Your search found 7 records
1 Mohamed, Yasir; Loulseged, Makonnen. 2008. The Nile Basin water resources: overview of key research questions pertinent to the Nile Basin initiative. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 26p. (IWMI Working Paper 127) [doi: https://doi.org/10.3910/2009.308]
River basin management ; River basin development ; Research projects ; Research institutes ; Partnerships ; International cooperation / Africa / Nile River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 333.9162 G100 MOH Record No: H041336)
(207KB)
The Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) is a remarkable achievement towards the cooperative management of the common Nile water resources. Based on a Shared Vision Program and a Subsidiary Action Program, the NBI has numerous ongoing projects on the ground. Research on the Nile water resources has been recognized to be crucial for successful implementation of the NBI projects. Therefore, IWMI and other research centers have worked together with the NBI to identify knowledge gaps pertinent to the Nile water resources. This report presents prioritized research questions, pertinent ongoing research projects and the implementing institutions; and available databases on the Nile.
2 Hagos, Fitsum; Jayasinghe, Gayathri; Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele; Loulseged, Makonnen; Denekew, Aster. 2008. Poverty impacts of agricultural water management technologies in Ethiopia. Paper presented at the African Economic Research Consortium (AERC) 20th Anniversary Conference on Natural Resource Management and Climate Change in Sub-Saharan Africa, Nairobi, Kenya, 15-17 September 2008. 29p.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H041695)
(0.26 MB)
Farmers in rural Ethiopia live in a shock-prone environment. The major source of shock is the persistent variation in the amount and distribution of rainfall. The dependence on unreliable rainfall increases farmers’ vulnerability to shocks while also constraining farmers’ decisions to use yield-enhancing modern inputs exacerbating household’s vulnerability to poverty and food insecurity. As a response, the government of Ethiopia has embarked on massive investment in low cost agricultural water management technologies (AWMTs). Despite these huge investments, their impact remains hardly understood.
The main focus of this paper was to explore whether access to selected AWMTs, such as deep and shallow wells, ponds, river diversions and small dams, has led to significant reduction in poverty, and if they did to identify which technologies have higher impacts. In measuring impact we followed different approaches: mean separation tests, propensity score matching and poverty analysis. The study used a unique dataset from a representative sample of 1517 households from 29 Kebeles in four regions of Ethiopia. Findings indicated that the estimated average treatment effect was significant and amounted to USD 82/ household. Moreover, there was 22% less poverty among users of AWMTs compared to non-users. The poverty impact of AWMT was also found to differ by technology type. Accordingly, deep wells, river diversions and micro dams have led to 50, 32 and 25 percent reduction in poverty levels compared to the reference, i.e. rain fed system. Finally, our study identified the most important determinants of poverty on the basis of which we made the policy recommendations: i) build assets; ii) human resource development; and iii) improve the functioning of labor markets and access to markets (input or output markets) for enhanced impact of AWMT on poverty.
The main focus of this paper was to explore whether access to selected AWMTs, such as deep and shallow wells, ponds, river diversions and small dams, has led to significant reduction in poverty, and if they did to identify which technologies have higher impacts. In measuring impact we followed different approaches: mean separation tests, propensity score matching and poverty analysis. The study used a unique dataset from a representative sample of 1517 households from 29 Kebeles in four regions of Ethiopia. Findings indicated that the estimated average treatment effect was significant and amounted to USD 82/ household. Moreover, there was 22% less poverty among users of AWMTs compared to non-users. The poverty impact of AWMT was also found to differ by technology type. Accordingly, deep wells, river diversions and micro dams have led to 50, 32 and 25 percent reduction in poverty levels compared to the reference, i.e. rain fed system. Finally, our study identified the most important determinants of poverty on the basis of which we made the policy recommendations: i) build assets; ii) human resource development; and iii) improve the functioning of labor markets and access to markets (input or output markets) for enhanced impact of AWMT on poverty.
3 Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele; Hagos, Fitsum; Amede, Tilahun; Loulseged, Makonnen. 2008. Best bets technologies for improving agricultural water management and system intensification in Ethiopia. Paper presented at the Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF) Workshop on Micro-Watershed to Basin Scale Adoption of SWC Technologies and Impacts, Tamale, Ghana, 22-25 September 2008. 7p.
Crop production ; Cropping systems ; Fertilizers ; Soil fertility ; Poverty ; Households ; Water harvesting ; Rainfed farming ; Irrigated farming / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H041760)
Significant part of Ethiopia and its agricultural production is affected by prolonged dry spells, recurrent drought, land degradation and consequential low productivity, extreme poverty and highly vulnerable. This paper first deals with the various technologies used with respect to agricultural water management, and provide description of suits of technologies that are common for agricultural water management (AWM) in Ethiopia. Secondly, it evaluates the poverty impact of the various technologies based on extensive data that are collected from 1,500 households that are currently practicing these technologies in four major regions of Ethiopia. The final part of the paper deals with the integrated interventions for improving crop water productivity through combination of technologies and system intensification, using the case study. In Ethiopia, both in-situ water management and ex-situ water management technologies are used. Among the in-situ water management soil and water conservation technologies use of terracing, stone bunds, trash lines etc are common. However, evaluation of their use on crop production and productivity impact is difficult and not well established in Ethiopia. Among the ex-situ including rain water harvesting technologies ponds, river diversion, micro dams, wells and pump irrigation are most common. Based on poverty analysis, the incidence, depth and severity of poverty is less among users of technology compared to non-users and the results are statistically robust. Accordingly, users AWM technology are 22 percent less poor compared to non-users or pure rain fed systems without AWM. The high impact technologies are found to be deep well, diversion and micro dams leading to 50%, 32%, and 25% poverty reductions respectively. The difference is mostly attributed to the scale effect and reliability of systems. AWM was best exploited when it was accompanied by improved soil fertility management interventions. Yield gains of upto 2000% were obtained when Zai pits (i.e. small water harvesting trenches) were augmented by application of chemical and organic fertilizers. Integrating legume cover crops increased yield of succeeding crop significantly while improving soil fertility and water holding capacity. The effect of fertilizer application was highly pronounced when legumes were integrated into the cropping system. Growing varietal mixtures of different height and maturity period increased crop yield by up to 60% through compensation effects and better use of water and soil nutrients over time and space. Therefore, in order to improve agricultural productivity, effectively reduce poverty it is essential that the rainfall and agricultural water is managed, accompanied by soil fertility management and agronomic practices.
4 Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele; Hagos, Fitsum; Loulseged, Makonnen. 2009. Agricultural water management and poverty in Ethiopia. In Humphreys, E.; Bayot, R. S. (Eds.). Increasing the productivity and sustainability of rainfed cropping systems of poor smallholder farmers: proceedings of the CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food, International Workshop on Rainfed Cropping Systems, Tamale, Ghana, 22-25 September 2008. Colombo, Sri Lanka: CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food. pp.245-258.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 631 G000 HUM Record No: H042444)
http://www.dfid.gov.uk/r4d/PDF/Outputs/WaterfoodCP/CPWF_Proceedings_Rainfed_Workshop%5B1%5D.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042444.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042444.pdf
(0.81 MB) (8.92MB)
A significant part of Ethiopia and its agricultural production are affected by prolonged dry spells, recurrent drought, land degradation and consequential low productivity, resulting in extreme poverty and highly vulnerable rural communities. Traditional rainfed agriculture predominates, and in situ and ex situ Agricultural Water Management (AWM) technologies are used on less than 10% of the cultivated land. Among the in situ technologies, measures to reduce runoff and erosion, such as terracing, stone bunds and trash lines, are common. However, evaluation of their use and impacts on crop production and productivity is difficult and not well established in Ethiopia. The ex situ technologies used in Ethiopia include rain water harvesting for supplementary or full irrigation – most commonly from ponds, river diversion, micro dams and wells. Nearly forty types of technologies are used, in a range of combinations with respect to water control, lifting, conveyance and field application. Based on key informant interviews, 6 categories of technologies related to water source/control that have been successful and are widely used by small holders were identified. The poverty impacts of the AWM technologies were determined, based on extensive data collected from 1,500 households using these technologies and control households (nonusers) in four major Ethiopian regions. The evaluation showed that the incidence, depth and severity of poverty is significantly lower among AWM technology users than non?users. AWM technology users are 22% less poor than non-users. Deep wells, river diversion and micro dams, were associated with poverty reductions of 50%, 32% and 25%, respectively. The difference was mostly attributed to the scale effects, such as larger plots and more reliable water sources.
5 Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele; Loulseged, Makonnen; Yilma, Aster Denekew. (Comps.) 2008. Impact of irrigation on poverty and environment in Ethiopia: draft proceedings of the symposium and exhibition, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 27-29 November 2007. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 472p.
Poverty ; Crop management ; Irrigated farming ; Rainfed farming ; Irrigation systems ; Food security ; Water harvesting ; Institutions ; Environmental effects ; Public health ; Malaria ; GIS ; Remote sensing / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044062)
(0.12 MB)
6 Loulseged, Makonnen; Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele; Jayasinghe, Gayathree; Hagos, Fitsum; Erkossa, Teklu. 2011. Inventory, sustainability assessment, and upscaling of best agricultural water management practices. In Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele; Erkossa, Teklu; Balcha, Y. (Comps.). Irrigation and water for sustainable development: proceedings of the Second Forum, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 15-16 December 2008. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.153-183.
Water management ; Irrigated farming ; Rain ; Water harvesting ; Technology ; Runoff ; Income ; Case studies ; Irrigation systems ; Small scale systems ; Spate irrigation ; Farmers ; Dams ; Resource depletion ; Groundwater ; Wells ; Water conservation ; Soil conservation ; Environmental effects ; Social aspects ; Health / Ethiopia / Atsbi / Tigray / Tsebayina Micro Dam / Oromia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044262)
(0.66 MB)
It is the belief of many analysts that agrarian countries like Ethiopia that depend on rain-fed agriculture are significantly vulnerable to rainfall variability, the risk which tends to aggravate with global climate change. Consequently, it is believed that future increases in food supplies and economic prosperity depend heavily on effective agricultural water management. It is with this in mind that the use of low-cost technologies for rainwater and runoff control, storage, water lifting, conveyance and application have become more widespread in Ethiopia since the recent drought of 2002/2003. A range of technologies are currently used with varying levels of impacts. This paper outlines an inventory, characterization, suitability and upscaling aspects of Agricultural Water Management Technologies (AWMT) in Ethiopia. Particular characteristics of each of the technologies, their suitability for a given environment, and the necessary conditions for their successful adoption and scaling up are identified. Furthermore, a variety of combinations of technologies used for control or storage, lifting, conveyance and application of rainwater are documented. Suitability of a technology in a particular environment depends on many factors, such as, the nature of technical complexity, the existing institutional and individual capacity to implement, the costs and benefits, etc. Technical considerations include implementation (set up), operation and maintenance, affordability and environmental impact. The results of a ranking exercise of the technical complexity of a given technology are presented. Concerns related to waterborne and water-related diseases due to stagnation, water quality and possibility of mosquito breeding are discussed. Households in some parts of Ethiopia, who have practiced improved agricultural water management suitable to their local conditions, have managed to diversify their incomes through beekeeping, livestock, intercropping cash crops with food crops and setting up shops, hotels and flour mills in the nearby towns or villages. Therefore, AWMT at smallholder level meet the intended purpose, provided that they are suitable and adaptable to the local circumstances. The question is which of the technologies are suitable to which area under what socioeconomic conditions?
7 Hagos, Fitsum; Jayasinghe, Gayathree; Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele; Loulseged, Makonnen; Yilma, Aster Denekew. 2011. Poverty impacts of agricultural water management technologies in Ethiopia. In Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele; Erkossa, Teklu; Balcha, Y. (Comps.). Irrigation and water for sustainable development: proceedings of the Second Forum, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 15-16 December 2008. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.184-212.
Rural poverty ; Analysis ; Investment ; Water management ; Irrigation water ; Rainfed farming ; Technology ; Farmers ; Households ; Income ; Cost benefit analysis ; Water harvesting ; Wells ; Dams ; Ponds / Ethiopia / Amhara / Oromia / SNNPR / Tigray
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044263)
(0.27 MB)
Farmers in rural Ethiopia live in a climate-related shock-prone environment. The major source of climate shock is the persistent variation in the amount and distribution of rainfall. The dependence on unreliable rainfall increases farmers’ vulnerability to shocks while also constraining farmers’ decisions to use yieldenhancing modern inputs, exacerbating the vulnerability of households to poverty and food insecurity. As a response, the Government of Ethiopia has embarked on massive investment in low-cost agricultural water management technologies (AWMTs). Despite these huge investments, their impact remains hardly understood. The main focus of this paper was to explore whether access to selected AWMTs, such as deep and shallow wells, ponds, river diversions and small dams, has led to a significant reduction in poverty and, if they did so, to identify which technologies have higher impacts. The study also calculated the net present value of the selected AWMT, to assess which of the AWMTs are worth investing in given that they have the promise of reducing poverty. In measuring impact we followed different approaches: mean separation tests, propensity score matching and poverty analysis. The study used a unique dataset from a representative sample of 1,517 households from 29 Peasant Associations (Kebeles) in four regions of Ethiopia. Findings indicated that the estimated average treatment effect on per capita income was significant and amounted to USD 82. Moreover, there was 22% less poverty incidence among users of AWMTs compared to nonusers. The poverty impact of AWMT was also found to differ by technology type. Accordingly, deep wells, river diversions and micro-dams have led to 50, 32 and 25%, respectively, reduction in poverty incidence compared to the reference, i.e., rain-fed systems. Although, the selected AWMTs were found to contribute to poverty reduction, we found that ponds, deep wells and small dams were not attractive from a social cost-benefit analysis perspective, implying that choices need to be made considering their relative financial viability and poverty reduction impacts compared to other available options that could improve rain-fed agriculture. Finally, our study identified the most important determinants of poverty, on the basis of which we made policy recommendations: i) build assets (AWMT, livestock, etc.); ii) human resources development; and iii) improve the functioning of labor markets and access to these (input or output) markets for enhanced impact of AWMT on poverty.
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