Your search found 13 records
1 Whittington, D.; Wu, X.; Sadoff, C.. 2005. Water resources management in the Nile basin: The economic value of cooperation. Water Policy, 7(3):227-252.
River basins ; Irrigation water ; Hydroelectric schemes ; Water resource management ; Conflict ; Economic evaluation ; Optimization ; Models / Sudan / Ethiopia / Egypt / Nile Basin
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: PER Record No: H037299)
http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/publications/publications/Whittington%20et%20al,%20Nile%20%202005.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H037299.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H037299.pdf
(612 KB)
2 Sadoff, C.; Yu, W. H. 2009. Benefit sharing in water management and development: a tool for growth and equity. In Chartres, Colin (Ed.). Words into action: delegate publication for the 5th World Water Forum, Istanbul, Turkey, 16-22 March 2009. London, UK: Faircount Media Group. pp.92-96.
River basin management ; Stakeholders ; International waters ; Territorial waters ; International cooperation ; Agreements ; Treaties ; Equity / Senegal / USA / Lesotho / South Africa / Senegal River basin / Columbia River basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 333.9162 G635 SAL Record No: H042191)
(0.72 MB)
3 Sadoff, C.; Muller, M. 2009. Water management, water security and climate change adaptation: early impacts and essential responses. Stockholm, Sweden: Global Water Partnership (GWP) (GWP TEC Background Papers 14)
Climate change ; Water resource management ; Water security ; Investment ; River basins ; International waters ; Hydrology ; Runoff ; Stream flow ; Groundwater recharge ; Water quality ; Water pollution ; Industrialization ; Irrigated farming ; Electrical energy ; Water shortage ; Water reuse ; Water storage ; Water rights / Africa / Southern Africa / Africa South of Sahara / Ethiopia / Lesotho / South Africa / Uganda / Malawi / Mozambique / Chile / Argentina / Madagascar / South Korea / Middle East / North Africa / Mediterranean / Singapore / Malaysia / Central Asia / Andes / Mphanda Nkuwa / Kavango River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042317)
(2.75 MB)
Water is the primary medium through which climate change will impact people, ecosystems and economies. Water resources management should therefore be an early focus for adaptation to climate change. It does not hold all of the answers to adaptation; a broad range of responses will be needed. But water is both part of the problem and an important part of the solution. It is a good place to start.Globally, the overall impacts of climate change on freshwater resources are expected to be negative. But there is much that is not yet well understood. While the link between increased temperatures and changes in rainfall has been modelled in detail, the same is not true for the effect on river flows and the recharge of underground waters. Specific challenges posed by the melting of snow and glaciers need to be better understood, as do impacts on water quality. Actions to implement robust water management are adaption actions. Understanding the dynamics of current variability and future climate change as they affect water supply and demand across all water-using sectors, and enhanced capacity to respond to these dynamics enables better water resources management. This strengthens resilience to current climate challenges, while building capacity to adapt to future climate change. Achieving and sustaining water security, broadly defined as harnessing water’s productive potential and limiting its destructive potential, provides a focus for adaptation strategies and a framework for action. For countries that have not achieved water security, climate change will make it harder. For those who have enjoyed water security, it may prove hard to sustain. All are likely to need to channel additional resources to water resource management. A focus on water security is a sound early adaptation strategy; delivering immediate benefits to vulnerable and underserved populations, thus advancing the Millennium Development Goals, while strengthening systems and capacity for longer-term climate risk management. Many societies will want to continue to invest in water management to move beyond water security and take fuller advantage of the economic, social and environmental benefits that can be derived from wiser water use. A water secure world will need investment in the three I’s: better and more accessible Information, stronger and more adaptable Institutions, and natural and man-made Infrastructure to store, transport and treat water. These needs will manifest at all levels – in projects, communities, nations, river basins and globally. Balancing and sequencing a mix of ‘soft’ (institutional and capacity) and ‘hard’ (infrastructure) investment responses will be complex. Information, consultation and adaptive management will be essential. Furthermore, tough trade-offs are likely to be unavoidable in balancing equity, environmental and economic priorities. Finding the right mix of the three I’s (information, institutions and infrastructure) to achieve the desired balance between the three E’s (equity, environment and economics), will be the ‘art of adaptation’ in water management. Integrated water resource management (IWRM) offers an approach to manage these dynamics and a thread that runs through these levels of engagement. IWRM is the global good practice approach to water management: it recognizes the holistic nature of the water cycle and the importance of managing trade-offs within it; it emphasizes the importance of effective institutions; and it is inherently adaptive. Financial resources will be needed to build this water secure world. Sound water management, which is a key to adaptation, is weakest in the poorest countries, which also suffer the greatest climate variability today and are predicted to face the greatest negative impacts of climate change. Significant investment will be needed in many of the poorest countries. Investment in national water resources management capacity, institutions and infrastructure should therefore be a priority for mainstreaming adaptation finance. It is sustainable development financing that delivers adaptation benefits. Mainstreamed funding will help ensure that long term capacity is built and retained in the institutions that are going to have to cope with these unfolding changes, and it will lessen the proliferation of complex climate change financing vehicles and fragmented, project-focused initiatives. In some transboundary basins the best adaption investments for any individual country may lie outside its borders, for example in basin-wide monitoring systems or investments in joint infrastructure and/or operating systems in a neighbouring country. To the extent that specialized adaptation funds are made available, they should go beyond single-country solutions to generate public goods and to promote cooperative transboundary river basin solutions where it is cost effective and in the best interest of all riparians.
4 Whittington, D.; Hanemann, W. M.; Sadoff, C.; Jeuland, M. 2009. The challenge of improving water and sanitation services in less developed countries. Hanover, MA, USA: Now Publishers. 142p.
Water supply ; Sanitation ; Networks ; Infrastructure ; Costs ; Cost benefit analysis ; Simulation models ; Filters ; Filtration ; Water purification ; Dams ; Rural areas / Africa / South Asia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 363.61 G000 WHI Record No: H042734)
(0.06 MB)
5 Whittington, D.; Sadoff, C.; Allaire, M. 2013. The economic value of moving toward a more water secure world. Stockholm, Sweden: Global Water Partnership, Technical Committee (TEC). 73p. (GWP TEC Background Papers 18)
Economic value ; Investment ; Costs ; Water security ; Water resources development ; Water users ; Households ; Sanitation ; Health hazards ; River basins ; Floods ; Drought
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045906)
http://www.gwptoolbox.org/images/stories/gwplibrary/background/tec_18_final.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H045906.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H045906.pdf
(2.06 MB) (2.06 MB)
6 Shah, Tushaar; Sadoff, C.; McCornick, Peter; Molle, Francois; Samad, Madar; Suhardiman, Diana; van Koppen, Barbara. 2014. Water governance: context is crucial. In van der Bliek, Julie; McCornick, Peter; Clarke, James (Eds.). On target for people and planet: setting and achieving water-related sustainable development goals. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.14-18.
Groundwater ; Water governance ; Water resources ; Water management ; Economic development ; Case studies
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H046795)
(359 KB)
7 Sadoff, C.; Harshadeep, N. R.; Blackmore, D.; Wu, X.; O’Donnell, A.; Jeuland, M.; Lee, S.; Whittington, D. 2013. Ten fundamental questions for water resources development in the Ganges: myths and realities. Water Policy, 15(S1):147-164. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2013.006]
Water resources development ; International waters ; Rivers ; Tributaries ; River basin management ; Integrated management ; Flooding ; Water power ; Water quality ; Water storage ; Reservoir storage ; Flow discharge ; Irrigation water ; Policy making ; Groundwater management ; Sediment ; Climate change ; Ecosystem services ; Economic aspects ; Upstream ; Downstream / South Asia / India / Bangladesh / Nepal / Ganges / Himalayas
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048102)
(0.64 MB)
This paper summarizes the results of the Ganges Strategic Basin Assessment (SBA), a 3-year, multi-disciplinary effort undertaken by a World Bank team in cooperation with several leading regional research institutions in South Asia. It begins to fill a crucial knowledge gap, providing an initial integrated systems perspective on the major water resources planning issues facing the Ganges basin today, including some of the most important infrastructure options that have been proposed for future development. The SBA developed a set of hydrological and economic models for the Ganges system, using modern data sources and modelling techniques to assess the impact of existing and potential new hydraulic structures on flooding, hydropower, low flows, water quality and irrigation supplies at the basin scale. It also involved repeated exchanges with policy makers and opinion makers in the basin, during which perceptions of the basin could be discussed and examined. The study’s findings highlight the scale and complexity of the Ganges basin. In particular, they refute the broadly held view that upstream water storage, such as reservoirs in Nepal, can fully control basinwide flooding. In addition, the findings suggest that such dams could potentially double low flows in the dry months. The value of doing so, however, is surprisingly unclear and similar storage volumes could likely be attained through better groundwater management. Hydropower development and trade are confirmed to hold real promise (subject to rigorous project level assessment with particular attention to sediment and seismic risks) and, in the near to medium term, create few significant tradeoffs among competing water uses. Significant uncertainties – including climate change – persist, and better data would allow the models and their results to be further refined.
8 Wu, X.; Jeuland, M.; Sadoff, C.; Whittington, D. 2013. Interdependence in water resource development in the Ganges: an economic analysis. Water Policy, 15(S1):89-108. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2013.003]
Water resources development ; Economic analysis ; International waters ; River basin management ; Water storage ; Dam construction ; Upstream ; Downstream control ; Tributaries ; Flood control ; Cost benefit analysis ; Riparian zones ; Flow discharge ; Models ; Irrigation water / South Asia / India / Bangladesh / Nepal / Ganges
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048103)
(0.52 MB)
It is often argued that the true benefits of water resource development in international river basins are undermined by a lack of consideration of interdependence in water resource planning. Yet it has not been adequately recognized in the water resources planning literature that overestimation of interdependence may also contribute to lack of progress in cooperation in many systems. This paper examines the nature and degree of economic interdependence in new and existing water storage projects in the Ganges River basin based on analysis conducted using the Ganges Economic Optimization Model. We find that constructing large dams on the upstream tributaries of the Ganges would have much more limited effects on controlling downstream floods than is thought and that the benefits of low-flow augmentation delivered by storage infrastructures are currently low. A better understanding of actual and prospective effects of interdependence not only changes the calculus of the benefits and costs of different scenarios of infrastructure development, but might also allow riparian countries to move closer to benefit-sharing positions that are mutually acceptable.
9 Jeuland, M.; Harshadeep, N.; Escurra, J.; Blackmore, D.; Sadoff, C.. 2013. Implications of climate change for water resources development in the Ganges basin. Water Policy, 15(S1):26-50. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2013.107]
Water resources development ; Climate change ; Economic aspects ; Optimization ; Hydrological cycle ; Simulation models ; Precipitation ; Tributaries ; Water power ; Water storage ; Water availability ; Water use ; Dams ; Dry season ; Irrigation water ; Temperature / South Asia / India / Bangladesh / Nepal / Ganges Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048105)
(0.84 MB)
This paper presents the first basin-wide assessment of the potential impact of climate change on the hydrology and production of the Ganges system, undertaken as part of the World Bank's Ganges Strategic Basin Assessment. A series of modeling efforts – downscaling of climate projections, water balance calculations, hydrological simulation and economic optimization – inform the assessment. We find that projections of precipitation across the basin, obtained from 16 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change-recognized General Circulation Models are highly variable, and lead to considerable differences in predictions of mean flows in the main stem of the Ganges and its tributaries. Despite uncertainties in predicted future flows, they are not, however, outside the range of natural variability in this basin, except perhaps at the tributary or sub-catchment levels. We also find that the hydropower potential associated with a set of 23 large dams in Nepal remains high across climate models, largely because annual flow in the tributary rivers greatly exceeds the storage capacities of these projects even in dry scenarios. The additional storage and smoothing of flows provided by these infrastructures translates into enhanced water availability in the dry season, but the relative value of this water for the purposes of irrigation in the Gangetic plain, and for low flow augmentation to Bangladesh under climate change, is unclear.
10 Whittington, D.; Hanemann, W. M.; Sadoff, C.; Jeuland, M. 2009. The challenge of improving water and sanitation services in less developed countries. Foundations and Trends in Microeconomics, 4(6-7):469-609.
Developed countries ; Developing Countries ; Sanitation ; Economic aspects ; Cost benefit analysis ; Investment ; Infrastructure ; Water supply ; Water use ; Water availability ; Water requirements ; Rural communities ; Manual pumps ; Household consumption ; Drinking water treatment ; Dams ; Social aspects / Africa / South Asia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048108)
(0.75 MB)
This paper argues that there are many challenges to designing and
implementing water and sanitation interventions that actually deliver economic benefits to the households in developing countries. Perhaps most critical to successful water and sanitation investments is to discover and implement forms of service and payment mechanisms that will render the improvements worthwhile for those who must pay for them. In this paper, we argue that, in many cases, the conventional network technologies of water supply and sanitation will fail this test, and that poor households need alternative, non-network technologies. However, it will not necessarily be the case that specific non-network improved water supply and/or sanitation technologies will always be seen as worthwhile by those who must pay for them. We argue that there is no easy panacea to resolve this situation. For any intervention, the outcome is likely to be context-dependent. An intervention that works well in one locality may fail miserably in another. For any given technology, the outcome will depend on economic and social conditions, including how it is implemented, by whom, and often on the extent to which complementary behavioral, institutional and organizational changes also occur. For this reason, we warn against excessive generalization: one cannot, in our view, say that one intervention yields a rate of return of x% while another yields a return of y%, because the economic returns are likely to vary with local circumstances. More important is to identify the circumstances under which an intervention is more or less likely to succeed. Also for this reason, when we analyze a few selected water and sanitation interventions, we employ a probabilistic rather than a deterministic analysis to emphasize that real world outcomes are likely to vary substantially.
implementing water and sanitation interventions that actually deliver economic benefits to the households in developing countries. Perhaps most critical to successful water and sanitation investments is to discover and implement forms of service and payment mechanisms that will render the improvements worthwhile for those who must pay for them. In this paper, we argue that, in many cases, the conventional network technologies of water supply and sanitation will fail this test, and that poor households need alternative, non-network technologies. However, it will not necessarily be the case that specific non-network improved water supply and/or sanitation technologies will always be seen as worthwhile by those who must pay for them. We argue that there is no easy panacea to resolve this situation. For any intervention, the outcome is likely to be context-dependent. An intervention that works well in one locality may fail miserably in another. For any given technology, the outcome will depend on economic and social conditions, including how it is implemented, by whom, and often on the extent to which complementary behavioral, institutional and organizational changes also occur. For this reason, we warn against excessive generalization: one cannot, in our view, say that one intervention yields a rate of return of x% while another yields a return of y%, because the economic returns are likely to vary with local circumstances. More important is to identify the circumstances under which an intervention is more or less likely to succeed. Also for this reason, when we analyze a few selected water and sanitation interventions, we employ a probabilistic rather than a deterministic analysis to emphasize that real world outcomes are likely to vary substantially.
11 Grey, D.; Sadoff, C.. 2006. Water for growth and development. A theme document of the 4th World Water Forum. Mexico City, Mexico: National Water Commission. 55p.
Water security ; Water power ; Poverty ; Developing countries ; Hydrology ; Economic development ; Economic evaluation ; Corporate culture ; Infrastructure ; Gender ; Lakes ; Investments ; River basins ; Resource management ; Case studies / USA / North America / Western Europe / Asia / South Africa / Poland / Mexico / Ethiopia / Yemen
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048117)
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWRD/Resources/FINAL_0601_SUBMITTED_Water_for_Growth_and_Development.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048117.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048117.pdf
(388 KB)
12 Dadson, S.; Hall, J. W.; Garrick, D.; Sadoff, C.; Grey, D.; Whittington, D. 2017. Water security, risk, and economic growth: insights from a dynamical systems model. Water Resources Research, 53(8):6425-6438. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/2017WR020640]
Water security ; Weather hazards ; Risk reduction ; Water poverty ; Water policy ; Economic growth ; Models ; Decision making ; Investment ; Assets ; Constraints
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048226)
(2.09 MB)
Investments in the physical infrastructure, human capital, and institutions needed for water resources management have been noteworthy in the development of most civilizations. These investments affect the economy in two distinct ways: (i) by improving the factor productivity of water in multiple economic sectors, especially those that are water intensive such as agriculture and energy and (ii) by reducing acute and chronic harmful effects of water-related hazards like floods, droughts, and water-related diseases. The need for capital investment to mitigate risks and promote economic growth is widely acknowledged, but prior conceptual work on the relationship between water-related investments and economic growth has focused on the productive and harmful roles of water in the economy independently. Here the two influences are combined using a simple, dynamical systems model of water-related investment, risk, and growth. In cases where initial water security is low, initial investment in water-related assets enables growth. Without such investment, losses due to water-related hazards exert a drag on economic growth and may create a poverty trap. The presence and location of the poverty trap is context-specific and depends on the exposure of productive water-related assets to water-related risk. Exogenous changes in water-related risk can potentially push an economy away from a growth path toward a poverty trap. Our investigation shows that an inverted-U-shaped investment relation between the level of investment in water security and the current level of water security leads to faster rates of growth than the alternatives that we consider here, and that this relation is responsible for the "S"-curve that is posited in the literature. These results illustrate the importance of accounting for environmental and health risks in economic models and offer insights for the design of robust policies for investment in water-related productive assets to manage risk, in the face of environmental change.
13 Vorosmarty, C. J.; Stewart-Koster, B.; Green, P. A.; Boone, E. L.; Florke, M.; Fischer, G.; Wiberg, David A.; Bunn, S. E.; Bhaduri, A.; McIntyre, P. B.; Sadoff, C.; Liu, H.; Stifel, David. 2021. A green-gray path to global water security and sustainable infrastructure. Global Environmental Change, 70:102344. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102344]
Water security ; Water resources ; Water management ; Infrastructure ; Natural capital ; Ecosystem services ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Environmental degradation ; Forecasting ; Investment ; Frameworks ; Economic aspects
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050666)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378021001230/pdfft?md5=ca672c3daa45eeb798d8a5cf9a93f3bb&pid=1-s2.0-S0959378021001230-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050666.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050666.pdf
(11.20 MB) (11.2 MB)
Sustainable development demands reliable water resources, yet traditional water management has broadly failed to avoid environmental degradation and contain infrastructure costs. We explore the global-scale feasibility of combining natural capital with engineering-based (green-gray) approaches to meet water security threats over the 21st century. Threats to water resource systems are projected to rise throughout this period, together with a significant expansion in engineering deployments and progressive loss of natural capital. In many parts of the world, strong path dependencies are projected to arise from the legacy of prior environmental degradation that constrains future water management to a heavy reliance on engineering-based approaches. Elsewhere, retaining existing stocks of natural capital creates opportunities to employ blended green-gray water infrastructure. By 2050, annual engineering expenditures are projected to triple to $2.3 trillion, invested mainly in developing economies. In contrast, preserving natural capital for threat suppression represents a potential $3.0 trillion in avoided replacement costs by mid-century. Society pays a premium whenever these nature-based assets are lost, as the engineering costs necessary to achieve an equivalent level of threat management are, on average, twice as expensive. Countries projected to rapidly expand their engineering investments while losing natural capital will be most constrained in realizing green-gray water management. The situation is expected to be most restrictive across the developing world, where the economic, technical, and governance capacities to overcome such challenges remain limited. Our results demonstrate that policies that support blended green-gray approaches offer a pathway to future global water security but will require a strategic commitment to preserving natural capital. Absent such stewardship, the costs of water resource infrastructure and services will likely rise substantially and frustrate efforts to attain universal and sustainable water security.
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