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1 Celio, Mattia; Giordano, Mark. 2007. Agriculture–urban water transfers: a case study of Hyderabad, South-India. Paddy and Water Environment, 5(4): 229-237.
Water supply ; Water allocation ; Water scarcity ; Water transfer ; Urbanization ; Climate ; Irrigation water ; Domestic water ; Farmers ; Constraints ; Wastewater ; Reservoirs / India / Andhra Pradesh / Hyderabad / Maharashtra / Karnataka / Nizamsagar Irrigation Project / Manjira River / Singur Reservoir / Musi River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7 G635 CEL, IWMI 631.7 G000 BAR Record No: H040783)
Hyderabad is one of the fastest growing cities in India. To meet its rapidly expanding water needs, it constructed and began withdrawals from the Singur reservoir, located on a tributary of the Godavari River, in 1991. Administrative rules define allocation of water from the reservoir but prioritize Hyderabad urban needs over much longer established agricultural uses. Furthermore, the agricultural sector receives less water than even these rules allow, and urban withdrawals have changed the quantity and the timing of the water, which is available to agriculture. An increase in groundwater use by farmers may have been one response to these changes, with possible implications for surface and groundwater users further downstream. While proposals have been put forth to compensate the agricultural sector in general and the farmers directly affected by reallocation, for example by improving access to wastewater for irrigation downstream from Hyderabad or by conveying wastewater for irrigation purposes downstream Singur reservoir, compensation has not been implemented to date. The Hyderabad case study clearly highlights the advantages for devising and implementing arrangements to regulate the transfer of water from agriculture to cities, allowing a move from sectoral competition for water to efficient management of a scarce resource.
2 Celio, M.; Scott, C. A.; Giordano, Mark. 2009. Urban–agricultural water appropriation: the Hyderabad, India case. Geographical Journal, 176(1):39-57. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4959.2009.00336.x]
Urban agriculture ; Water demand ; Adaptation ; Water allocation ; Water supply ; Rivers ; Water balance ; Reservoirs ; Irrigation water / India / Andhra Pradesh / Hyderabad / Manjira River / Krishna River / Nizamsagar Reservoir
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042873)
(0.55 MB)
With the urbanisation drive comes steady growth in urban water demand. Although in the past this new demand could often be met by tapping unclaimed water sources, this option is increasingly untenable in many regions where little if any unclaimed water remains. The result is that urban water capture, and the appropriation of associated physical and institutional infrastructure, now often implies conflict with other existing uses and users. While the urbanisation process has been studied in great depth, the processes and, critically, impacts of urban water capture and appropriation are not well researched or understood. This paper undertakes a critical examination of the specific case of Hyderabad, one of India's fastest growing cities, to shed light more generally on the process of water capture by cities and the resultant impacts on pre-existing claims, particularly agriculture. It does this by examining the history and institutional response to Hyderabad's urban-rural water contest; how the results of that contest are reflected in surface and groundwater hydrology; and the eventual impacts on agriculture. The findings show that the magnitude, and sometimes even direction, of impact from urban water transfer vary in space and time and depend on location-specific rainfall patterns, the nature of existing water infrastructure and institutions, and farmers' adaptive capacities and options, notably recourse to groundwater. Broader consideration of the specific findings provides insights into policy mechanisms to reduce the possible negative impacts from the global, and seemingly inexorable, flow of water to the world's growing cities.
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