Your search found 37 records
1 Simmons, Robert W.; Blümmel, M.; Reddy, R. C.; Khan, A. A. 2007. Impact of wastewater irrigation on Cd and Pb concentrations in rice straw and paragrass: implications for food safety. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Food Safety of Animal Products, Amman, Jordan, 12-14 November 2007. 4p.
Wastewater irrigation ; Fodder ; Feed grasses ; Rice straw ; Cadmium ; Lead ; Health hazards ; Risks ; Food safety / India / Hyderabad / Musi River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G635 SIM Record No: H040570)
https://food-safety.uni-hohenheim.de/fileadmin/einrichtungen/food-safety/Conferece_Contributions/Impact_of_wastewater_irrigation_on_Cd_and_Pb_concentrations_in_rice_straw_and_paragrass__Implications_for_food_safety..pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H040570.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H040570.pdf
(0.11 MB) (50.50KB)
2 Marcussen , H; Joergensen, K.; Holm, P. E.; Brocca, D.; Simmons, Robert W.; Dalsgaard, A. 2007. Element contents and food safety of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forssk.) cultivated with wastewater in Hanoi, Vietnam. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 139(1-3):77-91.
Wastewater irrigation ; Rain ; Conjunctive use ; Spinach ; Vegetables ; Soil toxicity ; Food safety ; Health hazards / Vietnam / Hanoi / Hoang Mai / Bang B Village / Tran Phu Village
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.2 G784 MAR Record No: H040590)
(0.24 MB)
3 Ilic, S.; Drechsel, Pay; Amoah, Philip; LeJeune, J. T. 2010. Applying the multiple-barrier approach for microbial risk reduction in the post-harvest sector of wastewater irrigated vegetables. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.239-259. (Also in French).
Wastewater irrigation ; Vegetables ; Risk assessment ; Food safety ; Disinfection / West Africa / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 DRE Record No: H042612)
(0.26 MB)
Post-harvest interventions are an important component of a multiple-barrier approach for health-risk reduction of wastewater-irrigated crops as recommended by the 2006 edition of the WHO Guidelines for safe wastewater irrigation. This approach draws on principles of other risk-management approaches, in particular the hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) concept. Post-harvest measures are of particular importance as they can address possible on-farm precontamination, and also contamination that may occur after the crops leave the farm. Key factors influencing microbial contamination along the farm to fork pathway are basic hygiene and temperature management. Both factors are, however, hardly under control in most developing countries where microbial contamination and proliferation are supported by low education, limited risk awareness, rudimentary technical infrastructure and unenforced regulations. In the face of these challenges, the most successful strategies to enhance food safety will involve interventions at multiple control points along the production chain, with emphasis on local safety targets and innovative educational programmes fitting local knowledge, culture and risk perceptions. The WHO (2006) recommended health-based targets for risk reduction in wastewater irrigation provide the required flexibility for risk mitigation in line with the concept of food-safety objectives (FSO).
4 Karg, H.; Drechsel, Pay; Amoah, Philip; Jeitler, R. 2010. Facilitating the adoption of food-safety interventions in the street-food sector and on farms. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.319-335. (Also in French).
Food safety ; Restaurants ; Public health ; Social behaviour ; Wastewater irrigation ; Vegetables ; Guidelines / West Africa / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 DRE Record No: H042616)
(0.26 MB)
This chapter discusses the implementation challenges of the WHO Guidelines on safe wastewater use pertaining to the adoption of the so-called ‘post-treatment’ or ‘non-treatment’ options, like safer irrigation practices or appropriate vegetablewashing in kitchens. Due to limited risk awareness and immediate benefits of wastewater irrigation, it is unlikely that a broad adoption of recommended practices will automatically follow revised policies or any educational campaign and training. Most of the recommended practices do not only require behaviourchange but might also increase operational costs. In such a situation, significant efforts are required to explore how conventional and/or social marketing can support the desired behaviour-change towards the adoption of safety practices. This will require new strategic partnerships and a new section in the WHO Guidelines. This chapter outlines the necessary steps and considerations for increasing the adoption probability, and suggests a framework which is based on a combination of social marketing, incentive systems, awareness creation/education and application of regulations. An important conclusion is that these steps require serious accompanying research of the target group, strongly involving social sciences, which should not be underestimated in related projects.
5 Amoah, Philip; Drechsel, Pay; Schuetz, Tonya; Kranjac-Berisavjevic, G.; Manning-Thomas, Nadia. 2009. From world cafes to road shows: using a mix of knowledge sharing approaches to improve wastewater use in urban agriculture. Knowledge Management for Development Journal, 5(3):246-262. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/19474190903451116]
Information dissemination ; Food safety ; Stakeholders ; Farmers ; Markets ; Best practices ; Guidelines ; Education ; Wastewater management ; Urban agriculture ; Wastewater irrigation / Africa South of Sahara / Ghana / Accra / Kumasi / Tamale
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042738)
(2.42 MB)
This paper documents the application of several innovative knowledge sharing approaches and some of the lessons learnt in a project addressing food safety concerns deriving from wastewater irrigated vegetables in Ghana. Knowledge sharing activities received particular attention in the project to facilitate its impact pathway, in particular to (i) verify preliminary research messages on good practices, (ii) raise awareness and build capacity, and (iii) equip various stakeholder groups with knowledge, skills and materials. Key approaches and tools applied were the world café approach for the verification of research messages. The approach brought together farmers, traders and street food vendors to openly discuss proposed improvements in current practices and their potential for wider uptake. For targetoriented message dissemination multi-media training materials were prepared following recommendations from the intended users, like extension agents, catering and farmer field schools. The materials made use of local-language radio broadcasts, training and awareness videos, illustrated flip charts showing good and bad practices for wastewater use and improved teaching materials. Finally, for enhanced mutual learning so called road Shows were used to facilitate knowledge sharing between researchers, end-users, policy- and decision-makers. These allowed all stakeholders to follow the pathogen pathway from farm to fork while learning about the importance of well-identified intervention points and mutual responsibility. All applied approaches added significant value to the research work and facilitated its impact potential as first feedback shows. However, the applied tools do not come for free. They require careful preparations, the ability to listen and skillful facilitation.
6 Bennett, J.; Birol, E. (Eds.) 2010. Choice experiments in developing countries: implementation, challenges and policy implications. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. 321p.
Environmental protection ; Developing countries ; Economic development ; Wetlands ; Sloping land ; Models ; Coastal waters ; Water quality ; Economic development ; Case studies ; Land use ; Ecosystems ; Waste management ; Public health ; Agricultural extension ; Agricultural sector ; Food safety ; Wildlife ; Surveys / Sri Lanka / Vietnam / Ethiopia / Tobago / China / Pakistan / Chile / India / Cambodia / Philippines / Kenya / Uganda / Lake Awassa / Indus River / Ruil Forest / West Bengal / Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary / Mumbai
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 363.7 G000 BEN Record No: H042982)
(0.42 MB)
7 International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 2010. Celebrating 25 years of research: selected diagrams and maps. Water Figures: quarterly newsletter of the International Water Management Institute (IWMI)., Special Issue. 26p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2010.236]
Water scarcity ; Water stress ; Drought ; Maps ; Rainfed farming ; Irrigated farming ; River basins ; Environmental flows ; Climate change ; Wastewater irrigation ; Food safety ; Water storage / Asia / India / Sri Lanka
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7 G000 INT Record No: H043552)
(3.16 MB)
8 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2010. Challenges for agricultural research. Paris Cedex, France: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 302p.
Agricultural research ; Water demand ; Food production ; Soil degradation ; Biodiversity ; Plant protection ; Pest management ; Plant breeding ; Aquaculture ; Mycotoxins ; Food safety ; Animal products ; Animal biotechnology ; Plant biotechnology ; Risk assessment ; Treaties ; Biofuels
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043592)
(5.15 MB)
9 Drechsel, Pay. 2011. Promoting safer wastewater irrigation in West Africa. In State of the world 2011: innovations that nourish the planet. Washington, DC, USA: Worldwatch Institute. pp.118-119.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043659)
(0.09 MB) (0.88 MB)
10 Indian Society of Water Management; Indian Society of Agricultural Engineers; International Commission on Agricultural Engineering. 2007. 10th Inter-Regional Conference on Water and Environment (ENVIROWAT 2007), New Delhi, India, 17-20 October 2007 - Ensuring water and environment for prosperity and posterity. Souvenir. New Delhi, India: Indian Society of Water Management. 88p.
Water harvesting ; Water use efficiency ; Tillage ; Heavy metals ; Water pollution ; Food safety ; Water governance ; Irrigation water ; Fisheries ; Aquaculture ; Water productivity ; Irrigation systems ; Groundwater irrigation / India
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 631.7 G635 IND Record No: H043737)
(0.34 MB)
11 International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 2011. Mobilizing lady health workers for safer food in Faisalabad, Pakistan. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 2p. (IWMI Success Stories 010) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2011.0034]
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043973)
(212.28KB)
12 Karg, H.; Drechsel, Pay. 2011. Motivating behaviour change to reduce pathogenic risk where unsafe water is used for irrigation. Water International, 36(4):476-490. (Special issue on "Wastewater use in agriculture: economics, risks and opportunities" with contributions by IWMI authors). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2011.594684]
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: PER Record No: H044197)
(0.49 MB)
The increased emphasis on non- or post-treatment measures in the 2006 edition of the World Health Organization Guidelines on the safe use of wastewater in agriculture will require behaviour change along the food chain. Low health risk awareness likely limits adoption of safe food practices in many areas. Based on experiences from Ghana, where informal wastewater irrigation occurs around all cities, the necessary steps for increasing adoption probability are outlined under a generic framework, which is based on the four pillars of social marketing, incentive systems, awareness creation/education and application of regulations. Any of these approaches requires research of the target groups. Cost effectiveness can be improved by linking related efforts with other hygiene and food safety interventions.
13 Ilic, S.; Drechsel, Pay; Amoah, Philip; LeJeune, J. T. 2011. Application de l’approche a barrieres multiples pour reduire les risques microbiens dans le secteur post-recolte des legumes irrigues avec des eaux usees. In French. [Applying the multiple-barrier approach for microbial risk reduction in the post-harvest sector of wastewater irrigated vegetables]. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa. L’irrigation avec des eaux usees et la sante: evaluer et attenuer les risques dans les pays a faible revenu. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Quebec, Canada: University of Quebec. pp.259-280. (Also in English).
Wastewater irrigation ; Vegetables ; Risk assessment ; Food safety ; Disinfection / West Africa / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H044469)
http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Research_Impacts/Research_Themes/Theme_3/PDF/French%20book.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044469.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044469.pdf
(0.82 MB) (5.96MB)
Post-harvest interventions are an important component of a multiple-barrier approach for health-risk reduction of wastewater-irrigated crops as recommended by the 2006 edition of the WHO Guidelines for safe wastewater irrigation. This approach draws on principles of other risk-management approaches, in particular the hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) concept. Post-harvest measures are of particular importance as they can address possible on-farm precontamination, and also contamination that may occur after the crops leave the farm. Key factors influencing microbial contamination along the farm to fork pathway are basic hygiene and temperature management. Both factors are, however, hardly under control in most developing countries where microbial contamination and proliferation are supported by low education, limited risk awareness, rudimentary technical infrastructure and unenforced regulations. In the face of these challenges, the most successful strategies to enhance food safety will involve interventions at multiple control points along the production chain, with emphasis on local safety targets and innovative educational programmes fitting local knowledge, culture and risk perceptions. The WHO (2006) recommended health-based targets for risk reduction in wastewater irrigation provide the required flexibility for risk mitigation in line with the concept of food-safety objectives (FSO).
14 Karg, H.; Drechsel, Pay; Amoah, Philip; Jeitler, R. 2011. Faciliter l’adoption d’interventions de securite alimentaire dans le secteur des aliments de rue et dans les champs. In French. [Facilitating the adoption of food-safety interventions in the street-food sector and on farms]. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa. L’irrigation avec des eaux usees et la sante: evaluer et attenuer les risques dans les pays a faible revenu. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Quebec, Canada: University of Quebec. pp.345-362. (Also in English).
Food safety ; Restaurants ; Public health ; Social behaviour ; Wastewater irrigation ; Vegetables ; Guidelines / West Africa / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H044473)
http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Research_Impacts/Research_Themes/Theme_3/PDF/French%20book.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044473.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044473.pdf
(1.04 MB) (5.96MB)
This chapter discusses the implementation challenges of the WHO Guidelines on safe wastewater use pertaining to the adoption of the so-called ‘post-treatment’ or ‘non-treatment’ options, like safer irrigation practices or appropriate vegetablewashing in kitchens. Due to limited risk awareness and immediate benefits of wastewater irrigation, it is unlikely that a broad adoption of recommended practices will automatically follow revised policies or any educational campaign and training. Most of the recommended practices do not only require behaviourchange but might also increase operational costs. In such a situation, significant efforts are required to explore how conventional and/or social marketing can support the desired behaviour-change towards the adoption of safety practices. This will require new strategic partnerships and a new section in the WHO Guidelines. This chapter outlines the necessary steps and considerations for increasing the adoption probability, and suggests a framework which is based on a combination of social marketing, incentive systems, awareness creation/education and application of regulations. An important conclusion is that these steps require serious accompanying research of the target group, strongly involving social sciences, which should not be underestimated in related projects.
15 Fung, J.; Keraita, Bernard; Konradsen, F.; Moe, C.; Akple, M. 2011. Microbiological quality of urban-vended salad and its association with gastrointestinal diseases in Kumasi, Ghana. International Journal of Food Safety, Nutrition and Public Health, 4(2-4):152-166.
Salads ; Gastrointestinal diseases ; Urban environment ; Risks ; Food safety ; Vegetables ; Microbiological analysis ; Water use / Ghana / Kumasi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044672)
(0.20 MB)
The influence of consumption of salads on exposure to gastrointestinal diseases was assessed in urban environments in Kumasi, Ghana. Data was collected using a cross-sectional survey involving 15 salad sellers and 213 consumers and microbiological laboratory analysis of 96 samples of ready-to-eat salad. Findings showed higher contamination in street-vended salads than those in cafeterias with thermotelerant coliforms levels of 4.00–5.43 log units per 100 g salad, 32% of samples had Salmonella sp., and 17% had helminth eggs. Overall, there was an insignificant inverse relationship between salad consumption and gastrointestinal diseases among street salad consumers (RR = 0.81) and a strong positive relationship with cafeteria consumers (RR = 5.51). However, stratified analysis on relative risk showed a likelihood of strong influence from other risk factors embedded in socio-economic status such as poor sanitation. We recommend more integrated studies on risk factors for gastrointestinal diseases in poor urban areas.
16 Rayfuse, R.; Wiesfelt, N. (Eds.) 2012. The challenge of food security: international policy and regulatory frameworks. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. 299p.
Food security ; Food safety ; Agricultural production ; Farming systems ; Sustainable development ; Water resources ; Water governance ; Water productivity ; Water availability ; Fisheries ; Land acquisitions ; Legal aspects ; Agreements ; Biodiversity ; Biofuels ; Climate change ; Organizations ; Investment
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 631.7 G000 RAY Record No: H045611)
(0.32 MB)
17 Drechsel, Pay; Karg, H. 2013. Motivating behaviour change for safe wastewater irrigation in urban and peri-urban Ghana. Sustainable Sanitation Practice, 16:10-20.
Wastewater irrigation ; Wastewater treatment ; Urban areas ; Periurban areas ; Health hazards ; Public health ; Social aspects ; Vegetables ; Food safety ; Farmers / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045992)
http://www.ecosan.at/ssp/issue-16-behaviour-change/SSP-16_Jul2013_10-20.pdf/at_download/file
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H045992.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H045992.pdf
(0.75 MB) (776KB)
Where wastewater is used without appropriate treatment, additional safety measures such as safer irrigation practices or careful vegetable washing are required to protect farmers and consumers. Implementing such food safety interventions in the informal farming sector is not easy, as they require behaviour change. Even where appropriate and low-cost interventions have been identified, low health risk awareness is a likely adoption barrier. Where this also concerns consumers, market demand for safer crops will be low and social marketing options have to be explored to support the desired behaviour change. Based on experiences from Ghana, where wastewater irrigation is an unplanned reality in and around all cities, the necessary steps and considerations for increasing the adoption probability are outlined under a generic framework which is based on social marketing, incentive systems, awareness creation/education and supporting regulations. Any of these approaches require accompanying research of the target groups and could gain in cost-effectiveness through a more integrated approach linking e.g. handwash and vegetable washing campaigns.
18 Drechsel, Pay; Obuobie, E.; Adam-Bradford, A.; Cofie, Olufunke O. 2014. Governmental and regulatory aspects of irrigated urban vegetable farming in Ghana and options for its institutionalization. In Drechsel, Pay; Keraita, B. (Eds.) Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: characteristics, benefits and risk mitigation. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.199-218.
Urban agriculture ; Irrigated farming ; Vegetable growing ; Institutionalization ; Legal aspects ; Regulations ; Government agencies ; Wastewater management ; Food quality ; Food safety / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H046612)
(476.59 KB)
This chapter examines key institutional issues that are important to the recognition and sustainability of irrigated vegetable farming in Ghanaian cities. It assesses the informal nature of the business and examines current roles being played by relevant agencies directly or indirectly linked to urban vegetable farming and urban wastewater management. The chapter also looks at relevant bylaws, strategies and policies that have implications for the recognition of informal irrigation and/or the adoption of safety measures for risk reduction in irrigated vegetable farming. It also suggests options to facilitate the institutionalization of irrigated urban agriculture.
19 Uyttendaele, M.; Jaykus, L.-A.; Amoah, Philip; Chiodini, A.; Cunliffe, D.; Jacxsens, L.; Holvoet, K.; Korsten, L.; Lau, M.; McClure, P.; Medema, G.; Sampers, I.; Jasti, P. R. 2015. Microbial hazards in irrigation water: standards, norms, and testing to manage use of water in fresh produce primary production. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 14(4):336-356. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12133]
Irrigation water ; Water use ; Water management ; Water quality ; Fruits ; Vegetables ; Food safety ; Public health ; Faecal coliforms ; Pathogenic bacteria ; Pathogenic viruses ; Risk management ; Wastewater treatment ; Groundwater ; Contamination
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046993)
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1541-4337.12133/epdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046993.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046993.pdf
(0.23 MB) (231.35 KB)
Accessibility to abundant sources of high-quality water is integral to the production of safe and wholesome fresh produce. However, access to safe water is becoming increasingly difficult in many parts of the world, and this can lead to the production of fresh produce contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms, resulting in increased risk of human disease. Water, an important raw material in the fresh produce chain, is used in considerable amounts in many operations, including irrigation and application of pesticides and fertilizers, but also as a transport medium and for cooling and washing in postharvest practices. In several reported outbreaks related to uncooked fruit and vegetable products, water has been identified as a likely source of the outbreak. The present study, initiated by the ILSI Europe Emerging Microbiological Issues Task Force in collaboration with 8 other ILSI branches and support of WHO/FAO, was undertaken to review the status of, and provide suggestions for, consideration by different stakeholders on water and sanitation and its impact on food safety and public health. A limited number of guidelines and regulations on water quality for agricultural production are available, and many of them are still heavily based on microbial standards and (debated) parameters such as fecal coliforms. Data gaps have been identified with regard to baseline studies of microbial pathogens in water sources in many regions, the need for agreement on methods and microbial parameters to be used in assessing water quality, the fate of pathogens in water, and their transfer and persistence on irrigated/processed produce.
20 Fernando, Sudarshana; Semasinghe, Christina; Jayathilake, Nilanthi; Wijayamunie, R.; Wickramasinghe, N.; Dissanayake, S. 2016. City region food system situational analysis, Colombo, Sri Lanka. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE); Rome, Italy: FAO; Accra, Ghana: Resource Centres on Urban Agriculture and Food Security (RUAF). 251p.
Food consumption ; Food supply ; Food safety ; Food policies ; Food production ; Food chains ; Food security ; Stakeholders ; Corporate culture ; Institutions ; Government departments ; Municipal authorities ; Private sector ; International organizations ; Legal aspects ; Legislation ; Regulations ; Policy making ; Decision making ; Human nutrition ; Malnutrition ; Sociocultural environment ; Poverty ; Natural resources management ; Climate change ; Land use ; Economic aspects ; Small scale systems ; Vegetables ; Fruits ; Livestock ; Milk production ; Crops ; Market prices ; Waste disposal ; Waste management ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Sanitation / Sri Lanka / Colombo
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047774)
(7.37 MB)
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