Your search found 4 records
1 Molden, David; Oweis, T. Y.; Pasquale, S.; Kijne, J. W.; Hanjra, M. A.; Bindraban, P. S.; Bouman, B. A. M.; Cook, S.; Erenstein, O.; Farahani, H.; Hachum, A.; Hoogeveen, J.; Mahoo, H.; Nangia, V.; Peden, D.; Sikka, A.; Silva, P.; Turral, Hugh; Upadhyaya, A.; Zwart, S. 2007. Pathways for increasing agricultural water productivity. In Molden, David (Ed.). Water for food, water for life: a Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture. London, UK: Earthscan; Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.279-310.
Water use ; Productivity ; Crop production ; Evapotranspiration ; Water delivery ; Irrigation management ; Fisheries
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 630.7 G000 IWM Record No: H040200)
(2.06 MB)
2 Erenstein, O.; Farooq, U.; Malik, R. K.; Sharif, M. 2007. Adoption and impacts of zero tillage as a resource conserving technology in the irrigated plains of South Asia. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 49p. (Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture Research Report 019) [doi: https://doi.org/10.3910/2009.374]
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.2 G570 ERE Record No: H040663)
(658.1 KB)
The recent stagnation of productivity growth in the irrigated areas of the Indo-Gangetic Plains of South Asia has led to a quest for resourceconserving technologies that can save water, reduce production costs and improve production. The present synthesis of two detailed country studies confirmed widespread adoption of zero tillage (ZT) wheat in the rice-wheat systems of India’s Haryana State (34.5% of surveyed households) and Pakistan’s Punjab province (19%). The combination of a significant “yield effect” and “cost-saving effect” makes adoption worthwhile and is the main driver behind the rapid spread and widespread acceptance of ZT in Haryana, India. In Punjab, Pakistan, adoption is driven by the significant ZT-induced cost savings for wheat cultivation. Thus, the prime driver for ZT adoption is not water savings or natural resource conservation but monetary gain in both sites. Water savings are only a potential added benefit. ZT adoption for wheat has accelerated from insignificant levels from 2000 onwards in both sites. Geographic penetration of ZT is far from uniform, suggesting the potential for further diffusion, particularly in Haryana, India. Diffusion seems to have stagnated in the Punjab study area, and further follow-up studies are needed to confirm this. The study also revealed significant dis-adoption of ZT in the survey year: Punjab, Pakistan 14 percent and Haryana, India 10 percent. Better understanding the rationale for dis-adoption merits further scrutiny. Our findings suggest that there is no clear single overarching constraint but that a combination of factors is at play, including technology performance, technology access, seasonal constraints and, particularly in the case of Punjab, Pakistan, the institutional ZT controversy. In terms of technology performance, the relative ZT yield was particularly influential: dis-adopters of ZT reporting low ZT yields as a major contributor to farmer disillusionment in Punjab, Pakistan and the lack of a significant yield effect in Haryana, India. In neither site did the ZT-induced time savings in land preparation translate into timelier establishment, contributing to the general lack of a yield increase. Knowledge blockages, resource constraints and ZT drill cost and availability all contributed to nonadoption. This suggests that there is potential to further enhance access to this technology and thereby its penetration. The study highlights that in both Haryana, India and Punjab, Pakistan ZT has been primarily adopted by the larger and more productive farmers. The structural differences between the adopters and non-adopters/dis-adopters in terms of resource base, crop management and performance thereby easily confound the assessment of ZT impact across adoption categories. This calls for the comparison of the ZT plots and conventional tillage plots on adopter farms. ZT-induced effects primarily apply to the establishment and production costs of the wheat crop. Both the Haryana, India and Punjab, Pakistan studies confirmed significant ZT-induced resource-saving effects in farmers’ fields in terms of diesel and tractor time for wheat cultivation. Water savings are, however, less pronounced than expected from on-farm trial data. It was only in Haryana, India that there were significant ZTinduced water savings in addition to significant yield enhancement. The higher yield and water savings in Haryana, India result in significantly Abstract vi higher water productivity indicators for ZT wheat. In both sites, there are limited implications for the overall wheat crop management, the subsequent rice crop and the rice-wheat system as a whole. The ZT-induced yield enhancement and cost savings provide a much needed boost to the returns to, and competitiveness of, wheat cultivation in Haryana, India. In Punjab, Pakistan, ZT is primarily a cost-saving technology. Based on these findings the study provides a number of recommendations for research and development in South Asia’s rice-wheat systems.
3 Rahut, D. B.; Ali, A.; Imtiaz, M.; Mottaleb, K. A.; Erenstein, O.. 2016. Impact of irrigation water scarcity on rural household food security and income in Pakistan. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 16(3):675-683. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2015.179]
Water scarcity ; Irrigation water ; Rural areas ; Household income ; Food security ; Poverty ; Farmers ; Socioeconomic environment ; Cereal crops ; Wheat ; Maize ; Rice ; Crop yield ; Models / Pakistan / Punjab / Sindh / Baluchistan / Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048086)
(0.16 MB)
As Pakistan is currently facing a severe shortage of irrigation water, this paper analyzes the determinants of water scarcity and its impact on the yield of cereal crops (wheat, maize and rice), household income, food security and poverty levels by employing the propensity-score-matching approach. This study is based on a comprehensive set of cross-sectional data collected from 950 farmers from all four major provinces in Pakistan. The empirical analysis indicated that farmers with a water-scarcity problem have lower yield and household income, and are food insecure. Poverty levels were higher: in the range of 7–12% for a household facing a water-scarcity problem. The policy implications of the study are that the public and private sector in Pakistan needs to invest in irrigation water management to maintain the productivity of cereal crops which is important for household food security and poverty reduction.
4 Mottaleb, K. A.; Krupnik, T. J.; Keil, A.; Erenstein, O.. 2019. Understanding clients, providers and the institutional dimensions of irrigation services in developing countries: a study of water markets in Bangladesh. Agricultural Water Management, 222:242-253. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2019.05.038]
Irrigation management ; Water market ; Water pricing ; User charges ; Developing countries ; Groundwater ; Pumps ; Tube wells ; Farmers ; Human capital ; Social capital ; Seasonal cropping ; Rice ; Surface water ; Institutions ; Risk management ; Sustainability ; Models / Bangladesh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049294)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378377418306620/pdfft?md5=8dc52896fbc756e5dd42214a7992ff74&pid=1-s2.0-S0378377418306620-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049294.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049294.pdf
(3.14 MB) (3.14 MB)
Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated nations that nonetheless has largely achieved staple self-sufficiency. This development has been enabled in part by the rapid proliferation of small-scale irrigation pumps that enabled double rice cropping, as well as by a competitive market system in which farmers purchase water at affordable fee-for-service prices from private irrigation pump owners. Excess groundwater abstraction in areas of high shallow tube-well density and increased fuel costs for pumping have however called into question the sustainability of Bangladesh’s groundwater irrigation economy. Cost-saving agronomic methods are called for, alongside aligned policies, markets, and farmers’ incentives. The study assesses different institutions and water-pricing methods for irrigation services that have emerged in Bangladesh, each of which varies in their incentive structure for water conservation, and the level of economic risk involved for farmers and service providers. Using primary data collected from 139 irrigation service providers and 556 client-farmers, we empirically examine the structure of irrigation service types and associated market and institutional dimensions. Our findings demonstrate that competition among pump owners, social capital and personal relationships, and economic and agronomic risk perceptions of both pump owners and farmers significantly influence the structure of irrigation services and water pricing methods. Greater competition among pump owners increases the likelihood of pay-per-hour services and reduces the likelihood of crop harvest sharing arrangements. Based on these findings, we explore policy implications for enhancing irrigation services and irrigation sustainability in Bangladesh.
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