Your search found 6 records
1 Crouch, D. P. 1996. Water technology in New Spain. In ICID, 16th Congress on Irrigation and Drainage, Cairo, Egypt, 1996: Sustainability of Irrigated Agriculture - Transactions, Vol.1G: History Seminar - 6th seminar on history of irrigation, drainage and flood control with special reference to Egypt - R.14. New Delhi, India: ICID. pp.259-295.
Water management ; Technology ; Irrigation water ; Water supply ; Water law ; Water rights ; History / Spain / USA / New Mexico / Texas / California / Santa Barbara / San Francisco
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: ICID 631.7.1 G000 ICI Record No: H019604)
2 Anderson, T. L. (Ed.) 1994. Continental water marketing. San Francisco, CA, USA: Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy. viii, 201p. (Studies on the economic future of North America)
Water resources development ; Water transfer ; Water market ; Exports ; Water policy ; Water law ; Legal aspects ; International cooperation ; Political aspects ; Economic aspects ; Privatization ; Water allocation / USA / Canada / Mexico / North America / Santa Barbara / Alberta / British Columbia / Texas / New Mexico / Arizona / California
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 338.91 G430 AND Record No: H020541)
3 Smith, R. T. 1994. The economic structure of contracts for international water trades. In Anderson, T. L. (Ed.), Continental water marketing. San Francisco, CA, USA: Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy. pp.29-54.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 338.91 G430 AND Record No: H020544)
4 Loaiciga, H. A.; Renehan, S. 1997. Municipal water use and water rates driven by severe drought: A case study. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 33(6):1313-1326.
Water supply ; Water rates ; Water costs ; Pricing ; Economic aspects ; Water conservation ; Drought ; Water use ; Water management ; Water demand ; Water policy ; Water law ; Climate ; Surface water ; Groundwater ; Case studies / USA / California / Santa Barbara
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: PER Record No: H022544)
5 Nishikawa, T. 1998. Water-resources optimization model for Santa Barbara, California. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 124(5):252-263.
Water resource management ; Optimization ; Simulation models ; Linear programming ; Sensitivity analysis ; Drought ; Groundwater ; Surface water ; Water supply ; Pumping ; Water costs ; Water demand ; Constraints ; Salt water intrusion ; Reservoir operation / USA / California / Santa Barbara / Cachuma Reservoir
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: PER Record No: H023017)
6 Chen, F.; Chen, X.; Van de Voorde, T.; Roberts, D.; Jiang, H.; Xu, W. 2020. Open water detection in urban environments using high spatial resolution remote sensing imagery. Remote Sensing of Environment, 242:111706. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.111706]
Surface water ; Observation ; Mapping ; Remote sensing ; Urban environment ; Satellite imagery ; Multispectral imagery ; Land cover / Switzerland / Belgium / USA / Baden / Brussels / Santa Barbara
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049685)
(5.25 MB)
Commonly applied water indices such as the normalized difference water index (NDWI) and the modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI) were originally conceived for medium spatial resolution remote sensing images. In recent decades, high spatial resolution imagery has shown considerable potential for deriving accurate land cover maps of urban environments. Applying traditional water indices directly on this type of data, however, leads to severe misclassifications as there are many materials in urban areas that are confused with water. Furthermore, threshold parameters must generally be fine-tuned to obtain optimal results. In this paper, we propose a new open surface water detection method for urbanized areas. We suggest using inequality constraints as well as physical magnitude constraints to identify water from urban scenes. Our experimental results on spectral libraries and real high spatial resolution remote sensing images demonstrate that by using a set of suggested fixed threshold values, the proposed method outperforms or obtains comparable results with algorithms based on traditional water indices that need to be fine-tuned to obtain optimal results. When applied to the ASTER and ECOSTRESS spectral libraries, our method identified 3677 out of 3695 non-water spectra. By contrast, NDWI and MNDWI only identified 2934 and 2918 spectra. Results on three real hyperspectral images demonstrated that the proposed method successfully identified normal water bodies, meso-eutrophic water bodies, and most of the muddy water bodies in the scenes with F-measure values of 0.91, 0.94 and 0.82 for the three scenes. For surface glint and hyper-eutrophic water, our method was not as effective as could be expected. We observed that the commonly used threshold value of 0 for NDWI and MNDWI results in greater levels of confusion, with F-measures of 0.83, 0.64 and 0.64 (NDWI) and 0.77, 0.63 and 0.59 (MNDWI). The proposed method also achieves higher precision than the untuned NDWI and MNDWI with the same recall values. Next to numerical performance, the proposed method is also physically justified, easy-to implement, and computationally efficient, which suggests that it has potential to be applied in large scale water detection problem.
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