Your search found 16 records
1 Dukhovny, V.; Sokolov, V.; Manthrithilake, Herath; Kazbekov, Jusipbek; Anarbekov, Oyture; Mirzaev, N.; Pinkhasov, M.; Alimjanov, A.; Mukhamedjanov, Sh; Nerozin, S.; Galustyan, A.; Khorst, M.; Stulina, G.; Ziganshina, D.; Masumov, R.; Kadyrov, A.; Umarov, P.; Begimov, I.; Khegay, V.; Tuchin, A.; Zherelyeva, S.; Roshenko, E. 2009. Integrated water resources management: putting good theory into real practice - Central Asian experience. Tashkent, Uzbekistan: Scientific and Information Center of the Interstate Commission for Water Coordination (SIC ICWC); Tashkent, Uzbekistan: GWP Caucasus and Central Asia (GWP CACENA). 381p.
Water resources ; Water management ; Hydrology ; Water users ; Water use ; Monitoring ; Water conservation ; Water demand ; Water allocation ; Water distribution systems ; Information systems ; Water governance ; Water productivity ; Water saving ; Land productivity ; Indicators ; International waters ; Irrigation systems ; Water user associations ; Drainage ; Farmers ; Extension activities ; Social mobility ; Crop yields ; Valley ; Legislation ; Water policy ; Economic aspects ; Capacity building ; Climate change / Central Asia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045575)
http://www.gwp.org/Global/GWP-CACENA_Files/en/pdf/iwrm_monograph_e.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H045575.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H045575.pdf
(7.05 MB) (7.05MB)
2 Amarasinghe, P.; Liu, A.; Egodawatta, P.; Barnes, P.; McGree, J.; Goonetilleke, A. 2016. Quantitative assessment of resilience of a water supply system under rainfall reduction due to climate change. Journal of Hydrology, 540:1043-1052. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.07.021]
Water supply ; Water distribution systems ; Water security ; Resilience ; Indicators ; Quantitative analysis ; Climate change ; Rainfall patterns ; Reservoir storage ; Simulation models ; Case studies / Australia / Queensland
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047640)
(1.40 MB)
A water supply system can be impacted by rainfall reduction due to climate change, thereby reducing its supply potential. This highlights the need to understand the system resilience, which refers to the ability to maintain service under various pressures (or disruptions). Currently, the concept of resilience has not yet been widely applied in managing water supply systems. This paper proposed three technical resilience indictors to assess the resilience of a water supply system. A case study analysis was undertaken of the Water Grid system of Queensland State, Australia, to showcase how the proposed indicators can be applied to assess resilience. The research outcomes confirmed that the use of resilience indicators is capable of identifying critical conditions in relation to the water supply system operation, such as the maximum allowable rainfall reduction for the system to maintain its operation without failure. Additionally, resilience indicators also provided useful insight regarding the sensitivity of the water supply system to a changing rainfall pattern in the context of climate change, which represents the system’s stability when experiencing pressure. The study outcomes will help in the quantitative assessment of resilience and provide improved guidance to system operators to enhance the efficiency and reliability of a water supply system.
3 Molden, O.; Griffin, N.; Meehan, K. 2016. The cultural dimensions of household water security: the case of Kathmandu’s stone spout systems. Water International, 41(7):982-997. (Special issue: Putting Practice into Policy). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2016.1251677]
Water security ; Household consumption ; Domestic water ; Water supply ; Water use ; Water distribution systems ; Traditional technology ; Ancestral technology ; Cultural factors ; Water governance ; Political aspects ; Legislation ; State intervention ; Urban development ; Social institutions ; Communities / Nepal / Kathmandu / Lalitpur
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047871)
(1.58 MB)
This article contributes knowledge to the under-studied cultural aspects of household water security through the case of Kathmandu’s ancient stone waterspouts. It asks why and how ‘traditional’ water supply systems persist as a form of water provision, and examines governance arrangements that pose challenges to these systems. It demonstrates that spout systems are critical sources of secure water supply, particularly for underserved populations. Also, the religious, cultural and social significance of spouts enables community autonomy and facilitates their persistence. However, conflicts between cultural heritage and drinking water law and policy undermine spout revitalization efforts and the entire system’s integrity.
4 Khadse, G. K.; Patni, P. M.; Talkhande, A. V.; Labhasetwar, P. K. 2016. Change in drinking water quality from catchment to consumers: a case study. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 2(4):453-460. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-016-0069-0]
Drinking water ; Water quality ; Water pollution ; Faecal coliforms ; Water supply ; Water distribution systems ; Consumers ; Sanitation ; Public health ; Catchment areas ; Case studies / India / Madhya Pradesh / Indore / Narmada Wastewater Treatment Plant / Devdharan Wastewater Treatment Plant
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047909)
(0.41 MB)
The study was conducted on the status of water supply at Indore through SDWQ. The performance of the Narmada and Devdharan WTPs was assessed from catchment to consumer for consecutive 7 days during three seasons. No significant change in raw water quality was observed on day-to-day basis. During monsoon, the turbidity of raw water was 690–1530 NTU which was reduced to 0.3–3.7 NTU after treatment. TC and FC were not detected in filtered water. The treated water quality was found within CPHEEO guidelines. At ESR, the residual chlorine was 0.1–0.6 mg/l. During winter, the water from ESR and from consumer ends was free from FC, whereas TC counts at consumer ends were 7–607 CFU/100 ml. During summer, on one occasion, TC and FC counts were found in ESR, whereas at the consumer ends, most of the samples were positive for TC and FC. The variation in bacterial counts amongst the different service reservoirs and consumer ends was due to poor maintenance of ESRs and enroute contamination. The proper maintenance of the distribution network, awareness about the hygienic and sanitary conditions around the public taps and proper storage of water are prerequisites in maintaining safe water supply in the city.
5 Kumpel, E.; Woelfle-Erskine, C.; Ray, I.; Nelson, K. L. 2017. Measuring household consumption and waste in unmetered, intermittent piped water systems. Water Resources Research, 53(1):302-315. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/2016WR019702]
Water use ; Household consumption ; Measurement ; Water availability ; Water supply ; Water distribution systems ; Water storage ; Storage containers ; Water tanks ; Pipes ; Water loss ; Metering ; Water users ; Socioeconomic environment ; Urban areas / India / Hubli-Dharwad
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048047)
(1.35 MB)
Measurements of household water consumption are extremely difficult in intermittent water supply (IWS) regimes in low- and middle-income countries, where water is delivered for short durations, taps are shared, metering is limited, and household storage infrastructure varies widely. Nonetheless, consumption estimates are necessary for utilities to improve water delivery. We estimated household water use in Hubli-Dharwad, India, with a mixed-methods approach combining (limited) metered data, storage container inventories, and structured observations. We developed a typology of household water access according to infrastructure conditions based on the presence of an overhead storage tank and a shared tap. For households with overhead tanks, container measurements and metered data produced statistically similar consumption volumes; for households without overhead tanks, stored volumes underestimated consumption because of significant water use directly from the tap during delivery periods. Households that shared taps consumed much less water than those that did not. We used our water use calculations to estimate waste at the household level and in the distribution system. Very few households used 135 L/person/d, the Government of India design standard for urban systems. Most wasted little water even when unmetered, however, unaccounted-for water in the neighborhood distribution systems was around 50%. Thus, conservation efforts should target loss reduction in the network rather than at households.
6 Tennakoon, M. U. A. 2017. Cascade based tank renovation for climate resilience improvement. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Ministry of Disaster Management. 137p.
Tank irrigation ; Irrigation systems ; Climate change ; Resilience ; Water distribution systems ; Reservoirs ; Drainage canals ; Terminology ; Environmental effects ; Eutrophication ; Water quality ; Sedimentation ; Salinity ; Soil types ; Rain ; Biodiversity ; Crop production ; Deforestation ; Development projects ; Arid zones / Sri Lanka / Maha Nanneriya Cascade
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 628.13 G744 TEN Record No: H048955)
(0.38 MB)
7 Barkhordari, S.; Shahdany, S. M. H. 2021. Developing a smart operating system for fairly distribution of irrigation water, based on social, economic, and environmental considerations. Agricultural Water Management, 250:106833. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2021.106833]
Irrigation water ; Water distribution systems ; Social aspects ; Economic aspects ; Environmental factors ; Sustainable development ; Water shortage ; Surface water ; Aquifers ; Tube wells ; Farmers ; Water demand ; Energy consumption ; Hydrology ; Models / Iran Islamic Republic
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050308)
(4.80 MB)
The present study proposed a smart operating system consists of two primary components of i) unsupervised pattern recognition and ii) automated control system. The main goal is shifting the technical orientation of the single-objective automated operating system to a practical one included the sustainable development viewpoints, where the environmental, social, and economic considerations determine the priorities of surface water distribution within an irrigation district. A complementary component consists of the principal component analysis (PCA), and a crisp clustering method is developed to fulfill this objective. The proposed method was implemented in a real test case, Roodasht Irrigation District, in Iran. According to the PCA analysis, six features, encompassing socio-economic, environmental, and technical objectives, were selected as the clustering's dominant features. The district was regionalized to 6 regions based on the initial results of the clustering. The integration of a couple of the clusters occurred in the post-processing stage, and finally, the test case was grouped into 4 regions with different priorities for receiving the surface water. The priorities were served as penalty values orders in the objective function of the developed automated controller. A comparison of the developed smart system's obtained results by status quo reveals that moderately water distribution happened in normal and water shortage scenarios, where the Equity index obtained 8.5% and 11.5%, respectively. Also, reliable and adequate water delivered to regions belongs to the forth and first clusters, where 37% and 38% of the region supplied more than 80% of their demands under the two scenarios, respectively. It is worth noting that the mentioned achievement created in the forth and first clusters, with the minimum groundwater overexploitation, the maximum dependency of farmers on agricultural activities incomes, and the seasonal worker's highest rate of unemployment. The developed smart system is capable of implementing the practical action of fairly water distribution based on the sustainable development concept rather than the technical one. The proposed method is simply possible to change, add, or remove the features, based on different objectives or concerns in different study areas.
8 Ahmed, S. S.; Bali, R.; Khan, H.; Mohamed, H. I.; Sharma, S. K. 2021. Improved water resource management framework for water sustainability and security. Environmental Research, 201:111527. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111527]
Water resource management ; Frameworks ; Water security ; Sustainability ; Water distribution systems ; Rural area ; Monitoring systems ; Technology ; Ultrasonic devices ; Water supply ; Water demand ; Water quality ; Drinking water ; Water levels ; Moisture content ; Forecasting
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050472)
(6.53 MB)
The water resource is an essential field of economic growth, social progress, and environmental integrity. A novel solution is offered to meet water needs, distribution, and IoT-based quality management requirements. With technological growth, this paper presents an IoT-enabled Water Resource Management and Distribution Monitoring System (IWRM-DMS) using sensors, gauge meters, flow meters, ultrasonic sensors, motors to implement in rural cities. Thus, research proposes that the IWRM-DMS establish the rural demand for water and the water supply system to minimize water demand. The system proposed includes different sensors, such as the water flow sensor, the pH sensor, the water pressure valve, the flow meters, and ultrasound sensors. This water system has been developed, which addresses the demand for domestic water in the village. Machine Intelligence has been designed for demand prediction in the decision support system. The simulation results confirm the applicability of the proposed framework in real-time environments. The proposed IWRM-DMS has been proposed to analyse the water quality to ensure water distribution in a rural area to achieve less MAPE (21.41%) and RMSE(15.12%), improve efficiency (96.93%), Reliability (98.24%), enhance prediction (95.29%)), the overall performance (97.34%), moisture content ratio (7.4%), cost-effectiveness ratio (95.7%) when compared to other popular methods.
9 Mehta, L.; Oweis, T.; Ringler, C.; Schreiner, B.; Varghese, S. 2020. Water for food security, nutrition and social justice. Oxon, UK: Routledge. 232p. (Pathways to Sustainability)
Water management ; Food security ; Nutrition ; Social rights ; Water security ; Agriculture ; Agroecosystems ; Irrigated farming ; Water governance ; Water productivity ; Land productivity ; Water distribution systems ; Sustainable development ; Livelihoods ; Human rights ; Hygiene
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy SF Record No: H050747)
10 Mehta, L.; Oweis, T.; Ringler, C.; Schreiner, B.; Varghese, S. 2020. Water for food security, nutrition and social justice. Abingdon, Oxon, UK: Routledge. 201p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351747622]
Water management ; Food security ; Water governance ; Social rights ; Human rights ; Right to water ; Right to food ; Nutrition ; Irrigated farming ; Hygiene ; Water productivity ; Land productivity ; Water distribution systems ; Drinking water ; Hydropower ; Water scarcity ; Water security ; Water allocation ; Water quality ; Agricultural production ; Livelihoods ; Evapotranspiration ; Infrastructure ; Political aspects ; Irrigation water ; Water supply ; Water availability ; Households ; Food production ; Communities ; Livestock ; Rainfed farming ; Gender ; Women ; Sustainable development ; Socioeconomic aspects ; Water use ; Agricultural water use ; Water policies ; Irrigation systems ; Rainwater harvesting ; Soil water ; Decision making ; Agroecology ; Water footprint ; Agreements / Jordan / Syrian Arab Republic / South Africa / China / India / Middle East / Maharashtra
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy SF Record No: H050696)
11 Truettner, C. B.; Barkdoll, B. D. 2022. Economic feasibility analysis of variable-speed pumps by simulating 15 multiple water distribution systems. AQUA - Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society, 71(5):664-670. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2022.032]
Water distribution systems ; Pumps ; Economic analysis ; Feasibility studies ; Energy ; Engineering ; Public health ; Water supply ; Climate change ; Sustainable Development Goals
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051129)
https://iwaponline.com/aqua/article-pdf/71/5/664/1051918/jws0710664.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051129.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051129.pdf
(0.33 MB) (336 KB)
The UN Sustainability Goals address measures to reduce environmental pollution. Water distribution systems (WDSs) use electric energy, which pollutes the atmosphere through, at least partly, the burning of coal. This study simulates, through modeling, variable-speed pumps (VSPs) on 15 different real WDSs on the network solver EPANET and analyzes the payback period. An algorithm is introduced here to select the optimal pump speed pattern to save the most energy while satisfying the constrain of sufficient pressure at all times and all locations. It was found that five of the 15 systems operated unsuccessfully using a VSP, due to the VSP operating at lower speeds causing a lower pressure than normal, thereby causing the pressure to become negative. Additionally, a new chart that compares the payback period, project life, and energy costs between the base case and the VSP case was developed and different regions on the chart reflect different decision criteria.
12 Chinasho, A.; Bedadi, B.; Lemma, T.; Tana, T.; Hordofa, T.; Elias, B. 2022. Farmers’ perceptions about irrigation roles in climate change adaptation and determinants of the choices to WUE [Water Use Efficiency] - improving practices in southern Ethiopia. Air, Soil and Water Research, 15:1-14. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/11786221221092454]
Climate change adaptation ; Farmers ; Water use efficiency ; Irrigation water ; Water management ; Water distribution systems ; Smallholders ; Crop yield ; Dry season ; Rain ; Households ; Econometric models / Ethiopia / Boloso Sore
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051461)
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/reader/10.1177/11786221221092454
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051461.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051461.pdf
(0.56 MB) (576 KB)
Irrigation enhances resilience to the negative impacts of climate change through sustainable food production and environmental health. However, water is a scarce resource that needs efficient utilization. This study explored (1) farmers’ perceptions about the roles of irrigation in climate change adaptation and (2) determinants of the choices to selected WUE-improving soil and water management practices in southern Ethiopia. A multistage sampling technique was used to survey 373 households. The results indicated that the majority of surveyed households were male-headed: 90.6%, above 40 years old: 56.8%, and uneducated: 73.5%. They perceived that irrigation improved their net income (INCOM): 88%, acted as insurance against decreased rainfall (IADR): 44.8%, and insurance against increased temperature (IAIT): 70%; though the water was not available in all dry seasons: 55%. The choice to tightly close water-diversion points after use is significantly positively (p < .05) affected by education level (EDUC) and perceptions about irrigation water as IADR and IAIT. However, the farmers’ perceptions about INCOM significantly negatively affected their choice to not irrigate at peak sunshine hours. The choice of mulching is significantly positively affected by the perception of INCOM and IAIT. Similarly, the choice of using compost is significantly positively affected by EDUC and their perceptions of IADR and IAIT, and significantly negatively affected by INCOM. The choice of not practicing conventional tillage is strongly negatively affected by the farmers’ perceptions about equitable water distribution (EWD) and INCOM. Therefore, it can be concluded that the farmers’ understanding of the roles of irrigation in climate change adaptation is good but their understanding of WUE-improving practices is poor due to poor water distribution systems and low education levels. So, improving water distribution systems and farmers’ awareness about WUE-improving practices are suggested to the study area and other countries under related conditions.
13 Satpathy, S.; Jha, R. 2022. Intermittent water supply in Indian cities: considering the intermittency beyond demand and supply. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua, 71(12):1395-1407. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2022.149]
Intermittent water bodies ; Water supply ; Water resources ; Drinking water ; Sanitation ; Towns ; Political aspects ; Infrastructure ; Water distribution systems / India / Mumbai
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051587)
https://iwaponline.com/aqua/article-pdf/71/12/1395/1155092/jws0711395.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051587.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051587.pdf
(0.45 MB) (464 KB)
Intermittent water supply (IWS) is a typical characteristic of cities in developing countries like India. One of the factors responsible for IWS is unaccounted for water (UFW). Factors like increase in population, upward trends in water demand, water scarcity due to climate change, and asymmetric distribution of water resources are also equally important. However, social relations of water are poorly understood and camouflaged under technicalities associated with IWS. Thus, in this paper, we examine IWS in Indian mega cities and secondary cities with an ethno-economic framework by bringing the data together from various administrative sources like government agencies, allude to its parameters from logistical perspectives, e.g. distances, capacities, population strength, etc., and try to position the water issue with challenges associated with caste, class, gender, religion, region, and governance. The ethno-economic perspective is an attempt to not only complement but also supplement the scientific studies from other disciplines by understanding the real nature of demand and supply problems in urban water management. This paper demonstrates IWS as a multi-dimensional problem and stresses the human drivers of intermittency.
14 Zanfei, A.; Lombardi, A.; De Luca, A.; Menapace, A. 2024. AI-forecast: an innovative and practical tool for short-term water demand forecasting. Water Supply, ws2024055. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2024.055]
Water demand ; Forecasting ; Neural networks ; Machine learning ; Innovation ; Water distribution systems ; Water management ; Models ; Case studies
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052719)
https://iwaponline.com/ws/article-pdf/doi/10.2166/ws.2024.055/1382707/ws2024055.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052719.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052719.pdf
(0.82 MB) (836 KB)
Water management is a major contemporary and future challenge. In an increasing water demand scenario related to climate change, a water distribution system must ensure equal access to water for all users. In this context, a reliable short-term water demand forecasting system is crucial for reliable water management. However, despite the abundance of studies in the scientific literature, few examples highlight complete tools for providing such models to real water utilities and water managers. This study presents AI-Forecast, an innovative tool developed to predict water demand with state-of-art models. Such tool is based on the data-driven logic, and it is designed to provide a complete data-driven chain that starts from the data and arrives to the short-term water demand prediction. AI-Forecast can import data, properly manage them, and assess tasks like outlier detection and missing data imputation. Eventually, it can implement state-of-the-art forecasting models and provide the forecasts. The prediction is shown through an intuitive web interface, which is designed to highlight the major information related to the prediction accuracy. Although this tool does not provide a new prediction algorithm, it proposes a complete data-driven chain that is practically designed to take such models in practice to real water utilities.
15 Asakaa, J. O.; Argomedob, D. W.; Jones, N. P. 2024. Climate change risks to water security: exploring the interplay between climate change, water theft, and water (in)security. Water Policy, wp2024213. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2024.213]
Climate change ; Water security ; Water scarcity ; Infrastructure ; Human rights ; Vulnerability ; Water governance ; Sanitation ; Water distribution systems ; Water management ; Case studies / Kenya / Mexico
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052722)
https://iwaponline.com/wp/article-pdf/doi/10.2166/wp.2024.213/1380938/wp2024213.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052722.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052722.pdf
(0.62 MB) (636 KB)
This article explores the interplay between climate change, water theft, and water (in)security and proposes a three-node nexus conceptual framework for understanding the same. Water is essential for the proper functioning of human and natural systems. However, water scarcity that was limited to specific regions of the world in the past has today become a global crisis. The global water crisis is driven by climate change, water theft, overuse, wastage, pollution, poor governance, and population growth among other factors. This study relied on a close reading of existing scholarly literature to explore the interplay between climate change, water theft, and water (in)security. The study found that existing literature predominantly frames the interplay as a two-node nexus either between climate change and water (in)security or water theft and water (in)security. This article argues that a two-node nexus misses the interaction between climate change and water theft – a critical aspect that is crucial for a nuanced understanding of the interplay. The article proposes a three-node nexus conceptual framework for understanding the interplay. Finally, the article applies the ‘new’ framework to case studies of Kenya and Mexico and discusses insights for future policy and research.
16 Wabela, K.; Hammani, A.; Tekleab, S.; Taky, A. 2024. Farmers’ perception on technical and irrigation water user associations (IWUAs) performance of selected small-scale irrigation schemes in the Ethiopian Rift Valley. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 10(9):11. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-023-00989-x]
Small-scale irrigation ; Irrigation schemes ; Irrigation water ; Irrigation management ; Irrigated farming ; Water user associations ; Farmers ; Institutions ; Rift valleys ; Water allocation ; Household surveys ; Water distribution systems ; Water scarcity ; Food security / Ethiopia / Twelve River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052744)
(0.80 MB)
Local irrigation institutions are crucial for effectively managing and sustaining irrigation schemes. This study assessed the farmers' perceptions on technical and irrigation water user associations' (IWUAs) management performance of selected irrigation schemes in the Ethiopian Rift Valley. Four small-scale irrigation (SSI) schemes, namely, Furfuro, Murtute, Bedene Alemtena (hereafter referred to as Bedene), and Sibisto, were selected for this study. Data were collected using scheme performance reports, household surveys, key informant interviews (KII), focus group discussions (FGD) with various stakeholders, and field observations. Results showed that the reliability and water delivery performance of Furfuro and Sibisto were rated as good by 52% and 41% of respondents, respectively, and poor by 22% and 25%. In Murtute and Bedene, 73% and 51% of respondents, respectively, said that the reliability and water delivery performance were poor, and 11% and 21% rated them as good. Similarly, in Murtute and Bedene, 32% and 37% of respondents, respectively, said that the water allocation was seriously unfair, and 50% and 43% said that they occasionally see unfairness. Although the severity of the problems varies between schemes, the operation, maintenance, and water allocation systems of all schemes were unsatisfactory. The general observation of participants in FGD, KII, and household surveys indicated that the IWUAs were unable to manage the schemes based on the outlined rules and regulations. Lack of training and financial constraints affected the IWUA's ability to manage the schemes properly. In general, poor market access, high input costs, and inefficient irrigation management systems impacted the irrigation production in the study area.
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