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1 Yasin, M.; Ahmad, S.; Ahmad, M. M.; Bhatti, A. A.. 1993. Innovative surface irrigation methods for fruit orchards. In Government of Pakistan-USAID Irrigation Systems Management Research Project; IIMI, Proceedings: Irrigation Systems Management Research Symposium, Lahore, 11-13 April 1993. Vol.VII. - Improving on-farm water use and application. pp.1-8.
Surface irrigation ; Horticulture ; Border irrigation ; Irrigation requirements / Pakistan / Balochistan
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IIMI 631.7.8 G730 IIMI Record No: H012909)
Surface irrigation methods such as borders, round basins, modified round basins and modified furrows were evaluated for the peach orchard at the Water Resources Research Institute Field Station, NARC, Islamabad. The three methods with slope of 0.75% were compared in terms of savings in irrigation water and duration of irrigation against borders with slope of 0.43%. Compared to borders, savings in water application of 486%, 260% and 464% were observed in round basins, modified round basins and modified furrows, respectively. A similar trend was observed in the duration of irrigation. Distribution uniformity was estimated using minimum and average depth of water infiltrated. Distribution uniformity of 59.2%, 81.3%, 92.3% and 76.6%, was observed for round basins, modified round basins, modified furrows and borders, respectively. Therefore, modified furrows can be used to achieve higher uniformity and five times more area can be irrigated for deciduous orchards. This system also provides an opportunity to have better orchard management where transmission of soil borne diseases is much lower compared to other methods. This method was designed where wetted areas is more or less the same as trickle irrigation except the main furrow line. Thus this system is suitable for areas like Balochistan where water is at premium.
2 Bhatti, A. A.; Ahmad, M. M.; Moshabbir, P. M.; Ahmad, S. 1993. Benefits of supplemental irrigation for wheat in Barani environment. In Government of Pakistan-USAID Irrigation Systems Management Research Project; IIMI, Proceedings: Irrigation Systems Management Research Symposium, Lahore, 11-13 April 1993. Vol.VII. - Improving on-farm water use and application. pp.45-54.
Supplementary irrigation ; Irrigation effects ; Wheat ; Crop yield ; Sprinkler irrigation / Pakistan
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IIMI 631.7.8 G730 IIMI Record No: H012912)
A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the benefits of supplemental irrigation for wheat crop under Barani environment. Three irrigation treatments, namely 10 mm at Rauni, 10 mm at 50% MAD, and 25 mm at 75% MAD, were employed. The experiment was conducted at the Water Resources Research Institute, Field Station, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad using raingun sprinklers for supplemental irrigation. The wheat crop yield with supplemental irrigation was compared with Barani crop yield, and a considerable increase in yield of 45% and 117% was observed during 1990-91 and 1991-92 wheat growing seasons at Islamabad, where seasonal rainfall of 523 mm and 354 mm was received, respectively. The seasonal rainfall was in excess or sufficient to meet seasonal crop evapotranspiration requirement but was not well spread during the growing season. The highest net benefits from supplemental irrigation were Rs.6,583 and Rs.9,651 per hectare during 1990-91 and 1991-92 wheat growing seasons, respectively. The benefits from supplemental irrigation are expected to increase in dry years and/or in dry regions. However, the three years of experimentation revealed that even in sub-humid to humid regions, and during wet years, considerable increase in farm net return can be achieved through supplemental irrigation.
3 Ahmad, S.; Moshabbir, P. M.; Bhatti, A. A.; Yasin, M. 1993. Design and local manufacturing of raingun sprinkler irrigation systems. In Government of Pakistan-USAID Irrigation Systems Management Research Project; IIMI, Proceedings: Irrigation Systems Management Research Symposium, Lahore, 11-13 April 1993. Vol.VII. - Improving on-farm water use and application. pp.55-78.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IIMI 631.7.8 G730 IIMI Record No: H012913)
This paper describes the feasibility of sprinkler irrigation systems in Pakistan and indicates potential areas of development along with the present state of introduction. The four rainguns selected for local manufacture (indigenization) and manufacturers' specifications are presented. These can be used to design sprinkler systems for farms 2 acres to 15 acres. Similarly, high pressure centrifugal pumps of 2 lps, 4 lps, 6 lps and 8 lps capacity were designed and indigenized in collaboration with MECO Pvt., Lahore. This company now manufactures pumping systems for any configuration of pressure and discharge. The pumping systems are available with electric motor or diesel engine. The estimated installed cost of portable raingun sprinkler systems in Pakistan ranges from Rs.5000 to Rs.6000 per acre for a system of at least 10 acres using diesel-operated pumping system. The cost of electric-operated system is in the range of Rs.3000-Rs.4000 per acre for a system of five acres or more. These systems are simple in operation and all the spare parts are available locally. Low density polyethylene black carbon pipes with UV stabilizers were also developed for 25 mm, 50 mm, 76 mm and 102 mm diameters which can be used for delivery and suction purposes.
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