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1 Ensink, Jeroen H. J.; Mahmood, Tariq; van der Hoek, Wim; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Amerasinghe, Felix Prashantha. 2004. A nationwide assessment of wastewater use in Pakistan: an obscure activity or a vitally important one? Water Policy, 6(3):197-206.
Irrigated farming ; Assessment ; Vegetables ; Wastewater ; Food security ; Public health ; Risks / Pakistan
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: PER Record No: H035380)
A nationwide assessment in Pakistan showed that the direct use of untreated wastewater for agriculture, particularly vegetable production, was common in most cities. The main reasons for this use were the absence of alternative water sources, the reliability of the wastewater supply, the nutrient value and the proximity to urban markets. It was estimated that 26% of the total domestic vegetable production of Pakistan was cultivated with wastewater. The importance of the wastewater was reflected in high water and land fees. Policy makers have to take the importance for local livelihoods and food security into account when making decisions regarding direct wastewater use
2 Ensink, Jeroen H. J.; Mahmood, Tariq; Dalsgaard, A. 2007. Wastewater-irrigated vegetables: Market handling versus irrigation water quality. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 12(Suppl.2):1-6.
Wastewater irrigation ; Vegetables ; Escherichia coli ; Helminths ; Health hazards ; Risks ; Urban agriculture ; Water quality ; Surveys / Pakistan / Faisalabad
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 ENS Record No: H040599)
Objective and methods: Vegetables irrigated with untreated domestic wastewater were, at the time of harvest, analysed for the presence of the faecal indicator, Escherichia coli, and helminth eggs in Faisalabad, Pakistan. Vegetables from the same harvested batch were collected approximately 12 h later from the local market. Results: The survey found relatively low concentrations of E. coli (1.9 E. coli per gram), but relatively high concentrations of helminths (0.7 eggs per gram) on vegetables collected from agricultural fields. Higher concentration of both E. coli (14.3 E. coli per gram) and helminths (2.1 eggs per gram) were recovered from the vegetables collected from the market. Conclusions: The results of the survey suggest that unhygienic post harvest handling was the major source of produce contamination. Interventions at the market, such as the provision of clean water to wash produce in, are better ways to protect public health and more cost effective than wastewater treatment.
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