Your search found 13 records
1 Vermillion, D. L. 1999. Institutional reform options for overcoming the underfinancing of irrigation maintenance in less developed countries. Eschborn, Germany: GTZ. 34p. (MAINTAIN thematic paper no.5)
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 5849/5 Record No: H028834)
2 Mekala, Gayathri Devi; Davidson, B.; Samad, Madar; Boland, A. M. 2008. Wastewater reuse and recycling systems: a perspective into India and Australia. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 35p. (IWMI Working Paper 128) [doi: https://doi.org/10.3910/2009.309]
Water reuse ; Recycling ; Costs ; Social aspects ; Water quality ; Water use ; Water balance ; Water market ; Pricing ; User charges ; Water scarcity ; Development projects ; Developing countries ; Developed countries / India / Australia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 363.7284 G000 MEK Record No: H041343)
(1.27MB)
With issues of climate change, increase in urban population and the increased demand for water from competing sectors, wastewater recycling is becoming an important strategy to complement the existing water resources for both developing and developed countries. There are lessons, experiences, data and technology that can be shared for mutual benefit. The current paper is part of a doctoral research and presents a comprehensive literature review on the following issues in India and Australia: some key statistics of wastewater use and recycling; rationale for wastewater use; problems in promoting recycling; research gaps; economic characteristics of wastewater; wastewater markets and its future potential.
3 Mekala, Gayathri Devi; Davidson, B.; Samad, Madar; Boland, A. M. 2008. A framework for efficient wastewater treatment and recycling systems. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 17p. (IWMI Working Paper 129) [doi: https://doi.org/10.3910/2009.310]
Water reuse ; Wastewater ; Recycling ; Pricing ; Water allocation ; Cost benefit analysis ; Wastewater irrigation ; Developing countries ; Developed countries ; Case studies / India / Australia / Hyderabad / Melbourne
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 363.7284 G000 MEK Record No: H041344)
(320KB)
Use of un-treated/partially treated wastewater for irrigation in the dry countries of Asia and Africa and recycling of treated wastewater in the water scarce developed countries has become a common practice due to various reasons. While the lack of wastewater treatment to appropriate levels before use is a major problem in developing countries, the high cost of wastewater recycling is the major problem in developed countries. The current paper is part of a doctoral research and presents the conceptual framework for the research and the methodology that can be used to tackle the problems associated with wastewater recycling.
4 Reid, H.; Simms, A.; Johnson, V. 2007. Up in smoke? Asia and the Pacific: the threat from climate change to human development and the environment. London, UK: International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) 92p.
Climate change ; Developed countries ; Developing countries ; Energy ; Public health ; Gender ; Water stress ; Drought ; Natural disasters ; Salt water intrusion ; Water scarcity ; Dams ; Forests ; Waste management ; Biofuels / Asia / Bangladesh / Central Asia / Uzbekistan / Tajikistan / Kyrgyzstan / China / Hong Kong / Australia / Japan / Korea / India / Indonesia / Philippines / Malaysia / Cambodia / Fiji / Nepal / Pakistan / Pacific Islands / Tuvalu / Vanuatu / Papua New Guinea / Niue / East Timor / Lower Mekong
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H041449)
The human drama of climate change will largely be played out in Asia, where over 60 per cent of the world’s population, around four billion people, live. The latest global scientific consensus from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) indicates that all of Asia is very likely to warm during this century. Warming will be accompanied by less predictable and more extreme patterns of rainfall. Tropical cyclones are projected to increase in magnitude and frequency, while monsoons, around which farming systems are designed, are expected to become more temperamental in their strength and time of onset. This report asks, will global warming send Asia and the Pacific ‘up in smoke’?
5 Lundqvist, J.; de Fraiture, Charlotte; Molden, David; Berndes, G.; Berntell, A.; Falkenmark, M.; Holmen, H.; Karlberg, L.; Lannerstad, M. 2008. Saving water: from field to fork: curbing losses and wastage in the food chain. Draft for CDS, May 2008. Stockholm, Sweden: Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Goteborg, Sweden: Chalmers University; Stockholm, Sweden: Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI). 36p. (SIWI Paper 13)
Food production ; Food supply ; Food consumption ; Water conservation ; Water requirements ; Climate change ; Water scarcity ; Bioenergy ; Developing countries ; Developed countries ; Rainfed farming ; Irrigated farming
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H041461)
http://www.siwi.org/documents/Resources/Papers/Paper_13_Field_to_Fork.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/PDF/H041461.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/PDF/H041461.pdf
(2.41 MB)
This report and the Side Event at CSD 16, May 5–16, 2008, are following up reports that have been prepared for two previous CSD meetings, “Water – More Nutrition per Drop” (2004*) and “Let it Reign: The New Water Paradigm for Global Food Security” (2005**). The topics addressed in the previous reports, and also in this report, are the links between water, food and development, which are high on the agenda for Swedish international development collaboration. This report highlights the magnitude of losses and wastage in the food chain, i.e. from field to fork. It is shown that a reduction of losses and wastage would save water and facilitate the achievement of multiple development objectives.
6 Sato, T.; Qadir, Manzoor; Yamamoto, S.; Endo, T.; Zahoor, A. 2013. Global, regional, and country level need for data on wastewater generation, treatment, and use. Agricultural Water Management, 130:1-13. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2013.08.007]
Wastewater treatment ; Wastewater irrigation ; Water management ; Freshwater ; Water use ; USSR ; Developed countries ; Developing countries / North America / Latin America / Europe / Middle East / North Africa / Africa South of Sahara / Russian Federation / Asia / Oceania
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046106)
(1.23 MB)
Irrigation with wastewater supports agricultural production and the livelihoods of millions of smallholder farmers in many parts of the world. Considering the importance of better wastewater management at the local and national levels, there is a need for updated national data on wastewater generation, treatment, and use, which would also assist in regional and global wastewater assessments. While searching data and literature in published or electronic forms for 181 countries, we find that only 55 countries have data available on all three aspects of wastewater – generation, treatment, and use. The number of countries with one or two aspects of wastewater generation, treatment, and use is 69, while there is no information available from 57 countries. Of the available information, only 37% of the data could be categorized as recent (reported during 2008–2012). The available data suggest that high-income countries on average treat 70% of the generated wastewater, followed by upper-middle-income countries (38%), lower-middle-income countries (28%), and low-income countries, where only 8% of the wastewater generated is treated. The availability of current information on wastewater generation, treatment, and use is crucially important for policy makers, researchers, and practitioners, as well as public institutions, to develop national and local action plans aiming at safe and productive use of wastewater in agriculture, aquaculture, and agroforestry systems. The country level information aggregated at the regional and global levels would help in identifying the gaps in pertinent data availability and assessing the potential of wastewater in food, feed, and fish production at different scales.
7 Manasboonphempool, A.; Milan, Florence M.; Zeller, M. 2015. Transaction costs of farmers’ participation in forest management: policy implications of payments for environmental services schemes in Vietnam. Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics, 116(2):199-211.
Forest management ; Forest plantations ; Farmer participation ; Environmental services ; Remuneration ; Households ; Transaction costs ; Highlands ; Gender ; Labour costs ; Developed countries ; Land tenure ; Community forestry / Vietnam
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047505)
http://www.jarts.info/index.php/jarts/article/download/2015092949079/856
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047505.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047505.pdf
(0.19 MB)
Recent research on payments for environmental services (PES) has observed that high transaction costs (TCs) are incurred through the implementation of PES schemes and farmer participation. TCs incurred by households are considered to be an obstacle to the participation in and efficiency of PES policies. This study aims to understand transactions related to previous forest plantation programmes and to estimate the actual TCs incurred by farmers who participated in these programmes in a mountainous area of northwestern Vietnam. In addition, this study examines determinants of households’ TCs to test the hypothesis of whether the amount of TCs varies according to household characteristics. Results show that average TCs are not likely to be a constraint for participation since they are about 200,000 VND (USD 10) per household per contract, which is equivalent to one person’s average earnings for about two days of labour. However, TCs amount to more than one-third of the programmes’ benefits, which is relatively high compared to PES programmes in developed countries. This implies that rather than aiming to reduce TCs, an appropriate agenda for policy improvement is to balance the level of TCs with PES programme benefits to enhance the overall attractiveness of afforestation programmes for smallholder farmers. Regression analysis reveals that education, gender and perception towards PES programmes have significant effects on the magnitude of TCs. The analyses also points out the importance of local conditions on the level of TCs, with some unexpected results.
8 Larsen, T. A.; Hoffmann, S.; Luthi, C.; Truffer, B.; Maurer, M. 2016. Emerging solutions to the water challenges of an urbanizing world. Science, 352(6288):928-933. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad8641]
Water management ; Urban areas ; Wastewater treatment ; Water productivity ; Drinking water ; Water reuse ; Water supply ; Water scarcity ; Rainwater ; Drainage systems ; Water policy ; Technological changes ; Institutional reform ; Decentralization ; Developed countries
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047650)
(0.82 MB)
The top priorities for urban water sustainability include the provision of safe drinking water, wastewater handling for public health, and protection against flooding. However, rapidly aging infrastructure, population growth, and increasing urbanization call into question current urban water management strategies, especially in the fast-growing urban areas in Asia and Africa. We review innovative approaches in urban water management with the potential to provide locally adapted, resource-efficient alternative solutions. Promising examples include new concepts for stormwater drainage, increased water productivity, distributed or on-site treatment of wastewater, source separation of human waste, and institutional and organizational reforms. We conclude that there is an urgent need for major transdisciplinary efforts in research, policy, and practice to develop alternatives with implications for cities and aquatic ecosystems alike.
9 Whittington, D.; Hanemann, W. M.; Sadoff, C.; Jeuland, M. 2009. The challenge of improving water and sanitation services in less developed countries. Foundations and Trends in Microeconomics, 4(6-7):469-609.
Developed countries ; Developing Countries ; Sanitation ; Economic aspects ; Cost benefit analysis ; Investment ; Infrastructure ; Water supply ; Water use ; Water availability ; Water requirements ; Rural communities ; Manual pumps ; Household consumption ; Drinking water treatment ; Dams ; Social aspects / Africa / South Asia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048108)
(0.75 MB)
This paper argues that there are many challenges to designing and
implementing water and sanitation interventions that actually deliver economic benefits to the households in developing countries. Perhaps most critical to successful water and sanitation investments is to discover and implement forms of service and payment mechanisms that will render the improvements worthwhile for those who must pay for them. In this paper, we argue that, in many cases, the conventional network technologies of water supply and sanitation will fail this test, and that poor households need alternative, non-network technologies. However, it will not necessarily be the case that specific non-network improved water supply and/or sanitation technologies will always be seen as worthwhile by those who must pay for them. We argue that there is no easy panacea to resolve this situation. For any intervention, the outcome is likely to be context-dependent. An intervention that works well in one locality may fail miserably in another. For any given technology, the outcome will depend on economic and social conditions, including how it is implemented, by whom, and often on the extent to which complementary behavioral, institutional and organizational changes also occur. For this reason, we warn against excessive generalization: one cannot, in our view, say that one intervention yields a rate of return of x% while another yields a return of y%, because the economic returns are likely to vary with local circumstances. More important is to identify the circumstances under which an intervention is more or less likely to succeed. Also for this reason, when we analyze a few selected water and sanitation interventions, we employ a probabilistic rather than a deterministic analysis to emphasize that real world outcomes are likely to vary substantially.
implementing water and sanitation interventions that actually deliver economic benefits to the households in developing countries. Perhaps most critical to successful water and sanitation investments is to discover and implement forms of service and payment mechanisms that will render the improvements worthwhile for those who must pay for them. In this paper, we argue that, in many cases, the conventional network technologies of water supply and sanitation will fail this test, and that poor households need alternative, non-network technologies. However, it will not necessarily be the case that specific non-network improved water supply and/or sanitation technologies will always be seen as worthwhile by those who must pay for them. We argue that there is no easy panacea to resolve this situation. For any intervention, the outcome is likely to be context-dependent. An intervention that works well in one locality may fail miserably in another. For any given technology, the outcome will depend on economic and social conditions, including how it is implemented, by whom, and often on the extent to which complementary behavioral, institutional and organizational changes also occur. For this reason, we warn against excessive generalization: one cannot, in our view, say that one intervention yields a rate of return of x% while another yields a return of y%, because the economic returns are likely to vary with local circumstances. More important is to identify the circumstances under which an intervention is more or less likely to succeed. Also for this reason, when we analyze a few selected water and sanitation interventions, we employ a probabilistic rather than a deterministic analysis to emphasize that real world outcomes are likely to vary substantially.
10 Wunderlich, S. M.; Martinez, N. M. 2018. Conserving natural resources through food loss reduction: production and consumption stages of the food supply chain. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 6(4):331-339. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2018.06.002]
Food wastes ; Food production ; Food consumption ; Food security ; Sustainability ; Food supply chain ; Natural resources management ; Environmental effects ; Food policies ; Developing countries ; Developed countries
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049040)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095633918300984/pdfft?md5=5dc22b0f18c64c8e95f177011effcc65&pid=1-s2.0-S2095633918300984-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049040.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049040.pdf
(0.43 MB) (448 KB)
Globally, attention has been drawn to the increasingly alarming rates of food loss and waste (FLW) along the food supply chain (FSC) and its contributions to the depletion of the natural resources and rise in greenhouse gas emissions. Within the past decade, discovery of the rippling impacts of this interrelationship has generated an increased sense of urgency in efforts amongst scholars, global leaders, government and non-government agencies to research, and formulate comprehensive plans and goals to address and reduce the rates of global FLW. Not only does FLW lessen the quantity of available food, but also, the availability of the many natural resources required to produce food. This will become an important factor when the world population increases by more than 30% by the year 2050. Although advances have been made, still 1.3 billion tons of food are wasted every year due to various underlying causes and challenges. This enormous quantity of wasted food also represents an increase in usage of natural resources. In the United States (U.S.), food and agriculture consume up to 16% of energy, almost half of the land, and account for 67% of the nation's freshwater use (NRDC, 2017). The rate of natural resource depletion is not sustainable, and it endangers the ecosystem. Multiple reports have cited the first and last stages of the FSC as the most significant contributors of FLW and environmental resource depletion. This literature review attempts to provide a comprehensive assessment of the intricacies of the FSC, the multi-variable causes of global FLW at the production and consumption stages, its environmental implications and the necessary sustainability compliant actions.
11 Tortajada, C.; Biswas, A. K. 2020. COVID-19 heightens water problems around the world. Water International, 45(5):441-442. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2020.1790133]
COVID-19 ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Sanitation ; Drinking water ; Water supply ; Developing countries ; Developed countries
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049864)
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02508060.2020.1790133?needAccess=true#aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudGFuZGZvbmxpbmUuY29tL2RvaS9wZGYvMTAuMTA4MC8wMjUwODA2MC4yMDIwLjE3OTAxMzM/bmVlZEFjY2Vzcz10cnVlQEBAMA==
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049864.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049864.pdf
(0.47 MB) (485 KB)
12 Rollason, E.; Sinha, P.; Bracken, L. J. 2022. Interbasin water transfer in a changing world: a new conceptual model. Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment, 46(3):371-397. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/03091333211065004]
Water transfer ; River basins ; Integrated water resources management ; Energy ; Food security ; Nexus approaches ; Socioeconomic development ; Ecological factors ; Water scarcity ; Water stress ; Water supply ; Water availability ; Hydropower ; Environmental impact ; Policies ; Stakeholders ; Decision making ; Developing countries ; Developed countries ; Models
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051214)
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/03091333211065004
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051214.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051214.pdf
(1.89 MB) (1.89 MB)
Water scarcity is a global issue, affecting in excess of four billion people. Interbasin Water Transfer (IBWT) is an established method for increasing water supply by transferring excess water from one catchment to another, water-scarce catchment. The implementation of IBWT peaked in the 1980s and was accompanied by a robust academic debate of its impacts. A recent resurgence in the popularity of IBWT, and particularly the promotion of mega-scale schemes, warrants revisiting this technology. This paper provides an updated review, building on previously published work, but also incorporates learning from schemes developed since the 1980s. We examine the spatial and temporal distribution of schemes and their drivers, review the arguments for and against the implementation of IBWT schemes and examine conceptual models for assessing IBWT schemes. Our analysis suggests that IBWT is growing in popularity as a supply-side solution for water scarcity and is likely to represent a key tool for water managers into the future. However, we argue that IBWT cannot continue to be delivered through current approaches, which prioritise water-centric policies and practices at the expense of social and environmental concerns. We critically examine the Socio-Ecological Systems and Water-Energy-Food (WEF) Nexus models as new conceptual models for conceptualising and assessing IBWT. We conclude that neither model offers a comprehensive solution. Instead, we propose an enhanced WEF model (eWEF) to facilitate a more holistic assessment of how these mega-scale engineering interventions are integrated into water management strategies. The proposed model will help water managers, decision-makers, IBWT funders and communities create more sustainable IBWT schemes.
13 Pan, X.-Z.; Teng, F.; du Pont, Y. R.; Wang, H.-L. 2023. Understanding equity–efficiency interaction in the distribution of global carbon budgets. Advances in Climate Change Research, 14(1):13-22. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2022.08.002]
Carbon ; Equity ; Finance ; International agreements ; UNFCCC ; Mitigation ; Climate change ; Developed countries
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051794)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674927822000843/pdfft?md5=fffa9b7e88523cda1c99a836f53b555d&pid=1-s2.0-S1674927822000843-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051794.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051794.pdf
(1.93 MB) (1.93 MB)
Equity and efficiency are two important factors guiding the mitigation of anthropogenic emissions to achieve the Paris climate goals. Previous studies have proposed a range of allocations of global carbon budgets, but few have quantified the equity–efficiency interaction. Based on an investigation of the existing allocation literature, this study conducts a novel analysis using a ‘mixed’ allocation ‘big-data’ framework to understand the equity–efficiency interaction in the distribution of global carbon budgets under 2 °C and 1.5 °C warming targets. At a global scale, a carbon Gini coefficient and aggregate abatement costs are used as quantitative metrics to reflect equity and efficiency, respectively. Results show an equity–efficiency frontier that reflects the opportunity for the international community to co-improve equity and efficiency on top of existing allocations. However, the frontier also features strong trade-offs to further improve equity and efficiency if national allocations are to be achieved individually. Our analysis verifies that such trade-offs are sensitively dependent on the level of global connection and integration. Linking national mitigation actions and potentials can help promote equity–efficiency synergies and contribute to the efficient achievement of the Paris Agreement's temperature and equity goals.
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