Your search found 11 records
1 Kummu, M.; Sarkkula, J.; Koponen, J.; Nikula, J. 2006. Ecosystem management of the Tonle Sap Lake: An integrated modelling approach. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 22(3):497-519.
Lakes ; Sedimentation ; Flood plains ; Ecosystems ; Models / Cambodia / Mekong River / Tonle Sap Lake
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: PER Record No: H039469)
2 Kummu, M.; Varis, O. 2007. Sediment-related impacts due to upstream reservoir trapping, the Lower Mekong River. Geomorphology, 85:275-293.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H041658)
A sharp decrease in total suspended solids (TSS) concentration has occurred in the Mekong River after the closure of the Manwan Dam in China in 1993, the first of a planned cascade of eight dams. This paper describes the upstream developments on the Mekong River, concentrating on the effects of hydropower dams and reservoirs. The reservoir-related changes in total suspended solids, suspended sediment concentration (SSC), and hydrology have been analyzed, and the impacts of such possible changes on the Lower Mekong Basin discussed. The theoretical trapping efficiency of the proposed dams has been computed and the amount of sediment to be trapped in the reservoirs estimated. The reservoir trapping of sediments and the changing of natural flow patterns will impact the countries downstream in this international river basin. Both positive and negative possible effects of such impacts have been reviewed, based on the available data from the Mekong and studies on other basins.
3 Sarkkula, J.; Keskinen, M.; Koponen, J.; Kummu, M.; Richey, J. E.; Varis, O. 2009. Hydropower in the Mekong Region: what are the likely impacts upon fisheries. In Molle, Francois; Foran, T.; Kakonen, M. (Eds.). Contested waterscapes in the Mekong region: hydropower, livelihoods and governance. London, UK: Earthscan. pp.227-249.
Hydroelectric schemes ; Fisheries ; Models ; River Basins ; Productivity ; Flood plains ; Economic aspects ; Poverty ; Dams / China / Mekong Region / Mekong River Basin / Tonle Sap River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G8000 MOL Record No: H042358)
4 Sarkkula, J.; Keskinen, M.; Koponen, J.; Kummu, M.; Nikula, J.; Varis, O.; Virtanen, M. 2007. Mathematical modeling in integrated management of water resources: magical tool, mathematical toy or something in between? In Lebel, L.; Dore, J.; Daniel, R.; Koma, Y. S. (Eds.). Democratizing water governance in the Mekong. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Mekong Press. pp.127-156.
Mathematical models ; Water resource management ; Impact assessment ; Forecasting / South East Asia / Cambodia / Mekong River / Tonle Sap Lake
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.9162 G800 LEB Record No: H042587)
5 Johnston, Robyn; Kummu, M.. 2012. Water resource models in the Mekong Basin: a review. Water Resources Management, 26(2):429-455. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-011-9925-8]
Water resources ; Water resources development ; Hydrology ; Water allocation ; Models ; Costs ; History ; River basins ; Impact assessment ; Economic aspects ; Policy ; Economic aspects ; Social aspects ; Groundwater ; Surface water / South East Asia / Mekong River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: PER Record No: H044436)
(0.81 MB)
Development of the water resources of the Mekong Basin is the subject of intense debate both within the Mekong region and internationally. Water resources modelling is playing an increasingly important role in the debate, with significant effort in building integrated modelling platforms to describe the hydrological, ecological, social and economic impacts of water resource development. In the hydrological domain, a comprehensive set of models has been effective in building understanding of the system, and in identifying and describing the issues and trade-offs involved in basin-scale water planning. In the ecological and social domains, quantitative modelling has not progressed very far; geo-spatial analysis and qualitative frameworks remain the most commonly used tools. Economic models have been used to assess the costs and benefits of water resources development and to describe the trade-offs between different sectors and users. These analyses are likely to play an important role in the policy and planning debate, but are hampered by uncertainties in valuation of ecosystem services. Future efforts should focus on optimising the use of existing model platforms for the Mekong, including structured comparison of multiple hydrological models to quantify errors and identify an optimum set of modelling tools for different applications. A comprehensive research effort is needed to incorporate groundwater into hydrological models for regional planning. Options for social impact assessment should be reassessed before major investments are made in complex modelling platforms, and participatory social survey methods evaluated as part of an integrated assessment framework.
6 Varis, O.; Kummu, M.. 2013. The major Central Asian river basins: an assessment of vulnerability. In Stucki, V.; Wegerich, Kai; Rahaman, M. M.; Varis, O. (Eds.). Water and security in Central Asia: solving a Rubik's Cube. London, UK: Routledge. pp.39-58. (Routledge Special Issues on Water Policy and Governance)
River basins ; Population ; Environmental effects ; Governance ; Social aspects ; Natural disasters ; Water scarcity ; Indicators / Central Asia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H046074)
7 Porkka, M.; Kummu, M.; Siebert, S.; Florke, M. 2013. The role of virtual water flows in physical water scarcity: the case of Central Asia. In Stucki, V.; Wegerich, Kai; Rahaman, M. M.; Varis, O. (Eds.). Water and security in Central Asia: solving a Rubik's Cube. London, UK: Routledge. pp.59-80. (Routledge Special Issues on Water Policy and Governance)
Virtual water ; Flow discharge ; Water scarcity ; Population ; Case studies ; River basins ; Water consumption ; Indicators / Central Asia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H046075)
8 Kummu, M.; Keskinen, M.; Varis, O. (Eds.) 2008. Modern myths of the Mekong: a critical review of water and development concepts, principles and policies. Espoo, Finland: Helsinki University of Technology (TKK). 187p. (Water and Development Publications 1)
Water resources development ; River basins ; Stream flow ; Water management ; Water policy ; Riverbank protection ; Erosion ; Flooding ; Upstream ; Downstream ; Water levels ; Dams ; Lakes ; Fisheries ; Community involvement ; Gender mainstreaming ; Living standards ; Community organizations ; Sustainable development ; Economic sectors ; Informal sector ; Urban areas ; Population density ; Community organizations ; Natural resources ; Environmental effects ; Human behaviour ; Ecosystems / Cambodia / China / Mekong River Basin / Tonle Sap Lake / Angkor / Phnom Penh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G800 KUM Record No: H047272)
http://www.wdrg.fi/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Myths_of_Mekong_book.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047272.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047272.pdf
(6.74 MB) (6.73 MB)
9 Jagermeyr, J.; Gerten, D.; Heinke, J.; Schaphoff, S.; Kummu, M.; Lucht, W. 2015. Water savings potentials of irrigation systems: global simulation of processes and linkages. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 19(7):3073-3091. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3073-2015]
Irrigation systems ; Water conservation ; Irrigation water ; Water productivity ; Irrigation efficiency ; Models ; Estimation ; Water use ; Crop production ; Soil water ; Evaporation ; Groundwater ; Drip irrigation ; Surface irrigation ; Sprinkler irrigation ; River basins
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047591)
http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/19/3073/2015/hess-19-3073-2015.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047591.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047591.pdf
(5.54 MB) (5.54 MB)
Global agricultural production is heavily sustained by irrigation, but irrigation system efficiencies are often surprisingly low. However, our knowledge of irrigation efficiencies is mostly confined to rough indicative estimates for countries or regions that do not account for spatiotemporal heterogeneity due to climate and other biophysical dependencies. To allow for refined estimates of global agricultural water use, and of water saving and water productivity potentials constrained by biophysical processes and also nontrivial downstream effects, we incorporated a process-based representation of the three major irrigation systems (surface, sprinkler, and drip) into a bio- and agrosphere model, LPJmL. Based on this enhanced model we provide a gridded world map of irrigation efficiencies that are calculated in direct linkage to differences in system types, crop types, climatic and hydrologic conditions, and overall crop management. We find pronounced regional patterns in beneficial irrigation efficiency (a refined irrigation efficiency indicator accounting for crop-productive water consumption only), due to differences in these features, with the lowest values ( < 30 %) in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa and the highest values (> 60 %) in Europe and North America. We arrive at an estimate of global irrigation water withdrawal of 2469 km3 (2004–2009 average); irrigation water consumption is calculated to be 1257 km3 , of which 608 km3 are non-beneficially consumed, i.e., lost through evaporation, interception, and conveyance. Replacing surface systems by sprinkler or drip systems could, on average across the world’s river basins, reduce the non-beneficial consumption at river basin level by 54 and 76 %, respectively, while maintaining the current level of crop yields. Accordingly, crop water productivity would increase by 9 and 15 %, respectively, and by much more in specific regions such as in the Indus basin. This study significantly advances the global quantification of irrigation systems while providing a framework for assessing potential future transitions in these systems. In this paper, presented opportunities associated with irrigation improvements are significant and suggest that they should be considered an important means on the way to sustainable food security.
10 Rasanen, T. A.; Someth, P.; Lauri, H.; Koponen, J.; Sarkkula, J.; Kummu, M.. 2017. Observed river discharge changes due to hydropower operations in the Upper Mekong Basin. Journal of Hydrology, 545:28-41. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.023]
Water power ; International waters ; Rivers ; Downstream ; Flow discharge ; Development projects ; Hydrological factors ; Models ; Water levels ; Dams ; Reservoirs ; Dry season ; Wet season / Thailand / Cambodia / Upper Mekong Basin / Chiang Saen / Nakhon Phanom / Kratie
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048004)
(1.55 MB)
The Upper Mekong Basin is undergoing extensive hydropower development and its largest dams have recently become operational. Hydropower is built to improve the regional energy supply, but at the same time, it has considerable transboundary impacts on downstream discharge regime and further on aquatic ecosystems, riparian livelihoods and food security. Despite the transboundary significance of the impacts, there is no public information on the hydropower operations or on the already observed downstream discharge impacts since the completion of the largest dams. Therefore, in this study we assess the discharge changes using observed river discharge data and a distributed hydrological model over the period of 1960–2014. Our findings indicate that the hydropower operations have considerably modified the river discharges since 2011 and the largest changes were observed in 2014. According to observed and simulated discharges, the most notable changes occurred in northern Thailand (Chiang Saen) in March-May 2014 when the discharge increased by 121–187% and in July-August 2014 when the discharge decreased by 32–46% compared to average discharges. The respective changes in Cambodia (Kratie) were 41–74% increase in March-May 2014 and 0–6% decrease in July-August 2014 discharges. The earlier model-based predictions of the discharge changes are well in line with the observed changes, although observed changes are partly larger. The discharge impacts are expected to vary from year to year depending on hydropower operations. Altogether, the results highlight the need for strong transboundary cooperation for managing the downstream impacts.
11 Vanham, D.; Hoekstra, A. Y.; Wada, Y.; Bouraoui, F.; de Roo, A.; Mekonnen, M. M.; van de Bund, W. J.; Batelaan, O.; Pavelic, Paul; Bastiaanssen, W. G. M.; Kummu, M.; Rockstrom, J.; Liu, J.; Bisselink, B.; Ronco, P.; Pistocchi, A.; Bidoglio, G. 2018. Physical water scarcity metrics for monitoring progress towards SDG target 6.4: An evaluation of indicator 6.4.2 “Level of water stress” Science of the Total Environment, 613&614:218-232. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.056]
Water scarcity ; Water stress ; Water use efficiency ; Water availability ; Water quality ; Sustainable development ; Economic activities ; Evaluation ; Monitoring ; Indicators ; Environmental flows ; Surface water ; Reservoirs ; Groundwater extraction
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048267)
http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0048969717323963/1-s2.0-S0048969717323963-main.pdf?_tid=3378446e-9d11-11e7-b615-00000aacb35d&acdnat=1505808466_dde7280ef636e5416ef242c37fd997c5
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048267.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048267.pdf
(1.92 MB)
Target 6.4 of the recently adopted Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) deals with the reduction of water scarcity. To monitor progress towards this target, two indicators are used: Indicator 6.4.1 measuring water use efficiency and 6.4.2 measuring the level of water stress (WS). This paper aims to identify whether the currently proposed indicator 6.4.2 considers the different elements that need to be accounted for in a WS indicator. WS indicators compare water use with water availability. We identify seven essential elements: 1) both gross and net water abstraction (or withdrawal) provide important information to understand WS; 2) WS indicators need to incorporate environmental flow requirements (EFR); 3) temporal and 4) spatial disaggregation is required in a WS assessment; 5) both renewable surface water and groundwater resources, including their interaction, need to be accounted for as renewable water availability; 6) alternative available water resources need to be accounted for as well, like fossil groundwater and desalinated water; 7) WS indicators need to account for water storage in reservoirs, water recycling and managed aquifer recharge. Indicator 6.4.2 considers many of these elements, but there is need for improvement. It is recommended that WS is measured based on net abstraction as well, in addition to currently only measuring WS based on gross abstraction. It does incorporate EFR. Temporal and spatial disaggregation is indeed defined as a goal in more advanced monitoring levels, in which it is also called for a differentiation between surface and groundwater resources. However, regarding element 6 and 7 there are some shortcomings for which we provide recommendations. In addition, indicator 6.4.2 is only one indicator, which monitors blue WS, but does not give information on green or green-blue water scarcity or on water quality. Within the SDG indicator framework, some of these topics are covered with other indicators.
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