Your search found 70 records
1 Rattan, R. K.; Datta, S. P.; Chhonkar, P. K.; Suribabu, K.; Singh, A. K. 2005. Long-term impact of irrigation with sewage effluents on heavy metal content in soils, crops and groundwater: A case study. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 109:310-322.
Irrigated farming ; Crop production ; Water reuse ; Wastewater ; Effluents ; Heavy metals ; Soil degradation ; Soil texture ; Soil analysis ; Regression analysis ; Groundwater ; Tube wells / India / Delhi / Keshopur Effluent Irrigation Scheme / Hirankudna / Dichaokalan / Nilothi / Ranhola / Mundka / Bakarwala
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 7689 Record No: H039572)
2 Adhikari, S.; Mitra, A.; Gupta, S. K.; Banerjee, S. K. 1998. Pollutant metal contents of vegetables irrigated with sewage water. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 46(1):153-155.
Irrigated farming ; Vegetables ; Wastewater ; Water reuse ; Heavy metals ; Soil degradation / India / Calcutta City / Haryana
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 7691 Record No: H039574)
3 Qadir, M.; Ghafoor, A.; Murtaza, G. 2000. Cadmium concentration in vegetables grown on urban soils irrigated with untreated municipal sewage. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 2:11-19.
Vegetables ; Irrigated farming ; Wastewater ; Water reuse ; Sewage ; Heavy metals ; Cadmium ; Soil degradation ; Public health ; Risk assessment / Pakistan / Faisalabad
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 7692 Record No: H039575)
4 MacLean, K. S.; Robinson, A. R.; MacConnell, H. M. 1987. The effect of sewage-sludge on the heavy metal content of soils and plant tissues. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 18(11):1303-1316.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 7697 Record No: H039580)
5 Finlayson, Max; Farrell, T. P.; Griffiths, D. J. 1984. Studies of the hydrobiology of a tropical lake in North-Western Queensland: III. Growth, chemical composition and potential for harvesting of the aquatic vegetation. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 35: 525-536.
Lakes ; Hydrobiology ; Aquatic plants ; Nutrients ; Water quality ; Pollution control ; Analytical methods ; Heavy metals / Australia / North Western Queensland / Lake Moondarra / Mount Isa
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 7743 Record No: H039693)
6 Zwolsman, J. J. G.; van Bokhoven, A. J. 2007. Impact of summer droughts on water quality of the Rhine River: A preview of climate change? Water Science and Technology, 56(4):45-55.
Climate change ; Drought ; Water quality ; Nutrients ; Heavy metals ; Water temperature ; Rivers / Europe / Netherlands / Rhine River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: P 7943 Record No: H040310)
(0.30 MB)
7 Samanraja, N. S. P.; Bandara, N. J. G. J. 2005. Effect of soild waste landfills on groundwater quality. In Galagedara, L. W. (Ed.). Water resources research in Sri Lanka: Symposium Proceedings of the Water Professional’s Day 2005. Peradeniya, Sri Lanka: PGIA. pp.179-187.
Landfills ; Water pollution ; Groundwater ; Water quality ; Heavy metals ; Nitrates ; Phosphates ; Leachates ; Analysis ; Pollution control / Sri Lanka / Colombo District / Gampaha District / Kalutara District
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7 G744 GAL Record No: H040715)
8 Dissanayake, Priyanka; Clemett, Alexandra; Jayakody, Priyantha; Amerasinghe, Priyanie. 2007. Report on water quality survey and pollution in Kurunegala, Sri Lanka. Unpublished project report produced as part of the Wastewater Agriculture and Sanitation For Poverty Alleviation in Asia (WASPA Asia) 32p. + annexes. (WASPA Asia Project Report 6)
Water resources ; Water pollution ; Water quality ; Monitoring ; Electrical conductivity ; Ph ; Nitrogen ; Iron ; Boron ; Heavy metals ; Coliform bacteria / Sri Lanka / Kurunegala / Wan Ela / Beu Ela
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 363.6 G744 DIS Record No: H041013)
(0.57 MB)
This project is funded by the European Commission under its Asia Pro Eco II Program. It is undertaken by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Sri Lanka; COSI, Sri Lanka; the International Water and Sanitation Centre (IRC), the Netherlands; NGO Forum for Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation, Bangladesh; and the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), Sweden. The project pilot cities are Rajshahi City in Bangladesh and Kurunegala City in Sri Lanka.
9 Jayaweera, M. W.; Kasige, A. P.; Kularatne, R. K. A.; Wijeyekoon, S. L. J. 2006. Removal mechanisms and efficiencies of selected heavy metals in constructed wetlands. In Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC). Sustainable development of water resources, water supply and environmental sanitation: 32nd WEDC International Conference, Bandaranaike Memorial International Conference Hall, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 13th - 17th November 2006. Preprints. Leicestershire, UK: Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC) pp.562-568.
Wetlands ; Heavy metals ; Wastewater ; Sediment ; Analysis ; Water purification ; Aquatic plants ; Eichhornia crassipes ; Appropriate technology
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 WAT Record No: H041050)
10 Murtaza, G.; Ghafoor, A.; Qadir, Manzoor. 2008. Accumulation and implications of cadmium, cobalt and manganese in soils and vegetables irrigated with city effluent. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 88:100-107.
Effluents ; Wastewater irrigation ; Vegetables ; Water quality ; Heavy metals ; Soil degradation ; Soil properties ; Health hazards / Pakistan
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G730 MUR Record No: H041499)
BACKGROUND: In most parts of Pakistan, untreated city effluent is utilised for growing vegetables around large urban settlements such as Faisalabad. Farmers use it as a source of irrigation water and plant nutrients. However, its continuous use may have serious environmental implications, since it also contains heavy metals. In this study the Faisalabad city effluent was examined for irrigation quality and its impact on irrigated soils and vgetables. RESULTS: Irrigation hazard of the effluent was moderate (electrical conductivity (EC) 1.1–1.7 dS m-1, Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) 5.9–17.4mmol1/2 L-1/2, Residual sodium carbonate (RSC) 1.0–2.1mmolc L-1) at site 1 and strong (EC 3.7–4.1 dS m-1, SAR 16.1–21.8mmol1/2 L-1/2, RSC 4.0–9.1mmolc L-1) at site 2.Mean concentrations of ammonium bicarbonate/diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (AB/DTPA)-extractable Cd, Co andMn at upper soil depth (0.0–0.2m)were respectively 0.080, 0.057 and 217.4mg kg-1 at site 1 and 0.101, 0.076 and 164.1mg kg-1 at site 2. CONCLUSION: The concentrations of Cd and Mn were above the permissible limits but that of Co was below the permissible limit for irrigation. The concentrations of Cd, Co and Mn tended to decrease with increasing soil depth. Accumulation of metals was higher in leaves irrespective of whether leaves were the edible or non-edible component of shoots. Use of untreated city effluent for irrigation without risk assessment and management could be a serious hazard, impacting soil and crop quality and ultimately human health.
11 Qadir, Manzoor. (Ed.) 2008. Sustainable management of wastewater for agriculture: proceedings of the First Bridging Workshop, Aleppo, Syria, 11-15 November 2007. Aleppo, Syria: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 133p.
Wastewater management ; Crop production ; Rural communities ; Wastewater irrigation ; Water reuse ; Food security ; Sewage sludge ; Heavy metals ; Water quality ; Organic compounds ; Groundwater ; Farming systems ; Polluted soils ; Sanitation / Middle East / Africa / Jordan / Lebanon / Syria / Sudan / Uganda / Pakistan / Kampala / Jordan Valley
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 GG30 QAD Record No: H041867)
http://www.icarda.org/docrep/Books/First_Bridging_Workshop.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H041867.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H041867.pdf
(1.27 MB) (1.09MB)
12 Juarez, H. 2009. Water contamination and its impacts on vegetable production in the Rimac River, Peru. In Redwood, M. (Ed.). Agriculture in urban planning: generating livelihoods and food security. London, UK: Earthscan. pp.125-143.
Water quality ; Rivers ; Irrigation canals ; Vegetables ; Crop production ; Soils ; Heavy metals ; Health hazards ; Assessment / Peru / Rimac River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H041928)
(0.67 MB)
13 Saifullah; Ghafoor, A.; Qadir, Manzoor. 2009. Lead phytoextraction by wheat in response to the EDTA application method. Technical note. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 11(3):268-282. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15226510802432702]
Photosynthesis ; Transpiration ; Heavy metals ; Soil analysis ; Leaching ; Wheat ; Plant growth ; Wastewater irrigation ; Groundwater ; Water pollution / Pakistan / Faisalabad / Kajlianwala village
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042132)
(0.13 MB)
Lead solubilization in soil and accumulation by spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was studied in response to the ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) application method. In this study, 4 mmol EDTA kg-1 was applied using two application methods (a single dose and split doses) either alone or in combination with elemental sulfur. Results indicate that the application of EDTA in four equal splits at 1 mmol kg-1 during the growth period resulted in significantly higher shoot dry matter than its application at 4 mmol kg-1 at once 10 d before harvesting the wheat crop at the bolting stage. EDTA applied in split doses resulted in less lead (Pb) solubilization as compared with the single-dose application. The split application also significantly increased the shoot Pb concentration and Pb accumulation by wheat shoots as compared with the single-dose application. Despite its lesser effect on Pb solubilization, the EDTA application in split doses substantially increased Pb accumulation; thus, it is expected to minimize the risk of groundwater contamination.
14 Al-Zoubi, M. M.; Arslan, A.; Abdelgawad, G.; Pejon, N.; Tabbaa, M.; Jouzdan, O. 2008. Effects of sewage sludge on heavy metal accumulation in soil and plants and on crop productivity in Aleppo governorate. In Qadir, Manzoor (Ed.) 2008. Sustainable management of wastewater for agriculture: proceedings of the First Bridging Workshop, Aleppo, Syria, 11-15 November 2007. Aleppo, Syria: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) pp.57-62.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H040155)
15 Bedbabis, S.; Rouina, B. B.; Boukhris, M. 2008. How irrigating with treated wastewater cumulatively affects the chemical properties of a sandy soil. In Qadir, Manzoor (Ed.) 2008. Sustainable management of wastewater for agriculture: proceedings of the First Bridging Workshop, Aleppo, Syria, 11-15 November 2007. Aleppo, Syria: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) pp.107-116.
Wastewater irrigation ; Sandy soils ; Soil fertility ; Wastewater treatment ; Soil properties ; Soil salinity ; Mineral nutrients ; Heavy metals ; Electrical conductivity ; Experiments ; Filtration ; Drip irrigation / Tunisia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 GG30 QAD Record No: H042146)
http://www.icarda.org/Announcement/2009/Int_Workshop_on_Saline_Water/2008ProcFirstBridgingWorkshop.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H041867.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H041867.pdf
16 Adamtey, Noah; Cofie, Olufunke; Ofosu-Budu, G. K.; Danso, S. K. A.; Forster, D. 2009. Production and storage of N-enriched co-compost. Waste Management, 29:2429-2436. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2009.04.014]
Waste management ; Urban wastes ; Household wastes ; Solid wastes ; Composts ; Composting ; Production ; Techniques ; Fertilizers ; Excreta ; Urea ; Urban agriculture ; Inorganic fertilizers ; Nitrogen fertilizers ; Heavy metals ; Farmers ; Health hazards / Africa South of Sahara / West Africa / Ghana / Accra
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042259)
(0.62 MB)
Recovery of the organic fraction of municipal waste for peri-urban agriculture could contribute to the improvement of environmental sanitation and increase agricultural productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, municipal waste co-compost (Co) has low nitrogen (N) content. Therefore, this study investigated the type and form of inorganic N fertiliser that is capable of improving the nitrogen content of Co and monitored the changes in the properties of this N-enriched product under storage. To attain 30,000 mg kg1 (3%) N content, different amounts of urea or ammonium sulphate were applied in various forms (dry, paste and liquid) to enrich Co. The product termed comlizer was stored and its moisture, pH, total nitrogen, NHþ4 -N, NO3 –N, and C/N ratio were monitored under ambient conditions for two years. In the first four months of storage, total N content of 50 kg Co + 3.26 kg urea (CoUD) increased from 31,333 to 54,000 mg kg1, and 50 kg Co + 7.14 kg (NH4)2SO4 (CoASD) from 35,333 to 52,000 mg kg1. At the end of two years of storage, the initial N content of CoUD and CoASD decreased by 47% and 24%, respectively. Based on these results, it is recommended that dry (NH4)2SO4 should be used in N enrichment of Co, and that the comlizer should be stored in sealed bags but not more than four months.
17 Saifullah; Meers, E.; Qadir, Manzoor; de Caritat, P.; Tack, F. M. G.; Du Laing, G.; Zia, M. H. 2009. EDTA-assisted Pb phytoextraction. Review. Chemosphere, 74(10):1279-1291. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.11.007]
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042522)
(0.33 MB)
Pb is one of the most widespread and metal pollutants in soil. It is generally concentrated in surface layers with only a minor portion of the total metal found in soil solution. Phytoextraction has been proposed as an inexpensive, sustainable, in situ plant-based technology that makes use of natural hyperaccumulators as well as high biomass producing crops to help rehabilitate soils contaminated with heavy metals without destructive effects on soil properties. The success of phytoextraction is determined by the amount of biomass, concentration of heavy metals in plant, and bioavailable fraction of heavy metals in the rooting medium. In general, metal hyperaccumulators are low biomass, slow growing plant species that are highly metal specific. For some metals such as Pb, there are no hyperaccumulator plant species known to date. Although high biomass-yielding non-hyperaccumulator plants lack an inherent ability to accumulate unusual concentrations of Pb, soil application of chelating agents such as EDTA has been proposed to enhance the metal concentration in above-ground harvestable plant parts through enhancing the metal solubility and translocation from roots to shoots. Leaching of metals due to enhanced mobility during EDTA-assisted phytoextraction has been demonstrated as one of the potential hazards associated with this technology. Due to environmental persistence of EDTA in combination with its strong chelating abilities, the scientific community is moving away from the use of EDTA in phytoextraction and is turning to less aggressive alternative strategies such as the use of organic acids or more degradable APCAs (aminopolycarboxylic acids). We have therefore arrived at a point in phytoremediation research history in which we need to distance ourselves from EDTA as a proposed soil amendment within the context of phytoextraction. However, valuable lessons are to be learned from over a decade of EDTA-assisted hytoremediation research when considering the implementation of more degradable alternatives in assisted phytoextraction practices.
18 Abaidoo, R. C.; Keraita, Bernard; Drechsel, Pay; Dissanayake, Priyanka; Maxwell, Akple S. 2010. Soil and crop contamination through wastewater irrigation and options for risk reduction in developing countries. In Dion, P. (Ed.). Soil biology and agriculture in the tropics. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Verlag. pp.498-535.
Wastewater irrigation ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Pathogens ; Crops ; Heavy metals ; Organic compounds ; Inorganic compounds ; Water storage ; Reservoirs ; Filtration / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042644)
(0.19 MB)
Wastewater irrigation is becoming a global phenomenon, as a result of global water scarcity and increased pollution of water sources. While this practice offers many opportunities, human health risks from contaminated soils and crops irrigated with wastewater pose the greatest challenges to this practice. In this chapter, contaminants in wastewater of most relevance to soil and crop, such as pathogens, heavy metals and other organic contaminants as well as the related human health and environmental risks are discussed. There is a general consensus that untreated wastewater contaminates soils and crops and poses health risks, however the threats vary widely. While wastewater treatment is the best choice to address this problem, a number of low-cost technological options and health protection measures exist to address the contamination challenges especially in developing countries. These include irrigation methods, farm-based measures for improving water quality, choice of crop, water application techniques, soil phytoremediation, zoning and post-harvest measures. For comprehensive risk reduction, a combination of these measures is recommended especially where comprehensive wastewater treatment is not feasible.
19 Murtaza, G.; Ghafoor, A.; Qadir, Manzoor; Owens, G.; Aziz, M. A.; Zia, M. H.; Saifullah. 2010. Disposal and use of sewage on agricultural lands in Pakistan: a review. Pedosphere, 20(1):23–34.
Heavy metals ; Health hazards ; Water quality ; Sewage ; Soil properties ; Vegetable growing ; Wastewater irrigation / Pakistan / Faisalabad / Peshawar
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042869)
(0.14 MB)
Raw sewage is widely used on agricultural soils in urban areas of developing countries to meet water shortages. Although it is a good source of plant nutrients, such sewage also increases the heavy metal load to soils, which may impact the food chain. Management options for sewage contaminated soils includes addition of nontoxic compounds such as lime, calcium sulfate and organic matter, which form insoluble metal complexes, thus reducing metal phytoavailability to plants. In this paper we review the variation in irrigation quality of sewage at different sites and its impact on the quality of soils and vegetables. Although quality of sewage was highly variable at source, yet the effluent from food industries was relatively safe for irrigation. In comparison effluent samples collected from textile, dyeing, calendaring, steel industry, hospitals and clinical laboratories, foundries and tanneries were hazardous with respect to soluble salts, sodium adsorption ratio and heavy metals like zinc, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, cobalt and cadmium. The sewage quality in main drains was better than that at the industry outlet, but was still not safe for irrigation. In general, higher accumulation of metals in fruits and vegetable roots was recorded compared to that in plant leaves. Edible parts of vegetables (fruits and/or leaves) accumulated metals more than the permissible limits despite the soils contained ammonium bicarbonate diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid extractable metals within a safe range. In either case further scientific investigations are needed to ensure safe management strategies. Cadmium appeared to be the most threatening metal especially in leafy vegetables. It is advisable to avoid leafy vegetables cultivation in sewage irrigated areas everywhere to restrict its entry into food chain.
20 Holm, P. E.; Marcussen, H.; Dalsgaard, A. 2010. Fate and risks of potentially toxic elements in wastewater-fed food production systems: the examples of Cambodia and Vietnam. Irrigation and Drainage Systems, 24(1-2):127-142 (Special issue with contributions by IWMI authors) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10795-009-9086-6]
Wastewater irrigation ; Water quality ; Heavy metals ; Sedimentary materials ; Food production ; Risks ; Fish ; Leaf vegetables ; Health hazards ; Farmers ; Urban areas / South East Asia / Cambodia / Vietnam / Hanoi / Phnom Penh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042883)
http://www.springerlink.com/content/762895738805724j/fulltext.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042883.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042883.pdf
(0.20 MB)
Non-treated wastewater is used for irrigation of aquatic food production systems in the peri-urban areas of the major cities in Southeast Asia. This paper complement the knowledge on agricultural soil-based crops irrigated with low quality water, by reviewing the research findings on the wastewater-fed aquatic productions with special focus on heavy metals and other potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the production systems of Hanoi in Vietnam and Phnom Penh in Cambodia. In Hanoi, sediments in the wastewater exposed rivers of Hanoi were reported to be polluted with PTEs, in particular with Cadmium (Cd). The river sediment had a high retention capacity for PTEs which seems to prevent the transport of PTEs to the wastewater-fed production systems. In Phnom Penh, domestic and industrial wastewater is pumped into the Cheung Ek Lake located south of the city. A major part of the water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forssk.) consumed in the city is produced in the lake. The concentrations of some PTEs were elevated at the wastewater inlets to the lake compared to concentrations at the lake outlet and at the control site. Water spinach is by far the major vegetable produced in the wastewater-fed systems in Hanoi and Phnom Penh, but did only contain PTEs in concentrations within or slightly above the concentration range observed for water spinach grown in agricultural soil not exposed to wastewater. PTE concentration in fish grown in wastewater-fed systems in Hanoi and Phnom were low. However, mean PTE concentrations in liver and skin of some fish were high. Consumption of muscle tissue from fish produced in wastewater-fed systems in Hanoi and Phnom Penh resulted in an estimated intake of PTEs amounting to less than 9% of the tolerable intake. It was concluded, that the PTE concentrations in fish and water spinach from Hanoi and Cheung Ek Lake in Phnom Penh constituted low food safety risks for consumers.
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