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1 Weckenbrock, P.; Ahmad, Waqas; Drescher, A. W.; Majeed, M. Q.; Ashraf, M. N. 2010. Where there's muck there's brass: wastewater irrigation near Faisalabad. Pakistan. Paper presented at the Annual Tropical and Subtropical Agricultural and Natural Resource Management (Tropentag) Conference on World Food System - a contribution from Europe, Thematic scientific session on Water management, Zurich, Switzerland, 14 -16 September 2010. 4p. (published online).
Groundwater irrigation ; Water costs ; Wastewater irrigation / Pakistan / Kehala Village / Chakera Village
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043435)
(0.05 MB)
Water scarcity is one of the most pressing problems for many arid and semi-arid regions. With regard to the need for a more efficient and sustainable use of the existing freshwater resources, one main focus should be on agriculture with its share of 80-90% of the global water consumption (UNEP and GEC 2004). The Indus Basin Irrigation System in Pakistan is the largest irrigation system in the world and the backbone of the country’s economy (ALAM et al. 2007). However, because of an increasing demand for irrigation water and a lack of maintenance of irrigation infrastructure resulting in water losses, many farmers can no longer satisfy their irrigation water requirements with canal water. Beside the use of groundwater, another coping strategy is the use of wastewater for irrigation. This practice is not confined to Pakistan: worldwide, an estimated 200 million farmers irrigate 20 million hectares of land with wastewater (Raschid-Sally and Jayakody 2008). Among scientists and decision makers, a negative perception of wastewater irrigation prevails (CARR et al. 2004). Beside concerns about negative impacts on health and environment, various scholars have stated that wastewater irrigated agriculture might not be sustainable in the long term (PESCOD 1992, CHANG et al. 2002, ENSINK 2006). This study, which was part of a larger research project on wastewater irrigation (AMERASINGHE et al. 2009, WECKENBROCK et al. 2009), focuses on one aspect of agricultural sustainability: economic longterm impacts of wastewater irrigation in a periurban area of Faisalabad, Pakistan. In terms of inputs, the costs of irrigation water for groundwater and wastewater users are compared. In terms of outputs, the comparison is between the economic outputs of agriculture per area of the two groups.
2 Weckenbrock, P.; Evans, Alexandra; Majeed, M. Q.; Ahmad, Waqas; Bashir, N. 2011. Fighting for the right to use wastewater: what drives the use of untreated wastewater in a peri-urban village of Faisalabad, Pakistan? Water International, 36(4):522-534. (Special issue on "Wastewater use in agriculture: economics, risks and opportunities" with contributions by IWMI authors). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2011.596323]
Water reuse ; Water scarcity ; Water stress ; Wastewater treatment ; Wastewater irrigation ; Sanitation ; Periurban areas ; Case studies ; Canals ; Agricultural land / Pakistan / Faisalabad / Chakera village
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: PER Record No: H044200)
(1.14 MB)
This case study from Chakera village, Faisalabad City, Pakistan describes the transition from canal-water irrigation to wastewater irrigation over a period of several decades. It shows that while the initial motivation for wastewater use was water scarcity and a lack of choice, farmers soon realized there were benefits associated with this alternative water supply. In the subsequent decades, they made great efforts and overcame organizational, infrastructural and legal obstacles to establish wastewater irrigation as the only irrigation on most of the village’s agricultural area.
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