Your search found 9 records
1 Sulser, T. B.; Ringler, C.; Zhu, T.; Msangi, S.; Bryan, E.; Rosegrant, M. W. 2009. Green and blue water accounting in the Limpopo and Nile basins: implications for food and agricultural policy. Washington, DC, USA: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) 46p. (IFPRI Discussion Paper)
River basins ; Water quality ; Irrigated farming ; Rainfed farming ; Water productivity ; Crop production ; Cereals ; Food policy ; Models / Africa / Limpopo River Basin / Nile River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042476)
http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/ifpridp00907.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042476.pdf
(1.28 MB)
Globally, most food is produced using soil moisture that comes from precipitation (i.e., “green” water). Moreover, most of the water that reaches plants in irrigated systems also stems from precipitation. Despite this, irrigation (or “blue”) water has typically been the focus for policy analysis, largely because it is possible for humans to manipulate blue water. This paper analyzes alternative water futures using a combined green and blue water accounting framework embedded within the water simulation components of IFPRI’s International Model for Policy Analysis of Agricultural Commodities and Trade (IMPACT). Future scenarios recently developed for the International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development (IAASTD) and other studies are assessed with respect to this adjusted green/blue water accounting framework. The results reveal that accounting explicitly for green water resources broadens the scope of options for decision-makers who are seeking to improve agricultural production in the face of rising food and energy prices, a degrading water and land resource base, and increasing demands. This analysis highlight the importance of green/blue water accounting and presents a wider range of agricultural science and technology policy options for increasing global crop productivity across a span of potential futures.
2 Kato, E.; Ringler, C.; Yesuf, M.; Bryan, E.. 2009. Soil and water conservation technologies: a buffer against production risk in the face of climate change?: insights from the Nile Basin in Ethiopia. Washington, DC, USA: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) 21p. (IFPRI Discussion Paper 00871)
River basins ; Climate change ; Soil conservation ; Water conservation / Ethiopia / Nile River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042477)
http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/ifpridp00871.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042477.pdf
(0.34 MB)
This study investigates the impact of different soil and water conservation technologies on the variance of crop production in Ethiopia to determine the risk implications of the different technologies in different regions and rainfall zones. Given the production risks posed by climate change, such information can be used by decision makers to identify appropriate agricultural practices that act as a buffer against climate change. Using a household- and plot-level data set, we apply the Just and Pope framework using a Cobb-Douglas production function to investigate the impact of various soil and water conservation technologies on average crop yields and the variance of crop yields, while controlling for several household- and plot-level factors. Results show that soil and water conservation investments perform differently in different rainfall areas and regions of Ethiopia, which underscores the importance of careful geographical targeting when promoting and scaling up soil and water conservation technologies. We find that although soil bunds, stone bunds, grass strips, waterways, and contours all have very significant positive impacts on average crop yields in low-rainfall areas, only soil bunds have significant risk-reducing effects in these areas with low agricultural potential. We also find that irrigation and use of improved seeds have insignificant risk-reducing effects in low-rainfall areas, suggesting that—as currently implemented—these interventions may not be appropriate adaptation strategies for these environments. Regionally, in the low-rainfall areas we find significant spatial heterogeneity, with soil bunds being risk reducing in Oromiya and Amhara, and stone bunds, grass strips, and waterways being risk reducing in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region. Irrigation was only risk reducing in the high-rainfall areas of Benishangul-Gumuz. These results remain robust even after controlling for the major crops grown on the plot. Results show that soil and water conservation technologies have significant impacts on reducing production risk in Ethiopia and could be part of the country’s climate-proofing strategy. However, results also show that one-size-fits-all recommendations are not appropriate given the differences in agro-ecology and other confounding factors.
3 Ahmed, A. U.; Quisumbing, A. R.; Nasreen, M.; Hoddinott, J. F.; Bryan, E.. 2009. Comparing food and cash transfers to the ultra poor in Bangladesh. Washington, DC, USA: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) 224p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2499/9780896291737RR163]
Food consumption ; Food security ; Households ; Surveys ; Poverty ; Women ; Gender ; Case studies / Bangladesh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 363.8 G584 AHM Record No: H042961)
http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/rr163.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042961.pdf
(1.51 MB) (1.51 MB)
Bangladesh has some social safety net programs that transfer food to the poor, some that transfer cash, and some that provide a combination of both. This study evaluates the relative impacts of food and cash transfers on food security and livelihood outcomes among the ultra poor in Bangladesh. The programs impacts are evaluated according to various measures, including how well transfers are delivered; which transfers beneficiaries prefer; how accurately the programs target the extremely poor; effects on food security, livelihoods, and women’s empowerment; and cost effectiveness. The report identifies what has and has not worked in food and cash transfers and recommends ways of improving these programs. This study will be valuable to policymakers and others concerned with poverty reduction in Bangladesh and elsewhere.
4 Theis, S.; Lefore, Nicole; Meinzen-Dick, R.; Bryan, E.. 2018. What happens after technology adoption?: gendered aspects of small-scale irrigation technologies in Ethiopia, Ghana, and Tanzania. Agriculture and Human Values, 35(3):671-684. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-018-9862-8]
Irrigation ; Small scale systems ; Technology transfer ; Agriculture ; Gender ; Women's empowerment ; Use rights ; Women's participation ; Decision making ; Households ; Farmer-led irrigation ; Communities / Ethiopia / Ghana / United Republic of Tanzania
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049870)
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10460-018-9862-8.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049870.pdf
(1.01 MB) (1.01 MB)
Diverse agricultural technologies are promoted to increase yields and incomes, save time, improve food and nutritional security, and even empower women. Yet a gender gap in technology adoption remains for many agricultural technologies, even for those that are promoted for women. This paper complements the literature on gender and technology adoption, which largely focuses on reasons for low rates of female technology adoption, by shifting attention to what happens within a household after it adopts a technology. Understanding the expected benefits and costs of adoption, from the perspective of women users in households with adult males, can help explain observed technology adoption rates and why technology adoption is often not sustained in the longer term. Drawing on qualitative data from Ethiopia, Ghana, and Tanzania, this paper develops a framework for examining the intrahousehold distribution of benefits from technology adoption, focusing on small-scale irrigation technologies. The framework contributes to the conceptual and empirical exploration of joint control over technology by men and women in the same household. Efforts to promote technology adoption for agricultural development and women’s empowerment would benefit from an understanding of intrahousehold control over technology to avoid interpreting technology adoption as an end in and of itself.
5 Bryan, E.; Hagos, Fitsum; Mekonnen, D.; Gemeda, D. A.; Yimam, S. 2020. The diffusion of small-scale irrigation technologies in Ethiopia: stakeholder analysis using Net-Map. Washington, DC, USA: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). 42p. (IFPRI Discussion Paper 01950) [doi: https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.133847]
Irrigation ; Small scale systems ; Technology ; Stakeholders ; Participatory approaches ; Institutions ; Government agencies ; Private sector ; Nongovernmental organizations ; Donors ; International organizations ; Funding ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Financing ; Policies / Ethiopia / Oromia / Addis Ababa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050169)
https://ebrary.ifpri.org/utils/getfile/collection/p15738coll2/id/133847/filename/134058.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050169.pdf
(1.62 MB) (1.62 MB)
Small-scale irrigation (SSI) provides great benefits to farmers in terms of increased yields and profits, better food and nutrition security and greater resilience to climate shocks. Ethiopia has high potential for expanding SSI and has invested considerably in this area in recent years. Despite these investments, several challenges to further expansion of irrigation technologies remain. Different stakeholders in the country play important roles in overcoming these barriers to further scale technologies for SSI. This paper explores institutional arrangements for the diffusion of small-scale irrigation technologies by mapping the landscape of key actors involved, their interconnections, and their influence. This paper draws on an analysis of stakeholder data collected through two participatory workshops in Ethiopia, one at the national level and one at the Oromia regional level, using the Net-Map approach. Results show the dominance of government actors in the diffusion of SSI at both the national and regional levels, while most private sector and NGO actors remain in the periphery. Participants in both workshops highlighted the need for increased financing services to support the adoption of SSI and measures aimed at increasing the supply of high-quality irrigation equipment, such as modern water lifting technologies. One notable difference between the national and regional results was that at the regional level, farmers, and to some extent traders and input suppliers, were considered to be more influential in the diffusion of irrigation technologies, while they were considered marginal actors at the national level.
6 Haile, B.; Mekonnen, D.; Choufani, J.; Ringler, C.; Bryan, E.. 2022. Hierarchical modelling of small-scale irrigation: constraints and opportunities for adoption in Sub-Saharan Africa. Water Economics and Policy, 8(1):2250005. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1142/S2382624X22500059]
Small-scale irrigation ; Modelling ; Farmer-led irrigation ; Irrigation water ; Water supply ; Technology ; Groundwater ; Irrigation schemes ; Smallholders ; Gender ; Agricultural extension ; Labour ; Climatic factors ; Risk ; Inorganic fertilizers ; Socioeconomic aspects / Africa South of Sahara / Ethiopia / United Republic of Tanzania / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051137)
https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/epdf/10.1142/S2382624X22500059
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051137.pdf
(0.64 MB) (652 KB)
Irrigation has significant potential to enhance productivity, resilience to climatic risks and nutrition security in Sub-Saharan Africa. While the focus has historically been on large-scale dam-based schemes, farmer-managed small-scale irrigation (SSI) has gained increased attention in recent years. Using data from Ethiopia, Tanzania and Ghana, we first examine patterns of adoption of different SSI technologies. Next, we employ hierarchical modelling to examine which variables are associated with observed adoption patterns and cluster effects that explain variation in irrigation adoption. We document significant cross-country variation in adoption patterns and find a positive association between plot-level use of SSI and the intensity of agricultural labor and inorganic fertilizers applied on the plot. Community-level intra-cluster correlation (ICC) is the highest in Tanzania, where gravity-fed irrigation is most common while farm-level ICC is the highest in Ethiopia where motorized technologies are more common. These results suggest the need for localized investments to ease locale-specific potential constraints. For example, easing possible liquidity constraints to acquiring motorized technologies can be more effective in Ethiopia while the construction of dams and improved conveyance systems, as well as the strengthening of community-based irrigation management (e.g., through Water User Associations (WUAs)) can be more effective in Tanzania. Further research is needed to understand pathways for selected plot-level characteristics that affect use of SSI including status of plot ownership and the gender of the plot manager.
7 Bryan, E.; Garner, E. 2022. Understanding the pathways to women’s empowerment in northern Ghana and the relationship with small-scale irrigation. Agriculture and Human Values, 39(3):905-920. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-021-10291-1]
Women’s empowerment ; Small-scale irrigation ; Gender ; Farmers ; Irrigated farming ; Technology ; Food security ; Livelihoods ; Decision making ; Participation ; Dry season / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051275)
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10460-021-10291-1.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051275.pdf
(1.56 MB) (1.56 MB)
Women’s empowerment is often an important goal of development interventions. This paper explores local perceptions of empowerment in the Upper East Region of Ghana and the pathways through which small-scale irrigation intervention targeted to men and women farmers contributes to women’s empowerment. Using qualitative data collected with 144 farmers and traders through 28 individual interviews and 16 focus group discussions, this paper innovates a framework to integrate the linkages between small-scale irrigation and three dimensions of women’s empowerment: resources, agency, and achievements. The relationship between the components of empowerment and small-scale irrigation are placed within a larger context of social change underlying these relationships. This shows that many women face serious constraints to participating in and benefitting from small-scale irrigation, including difficulties accessing land and water and gender norms that limit women’s ability to control farm assets. Despite these constraints, many women do benefit from participating in irrigated farming activities leading to an increase in their agency and well-being achievements. For some women, these benefits are indirect—these women allocate their time to more preferred activities when the household gains access to modern irrigation technology. The result is a new approach to understanding women’s empowerment in relation to irrigation technology.
8 Njuki, J.; Eissler, S.; Malapit, H.; Meinzen-Dick, R.; Bryan, E.; Quisumbing, A. 2022. A review of evidence on gender equality, women’s empowerment, and food systems. Global Food Security, 33:100622. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2022.100622]
Gender equality ; Women’s empowerment ; Food systems ; Women’s participation ; Gender norms ; Food security ; Dietary diversity ; Nutrition ; Agriculture ; Aquaculture ; Value chains ; Sustainability ; Decision making ; Households
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051480)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221191242200013X/pdfft?md5=d7edf467e75f2e53a633d24f3ae50e78&pid=1-s2.0-S221191242200013X-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051480.pdf
(1.66 MB) (1.66 MB)
Achieving gender equality and women’s empowerment in food systems can result in greater food security and better nutrition, and in more just, resilient, and sustainable food systems for all. This paper uses a scoping review to assess the current evidence on pathways between gender equality, women’s empowerment, and food systems. The paper uses an adaptation of the food systems framework to organize the evidence and identify where evidence is strong, and where gaps remain. Results show strong evidence on women’s differing access to resources, shaped and reinforced by contextual social gender norms, and on links between women’s empowerment and maternal education and important outcomes, such as nutrition and dietary diversity. However, evidence is limited on issues such as gender considerations in food systems for women in urban areas and in aquaculture value chains, best practices and effective pathways for engaging men in the process of women’s empowerment in food systems, and for addressing issues related to migration, crises, and whether local food systems food systems are more empowering to women. And while there are gender informed evaluation studies that examine the effectiveness of gender- and nutrition-sensitive agricultural programs, evidence to indicate the long-term sustainability of such impacts remains limited. The paper recommends keys areas for investment: improving women’s leadership and decision-making in food systems, promoting equal and positive gender norms, improving access to resources, and building cross-contextual research evidence on gender and food systems.
9 Bryan, E.; Mekonnen, D. 2023. Does small-scale irrigation provide a pathway to women's empowerment? Lessons from northern Ghana. Journal of Rural Studies, 97:474-484. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2022.12.035]
Small-scale irrigation ; Gender ; Women’s empowerment ; Farmers ; Villages ; Pumps ; Households ; Food security ; Policies ; Dry season ; Participation ; Decision making ; Indicators ; Water resources ; Infrastructure / Ghana / Garu-Tempane
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051690)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0743016722003345/pdfft?md5=0bd2bc96eb0194fd674848b207afd25f&pid=1-s2.0-S0743016722003345-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051690.pdf
(0.86 MB) (880 KB)
Given persistent gender inequalities that influence how the benefits of technologies are distributed, the expansion of small-scale irrigation technologies requires the consideration of important gender dynamics and impacts. Women's lack of agency and access to resources relative to men, and other social constraints, often limit their ability to adopt and benefit from agricultural technologies. At the same time, expanding access to agricultural technology to women may provide a pathway for empowerment. This paper explores the potential for small-scale irrigation technologies to increase women's empowerment by evaluating the impacts of an intervention that distributed motor pumps to small groups of farmers in Northern Ghana. The paper draws on two rounds of survey data that included the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index, before and after the motor pump intervention was implemented. To control for possible selection bias at the baseline, the difference-in-difference method is used to estimate the impact of the program on indicators of women's empowerment. Spillover effects are estimated by comparing outcomes of farmers in treatment villages that did not receive the pumps with farmers in control villages, where no motor pumps were distributed. The results show no significant impact of the program on measures of women's empowerment. However, there are potential negative impacts, including among households that did not benefit from the intervention. The results highlight the need to pair interventions that distribute agricultural technologies with complementary investments in infrastructure that increase access to water for irrigation, as well as other activities and approaches that ensure women can reap the benefits.
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