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1 Massuel, Sylvain; George, B.; Gauer, Anju; Nune, R.. 2007. Groundwater modeling for sustainable resource management in the Musi catchment, India. In Proceedings of the International Congress on Modelling and Simulation, Christchurch, New Zealand, 10-13 December 2007. pp. 1425-1439.
Groundwater management ; Simulation models ; Aquifers ; Recharge ; Water budget ; Water table ; River basins ; Irrigation programs / India / Musi River / Andhra Pradesh / Nagarjuna Sagar Left Canal
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.1 G635 MAS Record No: H040940)
This study focuses on 11,000 km2 of the Musi River sub-basin which is one of the main tributaries of the Krishna River, located in Andhra Pradesh (South India). The basin has a semi-arid climate with precipitation occurring during the rainy season, from June to October and with a total average of 710 mm yr-1. During the past, the watershed development has led to significant changes in land use. Now, nearly 70% of the basin is cultivated of which 45% is irrigated. Around 60% of the water for irrigation is supplied by groundwater extraction. The number of bores in use has increased ten times from 1991 to 2001 and should currently exceeds 45,000 (on average, 1 active bore for 4.5 ha irrigated). The Musi Medium Irrigation project covers 12,500 ha and the Nagarjuna Sagar Left Canal supplies water for 43,000 ha downstream of the Musi sub-basin. Wastewater of mixed domestic and industrial origin is tilized to irrigate approximately >10,000 ha of paddy rice along the Musi River in peri-urban and rural Hyderabad. More than 1160 artificial percolation tanks had been built on the Musi catchment drainage network. The preliminary analysis of more than 60 groundwater level time series widespread all over the sub-basin (from 1989 to 2004) shows a general long term depletion trend of the water table while no significant rainfall deficit was observed over the same period. The average rate of depletion is estimated as 0.18 m yr-1 with maxima in some areas of up to 0.40 m yr-1 (Figure 1). This situation can be explained mainly by groundwater exploitation, a consequence of the watershed development for agriculture. The Musi sub-basin is mainly covered by Archaean granites with Deccan Traps at the Eastern edge. As in a typical hard rock aquifer region, the yield of the bores decreases with depth due to the reduction of the fracture density. Hence the risk of water scarcity in case of a drought year is exacerbated. In order to assess aquifer renewable reserves and help groundwater management authorities, a fully distributed physical model of the aquifer has been calibrated and validated for a transient state experienced during 1989-2004 by using MODFLOW. The key variables such as aquifer storativity and transmissivity ere determined by inverse fitting of simulated and observed groundwater levels. Mean annual simulated recharge is 1176 Mm3 (17% of total rainfall) while annual pumping is estimated at 1235 Mm3. Simulated base flow is 23 Mm3 while river leakage is less than 1 Mm3. Among the total simulated annual recharge, groundwater irrigation return flow to the aquifer can be estimated at 370 Mm3 (31%) and artificial recharge at 124 Mm3 (11%). Natural recharge from rainfall accounts for 652 Mm3 (55%). It is close to 9% of the total annual rainfall. The sustainable groundwater withdrawal yield over the period is around 1220 Mm3 for the total basin. A deficit of 124 Mm3 for the long term groundwater balance (16 years) justifies the observed depletion trend of the water-table of -0.18 m yr-1.
2 Wable, P. S.; Garg, K. K.; Nune, R; Venkataradha, A.; Anantha, K. H.; Srinivasan, V.; Ragab, R.; Rowan, J.; Keller, V.; Majumdar, P.; Rees, G.; Singh, R.; Dixit, S. 2022. Impact of agricultural water management interventions on upstream-downstream trade-offs in the Upper Cauvery Catchment, southern India: a modelling study. Irrigation and Drainage, 71(2):472-494. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.2662]
Agriculture ; Water management ; Catchment areas ; Upstream ; Downstream ; Water balance ; Water reservoirs ; Runoff ; Land use ; Land cover ; Groundwater ; Water storage ; Rain ; Models / India / Karnataka / Upper Cauvery Catchment
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051055)
(89.40 MB)
The Cauvery basin in southern India is experiencing transboundary issues due to increasing water demand. This study analysed water balance components and the impact of agricultural water management (AWM) interventions in the upper Cauvery catchment of the Cauvery basin. Results showed that the study catchment receives an average of 1280 mm of annual rainfall. Of this, 29% (370 mm) flows downstream, 54% (700 mm) contributes to evapotranspiration (ET) and 17% (215 mm) contributes to groundwater recharge and surface storage. Rainfall varies from 700 to 5400 mm and the Western Ghats (mountain pass) are the main source of freshwater generation. The estimated ET in different catchments ranged from 500 to 900 mm per annum. An increase in the allocation of fresh water supplied by all three reservoirs (Hemavathi, Harangi and KRS) was observed in the canal command areas, from 1450 million cubic metres (MCM) yr ¹ in 1971–1980 to 3800 MCM yr ¹ in 2001–2010. AWM interventions harvested 140–160 MCM (13–20 mm) of surface runoff upstream of the upper Cauvery and reduced inflow into the Krishnaraja Sagar reservoir by 2–6%. The study findings are useful for designing and planning suitable water management interventions at basin scale.
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