Your search found 13 records
1 Kone, D.; Gallizzi, K.; Drescher, Silke; Cofie, Olufunke; Zurbrugg, C.; Forster, D.; Montangero, A.; Awuah, E.; Strauss, M. 2004. Efficiency of helminth eggs inactivation in dewartered faecal sludge by co-composting. In Godfrey, S. (Ed.) Proceedings of the 30th WEDC International Conference on People-Centered Approaches to Water and Environmental Sanitation, Vientiane, Lao PDR, 25-28 October 2004. Leicestershire, UK: Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC). pp.21-25.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 628.3 G200 KON Record No: H035919)
2 Cofie, Olufunke; Agbottah, S.; Strauss, M.; Esseku, H.; Montangero, A.; Awuah, E.; Kone, D.. 2006. Solid-liquid separation of faecal sludge using drying beds in Ghana: implications for nutrient recycling in urban agriculture. Water Research, 40(1):75-82.
Solid wastes ; Sewage sludge ; Organic fertilizers ; Recycling ; Public health ; Sanitation ; Urban agriculture ; Developing countries / Ghana
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 631.86 G200 COF Record No: H038182)
(0.32 MB)
3 Kone, D.; Cofie, Olufunke; Zurbrugg, C.; Gallizzi, K.; Moser, D.; Drescher, S.; Strauss, M. 2007. Helminth eggs inactivation efficiency by faecal sludge dewatering and co-composting in tropical climates. Water Research, 41: 4397 – 4402.
Ascaris ; Composting ; Helminths ; Trichuris ; Diseases ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Risks / Ghana / Kumasi
(Location: IWMI HQ Record No: H040972)
(0.22 MB)
This study investigates helminth eggs removal and inactivation efficiency in a treatment process combining faecal sludge (FS) dewatering and subsequent co-composting with organic solid waste as a function of windrow turning frequency. Fresh public toilet sludge and septage mixed at a 1:2 ratio were dewatered on a drying bed. Biosolids with initial loads of 25–83 helminth eggs/g total solids (TS) were mixed with solid waste as bulking material for co-composting at a 1:2 volume ratio. Two replicate sets of compost heaps were mounted in parallel and turned at different frequencies during the active composting period: (i) once every 3 days and (ii) once every 10 days. Turning frequency had no effect on helminth eggs removal efficiency. In both setups, helminth eggs were reduced to o1 viable egg/g TS, thereby complying with the WHO guidelines 2006 for the safe reuse of FS.
4 Jimenez, B.; Drechsel, Pay; Kone, D.; Bahri, Akissa; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Qadir, Manzoor. 2010. Wastewater, sludge and excreta use in developing countries: an overview. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.3-27. (Also in French).
Wastewater ; Water reuse ; Sewage sludge ; Excreta ; Developing countries ; Diseases ; Agriculture ; Crop production
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 DRE Record No: H042601)
(0.23 MB)
After introducing terms and terminology of wastewater, sludge and excreta use, the chapter highlights their global drivers and significance using examples from different parts of the developing world. It is useful in the discussion to differentiate between unplanned use of wastewater resulting from poor sanitation, and planned use which tries to address matters such as economic or physical water scarcity. Both types of wastewater use can have significant socio-economic benefits but also institutional challenges and risks which require different management approaches and, ideally, different guidelines. This diversity makes the current WHO Guidelines, which try to be global in nature, complex to understand and apply. Whilst planned reuse will remain the norm in countries that can afford treatment, most countries in the developing world are likely to continue to use non- or only partially treated wastewater, for as long as sanitation and waste disposal are unable to keep pace with urban population growth. However, there are options to link urban faecal sludge and wastewater management with urban food demands or other forms of resource ecovery that provide opportunities to safely close the nutrient and water loops.
5 Kone, D.; Cofie, Olufunke O.; Nelson, K. 2010. Low-cost options for pathogen reduction and nutrient recovery from faecal sludge. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.171-188. (Also in French).
Biofertilizers ; Excreta ; Recycling ; Composting ; Pathogens ; Control methods ; Nutrients ; Sanitation ; Composting / West Africa / South East Asia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 DRE Record No: H042609)
(0.15 MB)
Recently, the application of excreta-based fertilizers has attracted attention due to the strongly increasing prices of chemically produced fertilizers. Faecal sludge from on-site sanitation systems is rich in nutrients and organic matter, constituents which contribute to replenishing the humus layer and soil nutrient reservoir and to improving soil structure and water-holding capacity. Hence, it represents an important resource for enhancing soil productivity on a sustainable basis. However, there is little in the scientific literature about the performance of treatment technology allowing recovery of nutrient resources from human waste. This paper reviews the state of knowledge of different processes that have been applied worldwide. Their pathogen removal efficiency as well as nutrient and biosolids recovery performances are assessed. The chapter outlines the gaps in research for further development.
6 Cofie, Olufunke; Kone, D.; Rothenberger, S.; Moser, D.; Zubruegg, C. 2009. Co-composting of faecal sludge and organic solid waste for agriculture: process dynamics. Water Research, 43(18):4665-4675.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042673)
(0.53 MB)
This paper presents the potentials and performance of combined treatment of faecal sludge (FS) and municipal solid waste (SW) through co-composting. The objectives were to investigate the appropriate SW type, SW/FS mixing ratio and the effect of turning frequency on compost maturity and quality. Solid waste (SW, as market waste, MW, or household waste, HW) was combined with dewatered FS in mixing ratios of 2:1 and 3:1 by volume and aerobically composted for 90 days. Four composting cycles were monitored and characterised to establish appropriate SW type and mixing ratio. Another set of five composting cycles were monitored to test two different turning frequencies: (i) once in 3–4 days during the thermophilic phase and 10 days during maturation phase and (ii) once in every 10 days throughout the composting period. Samples were taken at every turning and analysed for total solids (TS), total volatile solids (TVS), total organic carbon (TOC), electrical conductivity (EC), pH, ammonium and nitrate nitrogen (NH4–N and NO3–N) and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN). Temperature, C/N ratio, NO3–N/NH4–N ratio and cress planting trials were chosen as maturity indicators. Result showed a preference of MW over HW and mixing ratio of 2:1 over 3:1. There was no significant effect of different turning frequencies on the temperature changes and the quality of mature compost. The final product contained C/N ratio of 13 and NO3/NH4-ratio of about 7.8, while TVS was about 21% TS and the NH4–N content was reduced to 0.01%. A co-composting duration of 12 weeks was indicated by the cress test to achieve a mature and stable product. The turning frequency of 10 days is recommended as it saves labour and still reaches safe compost with fairly high nutrient content.
7 Cofie, Olufunke; Kone, D.. 2009. Co-composting faecal sludge and organic solid waste, Kumasi, Ghana: case study of sustainable sanitation projects. In Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA). Compilation of 24 SuSanA case studies: pre-print for the 10th SuSanA meeting. Eschborn, Germany: Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) pp.21:1-7. (SuSanA Case Studies of Sustainable Sanitation Projects)
Sanitation ; Excreta ; Sewage sludge ; Solid wastes ; Composting ; Techniques ; Organic fertilizers ; Urban agriculture ; Operations ; Maintenance / Ghana / Kumasi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042721)
http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/book/case_study_book_complete.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042721.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042721.pdf
(0.29 MB)
8 Reymond, P.; Cofie, Olufunke; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Kone, D.. 2009. Design considerations and constraints in applying on-farm wastewater treatment for urban agriculture. Paper presented at the 4th SWITCH Scientific Meeting, Delft, The Netherlands, 4-7 October 2009. 15p.
Wastewater treatment ; Water quality ; Urban agriculture ; Irrigation water ; Ponds ; Faecal coliforms ; Farmers / Ghana / Accra
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042719)
http://www.switchurbanwater.eu/outputs/pdfs/W5-2_CACC_PAP_Design_considerations_and_constraints_for_on-farm_wastewater_treatment.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042719.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042719.pdf
(0.19 MB) (295.67KB)
In Accra, Ghana, one of ten SWITCH focus cities, the LA through the working group on water use for urban agriculture, initiated participatory action research activities on technological innovations to minimise risks associated with urban water reuse for agriculture within the context of integrated urban water management. The purpose was to demonstrate the potential of on-farm wastewater treatment to minimize health risks associated with urban water reuse for agriculture. The Demo focuses on further development of existing farmers’ practice of on-farm water storage ponds, for improved irrigation water quality and volume. This study component of the demo addresses the problem in an integrated manner. It focused on farmers’ constraints to propose sustainable and reproducible technical options. Research was held in Roman Ridge farming area, Accra, Ghana. Two different settings were investigated: 1) greywater derived from gutters in a ponds-trenches system; 2) individual ponds filled periodically with water pumped from a stream. Analyses show a natural faecal coliform removal of about 2 log units from the wastewater source to the last pond in the case of ponds-trenches system. As for individual ponds, a removal of 1-1.5 log units is observed in two days. Nutrients levels were very low, meaning that this water can’t be seen as a source of fertilizer. Main constraints towards improvement of on-farm water quality were found to include: limited available space, permanent demand for water, variability of water needs and watering schedule, walking distance to the water source, difficulty to dig deep ponds and trenches, risks of flooding, risks of nuisance for the neighbourhood and farmers’ lack of financial resources. These have to be taken into account in any proposed modification. Design options chosen consist of slight modification favouring natural pathogen removal processes, i.e. increasing the volume of water, avoiding short-circuiting and hydraulic dead zones with baffles, improving water fetching points to avoid resiltation, introducing plug flow retention ponds between the source and the fetching points and creating retention ponds upstream in the drains. The two main aims are to increase the retention time of water and avoid recontamination of the water through resiltation or runoff. Design modifications were implemented on-site and are currently being tested.
9 Kuffour, A. R.; Awuah, E.; Anyemedu, F. O. K.; Strauss, M.; Kone, D.; Cofie, Olufunke. 2009. Effect of using different particle sizes of sand as filter media for dewatering faecal sludge. Desalination, 248(1-3):308-314. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.0000.00.000]
Sewage sludge ; Dewatering ; Filtration ; Filters ; Sand ; Nutrients ; Effluents ; Pollution control
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042720)
This research is aimed at investigating the effect of different particle sizes of sand for the dewatering of faecal sludge with respect to the dewatering time, contaminant load in the percolate, rate of clogging and quantity of biosolids produced. Three filter media FM1, FM2 and FM3 were used to dewater the faecal sludge. The experiment was conducted on bench scale consisting of miniature drying beds. Six cycles of dewatering were run where FM1, FM2, and FM3 showed average dewatering times of 10, 10 and 9 days respectively without significant differences (p > 0.05). However the percolate quality showed significant differences between them in the removal of TS, TVS, SS, COD, DCOD and NH3-N with FM1 having the highest removal for each parameter. Accumulation of organic matter in the top 10 cm of the filter bed indicated that FM1 was least likely to clog and it also generated the highest quantity of biosolids.
10 Bos. R.; Mara, D.; Bahri, Akissa; Jimenez, B.; Stenstroem, T. - A.; Huibers, F.; Redwood, M.; Kinane, M.; Hamilton, A.; Murray, A.; Nelson, K.; Abaidoo, R.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Tiongco, M.; Razak, S.; Ensink, J.; Amerasinghe, Priyanie; Kone, D.; Drechsel, Pay; Moe, C.; Buckley, C.; Niang, S.; Scott, C.; Amoah, Philip; Dalahmeh, S.; Cisse, G.; Kone, B.; LeJeune, J.; Karg, H.; Keraita, Bernard; Evans, Alexandra; Zwane, A.; Silverman, A.; Armstrong, J.; Awadzi, D.; Cofie, Olufunke; Schoeffler, M.; Van Rooijen, D.; Mensah, Ernest Abraham. 2008. Accra Consensus: Agenda for Research, Capacity Building and Action on the Safe Use of Wastewater and Excreta in Agriculture. [A public statement]. 2p.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043803)
11 Jimenez, B.; Drechsel, Pay; Kone, D.; Bahri, Akissa; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Qadir, Manzoor. 2011. Utilisation des eaux usees, des boues et des excretas dans les pays en developpement: un apercu. In French. [Wastewater, sludge and excreta use in developing countries: an overview]. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa. L’irrigation avec des eaux usees et la sante: evaluer et attenuer les risques dans les pays a faible revenu. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Quebec, Canada: University of Quebec. pp.3-29. (Also in English).
Wastewater ; Water reuse ; Sewage sludge ; Excreta ; Developing countries ; Diseases ; Agriculture ; Crop production
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H044458)
http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Research_Impacts/Research_Themes/Theme_3/PDF/French%20book.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044458.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044458.pdf
(0.88 MB) (5.96MB)
After introducing terms and terminology of wastewater, sludge and excreta use, the chapter highlights their global drivers and significance using examples from different parts of the developing world. It is useful in the discussion to differentiate between unplanned use of wastewater resulting from poor sanitation, and planned use which tries to address matters such as economic or physical water scarcity. Both types of wastewater use can have significant socio-economic benefits but also institutional challenges and risks which require different management approaches and, ideally, different guidelines. This diversity makes the current WHO Guidelines, which try to be global in nature, complex to understand and apply. Whilst planned reuse will remain the norm in countries that can afford treatment, most countries in the developing world are likely to continue to use non- or only partially treated wastewater, for as long as sanitation and waste disposal are unable to keep pace with urban population growth. However, there are options to link urban faecal sludge and wastewater management with urban food demands or other forms of resource ecovery that provide opportunities to safely close the nutrient and water loops.
12 Kone, D.; Cofie, Olufunke O.; Nelson, K. 2011. Options a faible cout pour la reduction des pathogenes et la recuperation des elements nutritifs des boues de vidange. In French. [Low-cost options for pathogen reduction and nutrient recovery from faecal sludge]. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa. L’irrigation avec des eaux usees et la sante: evaluer et attenuer les risques dans les pays a faible revenu. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Quebec, Canada: University of Quebec. pp.185-203. (Also in English).
Biofertilizers ; Excreta ; Recycling ; Composting ; Pathogens ; Control methods ; Nutrients ; Sanitation ; Composting / West Africa / South East Asia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H044466)
http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Research_Impacts/Research_Themes/Theme_3/PDF/French%20book.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044466.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044466.pdf
(0.89 MB) (5.96MB)
Recently, the application of excreta-based fertilizers has attracted attention due to the strongly increasing prices of chemically produced fertilizers. Faecal sludge from on-site sanitation systems is rich in nutrients and organic matter, constituents which contribute to replenishing the humus layer and soil nutrient reservoir and to improving soil structure and water-holding capacity. Hence, it represents an important resource for enhancing soil productivity on a sustainable basis. However, there is little in the scientific literature about the performance of treatment technology allowing recovery of nutrient resources from human waste. This paper reviews the state of knowledge of different processes that have been applied worldwide. Their pathogen removal efficiency as well as nutrient and biosolids recovery performances are assessed. The chapter outlines the gaps in research for further development.
13 Cofie, Olufunke; Nikiema, Josiane; Impraim, Robert; Adamtey, N.; Paul, Johannes; Kone, D.. 2016. Co-composting of solid waste and fecal sludge for nutrient and organic matter recovery. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 47p. (Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 03) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2016.204]
Resource recovery ; Environmental effects ; Nutrients ; Solid wastes ; Recycling ; Composting ; Faecal coliforms ; Sewage sludge ; Urbanization ; Urban wastes ; Food wastes ; Waste management ; Developing countries ; Farmyard manure ; Excreta ; Soil organic matter ; Organic wastes ; Organic fertilizers ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Sanitation ; Moisture content ; Temperature ; pH ; Microorganisms ; Aeration ; Pathogens ; Emission ; Livestock ; Heavy metals
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H047536)
(3 MB)
Biological treatment, composting, in particular, is a relatively simple, durable and inexpensive alternative for stabilizing and reducing biodegradable waste. Co-composting of different waste sources allows to enhance the compost nutrient value. In particular, integration of ‘biosolids’ from the sanitation sector as potential input material for co-composting would provide a solution for the much needed treatment of fecal sludge from on-site sanitation systems, and make use of its high nutrient content. This research paper elaborates in detail the main parameters that govern the co-composting process as well as factors that control the production of a safe and valuable quality compost. It further explains technological options to tailor the final product to crop and farmer needs.
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