Your search found 28 records
1 Molinas, A.; Marcus, K. B. 2000. Choking in water supply structures and natural channels. Water Resources Journal, 204:52-70.
Water flow ; Watercourses ; Discharges ; Open channels ; Water supply ; Irrigation canals ; Energy ; Mathematical models ; Simulation models
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: PER Record No: H026408)
2 Swamee, P. K.; Pathak, S. K.; Mansoor, T.; Ojha, C. S. P. 2000. Discharge characteristics of skew sluice gates. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 126(5):328-334.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: PER Record No: H026879)
3 Poff, N. L.; Allan, D.; Bain, M. B.; Karr, J. R.; Prestegaard, K. L.; Richter, B. D.; Sparks, R. E.; Stromberg, J. C. 1997. The natural flow regime: A paradigm for river conservation and restoration. Bio Science, 47(11):769-784.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 5861 Record No: H028896)
4 Smakhtin, V. Y.; Toulouse, M. 1998. Relationship between low-flow characteristics of South African streams. Water SA, 24 (2):107-112.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 5882 Record No: H028961)
5 Smakhtin, V. U. 2001. Low flow hydrology: A review. Journal of Hydrology, 240:147-186.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: PER Record No: H028962)
6 Smakhtin, V. Y. 1999. Generation of natural daily flow time-series in regulated rivers using a non-linear spatial interpolation technique. Regulated Rivers: Research & Management, 15:311-323.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 5884 Record No: H028963)
7 Hughes, D. A.; Smakhtin, V. 1996. Daily flow time series patching or extension: A spatial interpolation approach based on flow duration curves. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 41(6):851-871.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 5888 Record No: H028968)
8 Hughes, D. A.; Keeffe, J. O.; Smakhtin, V.; King, J. 1997. Development of an operating rule model to simulate time series of reservoir releases for instream flow requirements. Water SA, 23(1):21-30.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 5889 Record No: H028969)
(1.22 MB)
9 Jain, S. K.; Singh, K. K.; Singh, R. P. 2002. Microirrigation lateral design using lateral discharge equation. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 128(2):125-128.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: PER Record No: H029797)
10 Singh, R.; van Dam, J. C.; Jhorar, R. K. 2003. Water and salt balances at farmer fields. In van Dam, J. C.; Malik, R. S. (Eds.), Water productivity of irrigated crops in Sirsa district, India: Integration of remote sensing, crop and soil models and geographical information systems. Haryana, India: Haryana Agricultural University; Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Wageningen, Netherlands: Wageningen University; Wageningen, Netherlands: WaterWatch. pp.41-58.
Water balance ; Simulation models ; Water flow ; Soil texture ; Soil moisture ; Wheat ; Rice ; Cotton ; Groundwater / India / Sirsa
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.1 G635 VAN Record No: H033893)
(3.65MB)
11 Lewandowska, J.; Szymkiewicz, A.; Burzy?ski, K.; Vauclin, M. 2004. Modeling of unsaturated water flow in double-porosity soils by the homogenization approach. Advances in Water Resources, 27(3):283-296.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: PER Record No: H034439)
12 Jiarui, Z.; Feng, S.; Xianrong, Z. 2003. Xiaolangdi Multi-purpose Dam Project and its function for the downstream flood control of the Yellow River. In Yellow River Conservancy Commission. Proceedings, 1st International Yellow River Forum on River Basin Management – Volume III. Zhengzhou, China: The Yellow River Conservancy Publishing House. pp.160-163.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 333.91 G592 YEL Record No: H034672)
13 Vrba, J.; Verhagen, B. T. (Eds.) 2011. Groundwater for emergency situations: a methodological guide. Paris, France: UNESCO. International Hydrological Programme (IHP). 316p. (UNESCO IHP-VII Series on Groundwater No. 3)
Water resources ; Groundwater recharge ; Disaster preparedness ; Drinking water ; Water supply ; Geology ; Hydrogeology ; Hydrology ; Remote sensing ; GIS ; Mathematical models ; Risk assessment ; Risk management ; Water governance ; Policy ; Early warning systems ; Natural disasters ; Flooding ; Drought ; Earthquakes ; Landslides ; Tsunamis ; Storms ; Cyclones ; Volcanoes ; Water flow ; Aquifers ; Isotopes ; Case studies ; Sewage ; Drainage ; Rehabilitation ; Chemical composition ; Analytical methods ; Satellite surveys ; Satellite imagery ; Capacity building / South Africa / South Germany / Czech Republic / India / China / Peru / Maldives / Sri Lanka / Japan / Molasses Basin / Labe River / Elbe River / Orissa / Shenthen Xikeng Reservoir
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044405)
(17.39 MB) (17.4MB)
The aim of the UNESCO IHP project ‘Groundwater for Emergency Situations’ (GWES) is to consider natural catastrophic events that could adversely influence human health and life and to identify in advance emergency groundwater resources resistant to natural disasters that could replace damaged public and domestic drinking water supplies. The GWES project was approved during the 15th session of the Intergovernmental Council of the International Hydrological Programme (IHP). It was included in the Implementation Plan of the Sixth Phase of the IHP (2002–2007), Theme 2: ‘Integrated watershed and aquifer dynamics’, under the title ‘Identification and management of strategic groundwater bodies to be used for emergency situations as a result of extreme events or in case of conflicts’. The Second phase of the GWES project is implemented within IHP VII (2008–2013) by an International Working Group composed of UNESCO, and IAH representatives and experts from different regions of the world.
14 Corwin, D. L.; Loague, K. M. (Eds.) 1996. Applications of GIS to the modeling of non-point source pollutants in the Vadose Zone. Madison, WI, USA: Soil Science Society of America (SSSA). 319p. (SSSA Special Publication No. 48)
GIS ; Models ; Information technology ; Pollutants ; Sensitivity analysis ; Surface water ; Water flow ; Groundwater ; Soil hydraulic properties ; Soil salinity ; Pesticides ; Leaching
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 526.0285 G000 COR Record No: H045259)
(0.32 MB)
15 Fowe, T.; Karambiri, H.; Paturel, J.-E.; Poussin, J.-C.; Cecchi, P. 2015. Water balance of small reservoirs in the Volta Basin: a case study of Boura Reservoir in Burkina Faso. Agricultural Water Management, 152:99-109. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2015.01.006]
Water balance ; Water resources ; Reservoirs ; Small scale systems ; Agriculture ; Water use ; Water levels ; Hydrology ; Monitoring ; Evaporation ; Rain ; Catchment areas ; Runoff ; Water flow ; Case studies / Burkina Faso / Volta Basin / Boura Reservoir
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047427)
(1.55 MB)
Effective water resources development and management is crucial for sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction in many developing countries. In West Africa, large numbers of small reservoirs with volumes from 104 to 107 m3 play a considerable role in maintaining and developing activities in remote areas and in providing irrigation water for agriculture and supply water for both livestock and people. The lack of baseline data on reservoir operation hinders their optimal management. The objective of this study was to enhance the knowledge of water resources of the small reservoirs in order to improve their management in the context of multiple uses. This study was carried out on a small reservoir located in Southern Burkina Faso which was monitored for 2 years (from April 2012 to April 2014). A simple approach based on the mass conservation equation was developed for estimating reservoir fluxes. For a short hydrological monitoring period, the rainfall, evaporation and reservoir filling patterns revealed a different hydrological balance of the reservoir between these 2 years. A decrease of 32% in the annual rainfall leads to a 50% reduction in the annual runoff coefficient. The results showed that about 60% of water was lost by evaporation, whereas less than 20% of water caught in the reservoir was withdrawn for various uses. The available water resources in the studied system are largely sufficient to satisfy the current demands. There are still possibilities for developing uses of water storage and for enhancing the irrigation potential of the small reservoir. This analysis indicates that small reservoirs are underperforming. The results highlighted that estimating water fluxes in a reservoir is a central task to support water management authorities and stakeholders in operational strategies for water supply and irrigated agriculture.
16 Akoto-Danso, E. K.; Karg, H.; Drechsel, Pay; Nyarko, G.; Buerkert, A. 2018. Virtual water flow in food trade systems of two West African cities. Agricultural Water Management, 213: 760-772. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.11.012]
Virtual water ; Water flow ; Food security ; Food supply ; Food production ; Food consumption ; Organic matter ; Water resources ; Water use ; Water requirements ; Water balance ; Planning ; Crop production ; Seasonal cropping ; Cereals ; Diet / West Africa / Ghana / Burkina Faso / Ouagadougou / Tamale
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049029)
Rapid urban growth in sub-Saharan Africa challenges food supply of cities. As food and other organic matter are transported from production areas to consumption points, water, which has been used for their production, is transported virtually. This study aimed at determining the magnitude and sources of virtual water flows in food trade of two West African cities, in order to better assess food provisioning risks and water resource use and planning. To this end, flows of unprocessed food from local, regional, national and international sources were systematically recorded at all roads leading to Tamale, Ghana and Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. The survey was conducted within two years covering the peak (November - December) and lean season (March - April), respectively, for six days in a row. Virtual water flows were computed by multiplying the flow quantities (t yr-1) by their respective virtual water contents (m3 t-1). Results showed that virtual water of all food commodities imported to Tamale and Ouagadougou were 514 and 2105 million m3 yr-1 respectively, out of which 68% and 40% were re-exported to other regions of the country. The data also showed major seasonal variation in virtual water flows across the year. Reflecting their dominating role in local diets, cereals contributed most to the total virtual water inflows in both cities. Southern Ghana is the major net virtual water importer from Tamale through cereals, legumes, vegetables, and livestock. The Northern Region of Ghana, on the other hand, is a net exporter of virtual water in all food groups apart from fruits. In Ouagadougou, large flows of virtual water were imported in cereals, specifically rice from Asian countries, via Ivory Coast.
17 Kolokytha, E.; Malamataris, D. 2020. Integrated water management approach for adaptation to climate change in highly water stressed basins. Water Resources Management, 34(3):1173-1197. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-020-02492-w]
Climate change adaptation ; Integrated management ; Water resources ; Water management ; River basins ; Water stress ; Water balance ; Water demand ; Irrigation water ; Lakes ; Groundwater ; Aquifers ; Surface water ; Water flow ; Evaporation ; Sustainable development ; Livestock ; Models / Greece / Mygdonia Basin / Lake Koroneia / Lake Volvi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049619)
(2.64 MB)
Adaptation aims at increasing the resilience of natural and human systems to current and future impacts of climate change. The main objective of the current research is to introduce an innovative methodological framework which can effectively assess adaptation measures in basins with severe water deficits by coupling hydrology, climate change and management scenarios, leading to accurate decision making. In this paper, both supply and demand adaptation measures were proposed in line with various regional, national and European policies in order to improve the severe water problem of the Mygdonia basin. The overexploitation of the surface water systems (Lakes Koronia and Volvi) and groundwater resources of the Mygdonia basin during the previous decades, along with the projected decrease of the future water availability, due to climate change, accentuate the need for concerted action towards adaption to climate change. The measures include the increase of a stream diversion towards Lake Koronia, the increase of the embankment elevation at the outfall point of Lake Volvi, the restructuring of crops and their combinations. The measures were examined in terms of their sustainability and effectiveness in the short-term (2020–2050) and long-term (2050–2080) future periods under the most reliable climatic model. The results indicate that the application of demand management measures is more efficient compared to supply oriented solutions for addressing the future water deficit of the Mygdonia water system. The combination of crop restructuring and the decrease of agricultural land proved to be the most efficient and sustainable solution.
18 del Rio-Mena, T.; Willemen, L.; Tesfamariam, G. T.; Beukes, O.; Nelson, A. 2020. Remote sensing for mapping ecosystem services to support evaluation of ecological restoration interventions in an arid landscape. Ecological Indicators, 113:106182. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106182]
Ecosystem services ; Ecological control ; Remote sensing ; Arid zones ; Normalized difference vegetation index ; Revegetation ; Earth observation satellites ; Geographical information systems ; Essential oils ; Biomass ; Thicket ; Forage ; Land degradation ; Erosion control ; Water flow ; Regulations ; Livestock ; Indicators ; Models / South Africa / Baviaanskloof Hartland Bawarea Conservancy
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049672)
(1.27 MB)
Considerable efforts and resources are being invested in integrated conservation and restoration interventions in rural arid areas. Empirical research for quantifying ecosystem services – nature’s benefits to people – is essential for evaluating the range of benefits of ecological restoration and to support its use in natural resource management. Satellite remote sensing (RS) can be used to monitor interventions, especially in large and remote areas. In this study we used field measurements, RS-based information from Sentinel-2 imagery together with soil and terrain data, to estimate ecosystem service supply and evaluate integrated ecological restoration interventions. We based our research on the arid, rural landscape of the Baviaanskloof Hartland Bawarea Conservancy, South Africa, where several integrated interventions have been implemented in areas where decades of small livestock farming has led to extensive land degradation. Interventions included i) long term livestock exclusion, ii) revegetating of degraded areas, iii) a combination of these two, and iv) essential oil production as alternatives to goat and sheep farming. We assessed six ecosystem services linked to the objectives of the interventions: erosion prevention, climate regulation, regulation of water flows, provision of forage, biomass for essential oil production, and the sense of place through presence of native species. We first estimated the ecosystem service supply based on field measurements. Secondly, we explored the relationships between ecosystem services quantities derived from the field measurements with 13 Sentinel-2 indices and four soil and terrain variables. We then selected the best fitting model for each ecosystem service. Finally, we compared the supply of ecosystem services between intervened and non-intervened sites. Results showed that models based on Sentinel-2 indices, combined with slope information, can estimate ecosystem services supply in the study area even when the levels of field-based ecosystem services supplies are low. The RS-based models can assess ecosystem services more accurately when their indicators mainly depend on green vegetation, such as for erosion prevention and provision of forage. The agricultural fields presented high variability between plots on the provision of ecosystem services. The use of Sentinel-2 vegetation indices and terrain data to quantify ecosystem services is a first step towards improving the monitoring and assessment of restoration interventions. Our results showed that in the study area, livestock exclusion lead to a consistent increase in most ecosystem services.
19 Oreggioni, F.; Garcia, S.; Gomez, M.; Mejia, A. 2021. A machine learning model of virtual water networks over time. Advances in Water Resources, 147:103819. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2020.103819]
Virtual water ; Water flow ; Machine learning ; Water footprint ; Water use ; Forecasting ; Models ; Performance evaluation ; Trade ; Case studies / USA
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050155)
(4.86 MB)
Virtual water flows are used to determine the indirect water requirements of a region or product, making them an indispensable tool for water sustainability analysis and assessment. Commodity flows are a key data needed to compute virtual water but are typically available every 5 years in the United States (US). The lack of continuous, annual commodity flow data severely limits our ability to study and understand the drivers, evolution, and alterations of virtual water in the US. We build and evaluate a machine learning model using Random Forest (RF) to predict annual commodity and virtual water flow networks. The model is used to perform several modeling experiments and illustrate the prediction of annual virtual water flows in the US during 2013–2018. We show that the RF predictions consistently outperform those from a gravity model. The overall performance of the RF algorithm improves as commodities or regions are aggregated into coarser groups. Likewise, the inclusion of past commodity flows as an additional explanatory variable enhances the RF performance. The combination of RF classification and regression allows predicting both network connections and flows without comprising performance. Based on our RF predictions for 2013–2018, we find that temporal variations in virtual water flows can be large for some regions in the US, underscoring the need addressed by this study of reconstructing domestic virtual water changes over time. By capturing inter-regional water consumption interactions in space and time, such reconstructed data could be beneficial in the future for anticipating and managing local and regional water scarcity.
20 An, Q.; Wu, S.; Li, L.; Li, S. 2021. Inequality of virtual water consumption and economic benefits embodied in trade: a case study of the Yellow River Basin, China. Water Policy, 23p. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2021.144]
Virtual water ; Water use efficiency ; Economic benefits ; River basins ; Water resources ; Water stress ; Water flow ; Transfer of waters ; Strategies ; Economic development ; Models ; Case studies / China / Yellow River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050703)
https://iwaponline.com/wp/article-pdf/doi/10.2166/wp.2021.144/955457/wp2021144.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050703.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050703.pdf
(1.09 MB) (1.09 MB)
The Yellow River Basin (YRB) is facing a serious water shortage. How to effectively alleviate the water crisis and achieve sustainable development in the YRB has become a widespread concern. By using the interregional input–output tables of China in 2002, 2007, 2012 and 2017, we analysed the transfer of virtual water and value-added and the inequality embodied in trade between the YRB and other regions. Results demonstrated that: (1) for the YRB, the pressure on water resources was alleviated through the net inflow of virtual water after 2007. However, the economic situation deteriorated due to the net outflow of value-added in interregional trade after 2012. (2) There existed a serious inequality in virtual water consumption and economic benefits embodied in trade between the YRB and Beijing, Shanghai, etc., with regional inequality (RI) index exceeding 1. Meanwhile, agriculture faced the most serious inequality among all sectors in the YRB. Accordingly, the YRB should aim to optimise its industrial structure and improve water use efficiency to achieve a win-win situation for both economic development and net virtual water inflow. In addition, policymakers should take measures to flexibly adjust the trade scale between the YRB and other regions based on the RI index.
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