and October.
5 Thanju, J. P. (Ed) 2012. Special issue on "Proceedings of National Conference on Water, Food Security and Climate Change in Nepal". [IWMI is one of the organizers of the conference]. Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment, April:124p.
Water resources ; Water management ; Hydrology ; Environmental effects ; Climate change ; Adaptation ; Drought ; Water availability ; River basins ; Downstream ; Water transfer ; Water productivity ; Social aspects ; Farmers ; Case studies ; Valleys ; Crop management ; Rice ; Genetic variation ; Irrigation systems ; Irrigated farming ; Irrigation programs ; Food security ; Aquaculture ; Institutions ; Policy ; Simulation models / Nepal
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: P 8101 Record No: H044830)
(2.83MB)
6 Wegerich, Kai; Kazbekov, Jusipbek; Kabilov, Firdavs; Mukhamedova, Nozilakhon. 2012. Meso-level cooperation on transboundary tributaries and infrastructure in the Ferghana Valley. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 28(3):525-543. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2012.684314]
River basin management ; Water management ; Valleys ; International waters ; International cooperation ; Agreements ; Case studies ; Pumping / Central Asia / Kyrgyzstan / Tajikistan / Uzbekistan / Ferghana Valley / Andijan Province / Ferghana Province / Batken Province / Sughd Province / Jalalabad Province / Osh Province
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: PER Record No: H044913)
(0.29 MB)
The river basin management approach in the Syr Darya basin fragmented after the disintegration of the Soviet Union. However, this approach had already created dependencies between riparian states, such as transboundary water control infrastructure. At the national level, these states hardly cooperate, but at the province and district level, especially in the Ferghana Valley, which is shared by Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, cooperation continues. This paper analyzes transboundary cooperation in the Ferghana Valley. On the periphery, con ict and cooperation still take place on both water management infrastructure and water sharing. The greatest hindrance to cooperation—border control—is outside the realm of water management, but is key given the property rights to water management infrastructure in the neighbouring riparian states.
7 Wegerich, Kai; Kazbekov, Jusipbek; Mukhamedova, Nozilakhon; Musayev, Sardorbek. 2012. Is it possible to shift to hydrological boundaries?: the Ferghana Valley meshed system. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 28(3):545-564. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2012.684316]
Water management ; Hydrology ; Irrigation systems ; River basins ; Case studies ; Maps ; Water user associations ; Catchment areas ; Valleys / Central Asia / Kyrgyzstan / Uzbekistan / Tajikistan / Ferghana Valley / Syr Darya River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: PER Record No: H044914)
(0.88 MB)
The management of water resources according to hydrological boundaries at different implementation levels (river basin, irrigation system, or water user association) is promoted internationally. This approach to water management, especially for the basin, is starting to be challenged from different perspectives: representation within basins, appropriateness for basins in the south, and the challenges of merging boundaries for surface and groundwater sources. It has been challenged only recently in relation to its appropriateness for indigenously constructed (informal) irrigation systems. To these critiques, this paper adds the historical development and originally intended purpose of engineered irrigation systems and therefore calls into question whether it is always possible to introduce hydrological boundary management in the formal systems in CentralAsia.
8 Temesgen, B. B. 2012. Rainwater harvesting for dryland agriculture in the Rift Valley of Ethiopia. PhD thesis. Wageningen, Netherlands: Wageningen University. 152p.
Rainwater ; Water harvesting ; Water conservation ; Arid zones ; Agricultural systems ; Dry farming ; Rainfed farming ; Water storage ; Supplemental irrigation ; Catchment areas ; Drought ; Land management ; Land use ; Land cover ; Valleys ; Socioeconomic environment ; Soil physical properties / Ethiopia / Rift Valley
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G136 TEM Record No: H044933)
(0.31 MB)
9 Karimov, Akmal; Giordano, Mark; Mukherji, Aditi; Borisov, V.; Djumanov, J. 2012. Of transboundary basins, integrated water resources management (IWRM) and second best solutions: the case of groundwater banking in Central Asia. Water Policy, 14(1):99-111. [doi: https://doi.org/ 10.2166/wp.2011.149]
Water management ; History ; Groundwater development ; Water budget ; River basin management ; International waters ; Energy generation ; Water power ; Valleys / Central Asia / Tajikistan / Kazakhstan / Kyrgyzstan / Uzbekistan / Syrdarya River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044972)
(0.31 MB)
This paper tells the story of trade-off between hydropower and irrigation and its implications for groundwater use in Syrdarya basin in Central Asia. With the independence of the central Asian republics, this trade-off has become a transboundary issue. Efforts to coordinate bilateral action using integrated water resources management (IWRM) principles of basin-wide cooperation have not yet yielded the hoped for results. This paper shows that there could be a ‘second best’ option of solving at least part of this transboundary problem by ‘banking’ winter flows released for hydropower production in Kyrgyzstan in the underground aquifers of Uzbekistan’s Fergana Valley and extracting it for irrigation in the summer months.
10 Aynekulu, E.; Aerts, R.; Moonen, P.; Denich, M.; Gebrehiwot, K.; Vagen, T.-G.; Mekuria, Wolde; Boehmer, H. J. 2012. Altitudinal variation and conservation priorities of vegetation along the Great Rift Valley escarpment, northern Ethiopia. Biodiversity and Conservation, 21(10):2691-2707. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-012-0328-9]
Vegetation ; Plants ; Species ; Biodiversity conservation ; Valleys ; Indicators / Ethiopia / Great Rift Valley
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044988)
(0.48 MB)
Understanding plant species distribution patterns along environmental gradients is fundamental to managing ecosystems, particularly when habitats are fragmented due to intensive human land-use pressure. To assist management of the remaining vegetation of the Eastern Afromontane Biodiversity Hotspot, plant species richness and diversity patterns were analyzed along the main elevation gradient (1,000–2,760 m) of the Great Rift Valley escarpment in northern Ethiopia, using 29 plots established at 100-m elevation intervals. A total of 129 vascular plant species belonging to 59 families was recorded. Species richness and diversity showed a hump-shaped relationship with elevation, peaking at mid-elevation (1,900–2,200 m). Beta diversity values indicated medium species turnover along the elevation gradient and were lowest at mid-elevation. Elevation strongly partitioned the plant communities (r = 0.98; P\0.001). Four plant communities were identified along the elevation gradient: Juniperus procera–Clutia lanceolata community (2,400–2,760 m), Abutilon longicuspe–Calpurnia aurea community (1,900–2,300 m), Dracaena ombet–Acacia etbaica community (1,400–1,800 m), and Acacia mellifera–Dobera glabra community (1,000–1,300 m). To optimize conservation of species and plant communities, it is recommended that a conservation corridor be established along the elevation gradient that includes all four plant communities. This strategy—in contrast to creating single isolated reserves in zones with high species richness—is necessary for the habitat protection of species with narrow elevational ranges, in particular the globally endangered Nubian dragon tree (Dracaena ombet).
11 Karimov, Akmal; Mavlonov, A.; Miryusupov, F.; Gracheva, I.; Borisov, V.; Abdurahmonov, B. 2012. Modelling policy alternatives toward managed aquifer recharge in the Fergana Valley, Central Asia. Water International, 37(4):380-394. (Special issue on "How hydrological models support informed decision making in developing countries" with contributions by IWMI authors). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2012.706432]
Aquifers ; Groundwater recharge ; Valleys ; Rivers ; Downstream ; Upstream ; Models ; Policy making ; Water power ; Water management ; Water supply ; Conjunctive use ; Water use ; Irrigation water ; Reservoirs / Central Asia / Uzbekistan / Fergana Valley / Syrdarya River / Isfara Aquifer / Sokh Aquifer / Kairakum Reservoir / Chardara Reservoir
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: PER Record No: H045025)
(1.14 MB)
Storing flow of the Syrdarya River in the aquifers of the upstream Fergana Valley in winter and recovery of this water in summer is examined as a solution for competing demands between upstream hydropower and downstream irrigation. Modelling of the Isfara and Sokh aquifers suggests the potential of reducing the Syrdarya River flow to the Fergana Valley downstream by 540 Mm3 in winter and increasing it by 540 Mm3 in summer. Implementing the proposed strategy in only these two aquifers would cover over 25% of the summer water deficit in the Syrdarya River downstream.
12 Molle, Francois; Mamanpoush, A. 2012. Scale, governance and the management of river basins: a case study from Central Iran. Geoforum, 43(2):285-294. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2011.08.004]
River basin management ; Water resources development ; Water governance ; Case studies ; Valleys ; Water rights ; Water use ; Wells / Central Iran / Zayandeh Rud River Basin / Mourhab Valley
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045085)
(0.44 MB)
Aquatic socio-ecological systems show pervasive cross-scale interactions and problems of fit between ecosystems and institutions. Nested bio-hydrological processes within river basins are prone to thirdparty impacts, and equitable/sustainable management of water resources requires adequate governance patterns that both cover relevant scalar levels and handle cross-scale interactions. This paper provides the example of the Zayandeh Rud basin, in central Iran, and describes the historical evolution of water use at three different nested scales. It shows how the gradual overallocation of water resources (basin closure) and the manipulation of the hydrological cycle by the state and other actors have resulted in a constant spatial and social redistribution of water use and associated benefits and costs. State-centered modes of governance characterized by the priority to large-scale infrastructure, vested political and financial interests, lack of attention to local processes and hydrological interconnectedness, and the neglect of environmental degradation, must give way to forms of comanagement that better articulate the different levels of control and governance.
13 Reddy, Junna Mohan; Jumaboev, Kahramon; Matyakubov, Bakhtiyar; Eshmuratov, Davron. 2013. Evaluation of furrow irrigation practices in Fergana Valley of Uzbekistan. Agricultural Water Management, 117:133-144. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2012.11.004]
Irrigation systems ; Furrow irrigation ; Irrigation water ; Valleys ; Runoff ; Water requirements ; Soil moisture / Uzbekistan / Fergana Valley
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: PER Record No: H045581)
(1.31 MB)
The performance of furrow irrigation systems in terms of application efficiency, runoff ratio, and water requirement efficiency were evaluated at nine different sites within the Provinces of Fergana (6 sites) and Andijon (3 sites) in Uzbekistan. A total of 46 irrigation events were evaluated during the year 2009, whereas only a total of 8 irrigation events (at 3 sites) were evaluated during the year 2010. Most of the selected fields have slopes greater than 0.005; hence, the average runoff volume from these fields was 39% of the total volume of water applied to the fields, indicating problems with selection of appropriate furrow flow rates under the given set of field conditions. For several fields, the seasonal volume of water applied was significantly different than the irrigation norms specified for the site. Though some of the farmers followed the irrigation advisory service on when to irrigate, there was a large mismatch between the volume of water applied and the volume of water deficit within the crop root zone. Reliability, in terms of magnitude and duration of flow rate received at the fields, was a major issue at all the sites. Considerable fluctuations were observed in the flow rates received at all the field sites during each irrigation event. In addition, the average flow rate received at the field sites varied considerably between irrigation events making it difficult for farmers to manage irrigation water. Farmers that had high watertable (less than 100 cm from the ground surface) still applied large volumes of water, resulting in low application efficiency. Several recommendations for improving the performance of furrow irrigation systems in Uzbekistan are provided.
14 Jumaboev, Kahramon; Reddy, Junna Mohan; Muhammedjanov, S.; Anarbekov, Oyture; Eshmuratov, Davron. 2013. An innovative public-private partnership for irrigation extension in Fergana Valley of Central Asia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 5(1):21-30. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5897/JAERD12.115]
Agricultural extension ; Public-private cooperation ; Valleys ; Water productivity ; Farmers ; Information dissemination ; Crop yield ; Cotton ; Irrigation water ; Irrigation systems ; Water user associations ; Institutions / Central Asia / Kyrgyzstan / Tajikistan / Uzbekistan / Fergana Valley
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045623)
http://academicjournals.org/jaerd/PDF/Pdf%202013/Jan/Jumaboev%20et%20al.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H045623.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H045623.pdf
(1.46 MB) (1.46MB)
A ‘farmer-centric’ innovative institutional mechanism, a public-private partnership, was created and strengthened, in the Fergana valley of Central Asia, for facilitating communication between farmers and researchers, and to disseminate knowledge on improved agronomic and irrigation management practices to improve water productivity at field level. As a result, yields of cotton from the twenty five demonstration sites in the three countries of Fergana valley - Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan – were, on the average, 28% higher than the average yield of cotton in the valley, suggesting that the proposed institutional mechanism was very effective in dissemination of information to farmers. Yields from neighboring farmers of demonstration fields were 14% higher than the average yields. In addition, demonstration site farmers used, on the average, 20% less water than the non-project farmers. Two independent external reviewers stated that this innovative public-private mechanism was very effective in disseminating information on improving water productivity at plot level to farmers, and suggested that the focus in the future should be on devising effective policy and economic instruments for financial sustainability of the innovation cycle after the donor support is withdrawn.
15 Masoud, J.; Agyare, W. A.; Forkuor, Gerald; Namara, Regassa; Ofori, E. 2013. Modeling inland valley suitability for rice cultivation. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 8(1):9-19.
Valleys ; Rice ; Sensitivity analysis ; Models ; Rain ; Soil fertility ; Land tenure / Ghana / Brong Ahafo Region / Western Region
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045625)
http://www.arpnjournals.com/jeas/research_papers/rp_2013/jeas_0113_843.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H045625.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H045625.pdf
(2.39 MB) (2.38MB)
The demand for rice (Oryza sativa) in Ghana is increasing at a rate of 11.8% from 939, 920 t in 2010. Though there has been some increase in production it does not match the increase in consumption. This study seeks to determine the most suitable areas for inland valley rice cultivation using computer based models for selected sites (15km by 15km) in the Brong Ahafo Region (BAR) and Western Region (WR) of Ghana. A sensitivity analysis was carried out by excluding the least contributing parameters and varying their weights to determine highly suitable areas. Finally, 12 most sensitive input parameters were identified from the original 22. These were used to model for five suitability classes (highly suitable, suitable, moderately suitable, marginally suitable and not suitable). The model results based on parameters having equal weights showed that 0.5% and 11.8% (BAR); and 1.4% and 21.4% (WR) of the area were highly suitable and suitable respectively. Using unequal weights, 0.8% and 7.6% (BAR); and 0.9% and 13.6% (WR) of the area were highly suitable and suitable, respectively. The study successfully mapped out suitable areas for rice cultivation using spatial models based on limited data set, which can be adopted for use elsewhere.
16 Ruffeis, D.; Loiskandl, W.; Spendlingwimmer, R.; Schonerklee-Grasser, M.; Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele; Boelee, Eline; Wallner, K. 2010. Assessment of potential environmental impacts of two large scale irrigation schemes in Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Development Research, 32(2):63-105.
Irrigation development ; Irrigation schemes ; Irrigation water ; Environmental effects ; Environmental policy ; Satellite surveys ; Groundwater ; Hydrology ; Sugar crops ; Soil sampling ; Ecosystems ; Valleys ; Erosion / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H045761)
(3.11 MB)
This article presents the findings of a study undertaken to assess environmental impacts of two selected large scale irrigation schemes on natural resources in Ethiopia. The study puts special emphasis on linkages and implications of the utilized water source, ground water hydrology and soil characteristics, on the sustainability of the selected 5chemes. In addition, potential interference of irrigation projects with woodland ecosystems is highlighted. For this purpose primary soil and water data and data from research reports from Wonji/Shoa Sugar Plantation and Finchaa Valley Sugar Estate were collected and analysed using a "before-after" and "with or without" type of analysis. Rising oj groundwater table, water logged within the root zone of the cultivated sugar cane and elevated EC values within 1m of soil depth indicate the· risk of secondary alinization at Wonji/Shoa Sugar Plantation. Unfavourable EC, SAR and RNa values ofthe utilized irrigation source in combination with the CEC ofsoil and ongoing soil erosion processes suggests that irrigation might lead to long-term infiltration problems and destruction of the soil structure at Fincha Sugar Estate. The establishment of the scheme and migration tendencies increased the pressure on the eco-system ofthe valleys and led to clearing of wood and grass lands. To guarantee long-term sustainability, proper study and continuous research of aLready implemented and planned large s.cale irrigation projects is necessary, so that the positive roles of irrigation could be enhanced and timely mitigation measures taken for the negative impacts.
17 Hilhorts, T.; Nelen, J. 2012. Domestic land acquisitions in West Africa: the rush for farmland by urban 'businessmen' In Allan, T.; Keulertz, M.; Sojamo, S.; Warner, J. (Eds.). Handbook of land and water grabs in Africa: foreign direct investment and food and water security. London, UK: Routledge. pp.146-159.
Land acquisitions ; Land tenure ; Land policies ; Farmland ; Rainfed farming ; Investment ; Irrigation schemes ; Valleys / West Africa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 ALL Record No: H045676)
18 Kiepe, P.; Rodenburg, J. 2013. Wetlands and rice development in West Africa. In Wood, A.; Dixon, A.; McCartney, Matthew. (Eds.). Wetland management and sustainable livelihoods in Africa. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.229-257.
Wetlands ; Rice ; Valleys ; Water management ; Watersheds ; Socioeconomic environment ; Farmers ; Social aspects ; Land tenure / West Africa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H045893)
19 Faysse, N.; Cossio, V.; Quiroz, F.; Ampuero, R.; Paz, B. 2007. Less tension, limited decision: a multi stakeholder platform to review a contested sanitation project Tiquipaya, Bolivia. In Warner, J. (Ed.). Multi-stakeholder platforms for integrated water management. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate. pp.165-189. (Ashgate Studies in Environmental Policy and Practice)
Sanitation ; Drinking water ; Stakeholders ; Participatory management ; Indicators ; Valleys ; Technological changes / Bolivia / Tiquipaya
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045987)
20 Zhang, F.; Hanjra, Munir A.; Hua, F.; Shu, Yunqiao; Li, Y. 2014. Analysis of climate variability in the Manas River Valley, North-Western China (1956–2006). Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 19(7):1091-1107. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-013-9462-2]
Climate change ; Rivers ; Valleys ; Temperature ; Precipitation ; Regression analysis ; Land use ; Land policies ; Farmland ; Crop production ; Water policy ; Irrigation / North-Western China / Manas River Valley
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046022)
(0.41 MB)
This paper examines the short-run climate variability (change in the levels of temperature and precipitation) with a focus on the Manas River Valley, North-Western China, over the past 50 years (1956 to 2006) using data collected from four meteorological stations. The results show that the annual mean temperature had a positive trend, with temperature increasing at 0.4 °C per decade. Application of the Mann-Kendall test revealed that the overall positive trend became statistically significant at the p = 0.95 level only after 1988. The increase in temperature was most marked in winter and spring (0.8 and 0.7 °C per decade, respectively), absent in summer and very small in autumn (0.1 °C per decade). Concerning precipitation, our results indicate a negative but not significant trend for the period between 1956 and 1982, while annual total precipitation tended to increase thereafter and the increase was mainly during the crop growing-season. Concerning variability in temperature and precipitation, the characteristic time scales were identified by application of wavelet analysis. For temperature the quasi-decadal variations were found on time scales between approximately 5 and 15 years, with a peak in wavelet variance on a time scale of 9 years. For precipitation, the most striking features were a precipitation increase (6.7 mm per decade) during the crop growing season. Irregularities and abrupt changes in both temperature and precipitation were more common at scales less than 10 years, indicating the complexity and uncertainty in the short-period climate variability. Possible causes of climate variability in the Manas River Valley may include anthropogenic factors such as intensive human activity and the expansion of both farmland and irrigation. Global climate variability might also have some impacts on the local climate variability; analyses of local and regional climate trends can better inform local adaptation actions for global impacts.
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