Your search found 362 records
1 Adin, A.; Elimelech, M. 1989. Particle filtration for wastewater irrigation. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 115(3):474-487.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: PER Record No: H05591)
2 Russel, J. M.; Cooper, R. N.; Lindsey, S. B. 1991. Reuse of wastewater from meat processing plants for agriculture and forestry irrigation. Water Science and Technology, 24(9):277-286.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 3040 Record No: H09549)
3 Yang, P. Y.; Chang, L. J.; Whalen, S. A. 1991. Anaerobic/aerobic pretreatment of sugarcane mill wastewater for application of drip irrigation. Water Science and Technology, 24(9):243-250.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 3041 Record No: H09550)
4 Bouwer, H. 1993. Urban and agricultural competition for water, and water reuse. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 9(1):13-25.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: PER Record No: H012530)
5 Tajrishy, M. A.; Hills, D. J.; Tchobanoglous, G. 1994. Pretreatment of secondary effluent for drip irrigation. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 120(4):716-731.
Drip irrigation ; Irrigation equipment ; Irrigation design ; Effluents ; Wastewater irrigation ; Water quality
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: PER Record No: H014963)
A pilot-scale treatment system, for developing drip-irrigation pretreatment criteria, was designed, installed, and operated intermittently over 5,300 h using activated sludge secondary effluent. Principal unit processes studied were granular-medium filtration and screen filters for removal of suspended solids, and chlorination treatment at various injection frequencies and concentrations to prevent biofilm formation in emitters and distribution lines. Two types of 4 L/h (1 gal./h) drip emitters were tested - automatic self-flushing and tortuous-path turbulent-flow emitters. Adequate filtration reduced both the required frequency of chlorination and lateral flushing. Intermittent chlorination with 2 mg/L free residual chlorine during the last hour of an irrigation cycle was found as effective as continuous chlorination with 0.4 mg/L free residual chlorine in preventing biofilm formation in emitters and distribution networks. Pretreatment recommendations for these types of emitter designs are presented.
6 International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 2003. Confronting the realities of wastewater use in agriculture. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 6p. (IWMI Water Policy Briefing 009) [doi: https://doi.org/10.3910/2009.326]
Wastewater irrigation ; Irrigation canals ; Conjunctive use ; Public health ; Farmers ; Environmental effects / Mexico / Pakistan
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 INT Record No: H033469)
(172 KB)
Based on research presented in “Urban-Wastewater Reuse for Crop Production in the Water-Short Guanajuato River Basin Mexico (IWMI) Research Report 41) by C. Scott, J.A. Zarazua and G. Levine; “Urban Wastewater: AValuable Resource for Agriculture: A Case Study from Haroonabad, Pakistan (IWMI Research Report 63)” by W. van der Hoek, M. Ul Hassan, J. Ensink, S. Feenstra, L. Rachid-Sally, S. Munir, R. Aslam, N. Ali, R. Hussain and Y. Matsuno: and “Use of Untreated Wastewater in Peri-Urban Agriculture in Pakistan: Risks and Opportunities (IWMI Research Report 64)” by K Ensink, W. van der Hoek, Y. Matsuno, S. Munir and R. Aslam. In urban and peri-urban zones in developing countries, poor farmers commonly use nutrient-rich sewage and wastewater to irrigate high-value crops. In many places, this untreated wastewater is their only source of irrigation water—so their livelihoods depend on it. But, as well as bringing benefits, the unregulated use of wastewater also poses risks to human health and the environment. The prevailing “scientific” approach to wastewater irrigation advocates treatment before use and the implementation of strict regulations. But many developing countries can’t afford to build treatment facilities and do not have the resources to enforce regulations. There are other options, as IWMI research in Mexico and Pakistan demonstrates. Well-crafted policies on wastewater use have the potential to improve the incomes of poor urban and peri-urban farmers and reduce pollution of lakes, streams and aquifers. Continuing to turn a blind eye to wastewater use can result in higher incidences of disease among farmers and consumers and in irreversible degradation of the environment. Policymakers need to develop comprehensive strategies for managing wastewater tailored to local socioeconomic and environmental conditions and for analysis of the short- and long-term risks and benefits of all available options.
7 Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Abayawardana, Sarath. 2005. Wastewater as a non-traditional source of livelihoods, city food security and water for agriculture. In International Water Management Institute (IWMI). Wastewater use for agriculture: articles and publications by IWMI and partners, 1998-2004. 18p.
Wastewater irrigation ; Food security ; Urbanization ; Sanitation ; Water pollution ; Poverty ; Public health ; Risks ; Soil degradation
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 IWM Record No: H037199)
8 Huibers, F. P.; Raschid-sally, Liqa. 2005. Design in domestic wastewater irrigation. Irrigation and Drainage, 54(Supplement 1):S113-S118.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: PER Record No: H037450)
9 International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 2006. Recycling realities: managing health risks to make wastewater an asset. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 6p. (IWMI Water Policy Briefing 017) [doi: https://doi.org/10.3910/2009.334]
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 INT Record No: H038812)
(319 KB)
This Water Policy Briefing was produced by IWMI in partnership with the Global Water Partnership (GWP) Advisory Center at IWMI and the GWP Technical Committee. It is based on the book Wastewater Use in Irrigated Agriculture: Confronting the Livelihood and Environmental Realities, edited by C.A. Scott, N.I. Faruqui, and L.Raschid-Sally (CABI/IWMI/IDRC, 2004), and the revised WHO Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater (2006, In Press). The brief complements Catalyzing Change, the GWP handbook for developing IWRM and water efficiency strategies and plans, and the associated policy and technical briefs. In developing countries, fast-growing urban populations are demanding more fresh water and food, while generating greater volumes of domestic wastewater. Due to the lack of comprehensive wastewater management, a major portion of the wastewater pollutes natural water bodies. These polluted sources are used in and around the cities for agriculture and other purposes. In drier climates, farmers often use the wastewater itself from drains and sewers because it is the only (reliable) source of water. Although municipalities increasingly recognize the importance of this sector in supplying cities, amongs other things with vitamin rich vegetables, they are also aware of the associated health risks through microbial crop contamination1, especially when it concerns food consumed uncooked. Among wastewater-related infections, diarrhoeal diseases are the top cause of death among children in the developing world. Fragmented attempts have been made to address this problem, by relying on technical solutions (wastewater treatment) or regulatory measures (such as banning wastewater irrigation or restricting the types of crops irrigated). Both approaches have failed in the context of low-income countries. What’s required is an integrated water resources management (IWRM) approach which looks at the whole urban water cycle and across the urban-rural continuum at environmental consequences downstream, as well as socio-economic benefits of resource recovery. This has to be combined with locally appropriate and sustainable risk reduction measures. It should also recognize that solutions require the active involvement of stakeholders from different sectors. This is a vital point in a sensitive and multi-sectoral issue like “peri-urban wastewater irrigation”, which commonly concerns different ministries and municipal departments.
10 Rutkowski, T.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Buechler, Stephanie. 2007. Wastewater irrigation in the developing world: Two case studies from the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal. Agricultural Water Management, 88(1-3):83-91.
Wastewater irrigation ; Water reuse ; Water quality ; Irrigation practices ; Health hazards ; Rivers ; Water pollution ; Farmers ; Case studies / Nepal / Kathmandu Valley / Kirtipur / Bhaktapur / Khasyang Khusung Stream / Chikhu Khola Stream / Hanumante River
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G726 RUT, PER Record No: H039646)
11 FAO. 2000. Users manual for irrigation with treated wastewater. Cairo, Egypt: FAO Regional Office for the Near East. 69p.
Water reuse ; Water quality ; Irrigation water ; Wastewater treatment ; Wastewater irrigation ; Health hazards ; Irrigation systems ; Irrigation scheduling ; Legal aspects ; Economic aspects / Middle East
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.5 GG30 FAO Record No: H039898)
12 Basberg, L.; Jessen, O. Z. 2006. Water quality monitoring and application of hydrological modeling tools at a wastewater irrigation site in Nam Dinh, Vietnam. In Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Jayakody, Priyantha (Eds.). Proceedings of Workshop on Wastewater Reuse in Agriculture in Vietnam: Water Management, Environment and Human Health Aspects, Hanoi, Vietnam, 4 May 2006. In English and Vietnamese. Hanoi, Vietnam: Agriculture Publishing House; Hanoi, Vietnam: Center for Participatory Irrigation Management (CPIM) of Vietnam Institute for Water Resources Research; Hanoi, Vietnam: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.149-155.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G784 RAS Record No: H039983)
13 Qadir, Manzoor; Wichelns, D; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Minhas, P. S.; Drechsel, Pay; Bahri, Akissa; McCornick, Peter G.; Abaidoo, R.; Attia, F.; El-Guindy, S.; Ensink, J. H. J.; Jimenez, B.; Kijne, J. W.; Koo-Oshima, S.; Oster, J. D.; Oyebande, L.; Sagardoy, J. A.; van der Hoek, W. 2007. Agricultural use of marginal-quality water: opportunities and challenges. In Molden, David (Ed.). Water for food, water for life: a Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture. London, UK: Earthscan; Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.425-457.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 630.7 G000 IWM Record No: H040204)
(1.53 MB)
14 Gbewonyo, Kafui. 2007. Wastewater irrigation and the farmer: investigating the relation between irrigation water source, farming practices, and farmer health in Accra, Ghana. Thesis presented to the Committee on Environmental Science and Public Policy, Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a degree with honors of Bachelor of Arts. 105p.
Wastewater irrigation ; Risks ; Farming systems ; Urban agriculture ; Vegetables ; Farmers ; Health hazards ; Case studies ; Irrigation practices ; Pipes ; Fertilizers ; Water quality ; Surveys ; Public health ; Diseases ; Water purification ; Reservoirs / Ghana / USA / Israel / Mexico / India / Accra
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: D 631.7.5 G200 GBE Record No: H040255)
15 WHO. 2006. Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater: Volume 1 - Policy and regulatory aspects. 3rd ed. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. 100p.
Wastewater ; Water reuse ; Excreta ; Water quality ; Guidelines ; Policy ; Governance ; Monitoring ; Assessment ; Water use ; Health hazards ; Risks ; Environmental effects ; Wastewater irrigation ; Aquaculture
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 363.7284 G000 WHO Record No: H040278)
http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241546824_eng.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H040278.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H040278.pdf
16 WHO. 2006. Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater: Volume 2 – Wastewater use in agriculture. 3rd ed. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. 196p.
Wastewater ; Water reuse ; Wastewater irrigation ; Water quality ; Guidelines ; Health hazards ; Risk analysis ; Excreta ; Diseases ; Waterborne diseases ; Bacteria ; Soils ; Vegetables ; Wastewater treatment ; Monitoring ; Assessment ; Risk management ; Water quality ; Cost benefit analysis ; Policy ; Planning
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 363.7284 G000 WHO Record No: H040279)
(15.48 MB)
17 International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 2007. Jala Puwath. In Sinhalese. [Water Matters: news of IWMI research in Sri Lanka]. Jala Puwath, 2. 7p.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G744 INT Record No: H040320)
18 Rajapakshe, I. H.; Najim, M. M. M. 2007. Water and nutrient balance in paddy field irrigated by wastewater during off (Yala) season in Kurunegala, Sri Lanka. Journal of Applied Irrigation Science, 42(1):77-91.
Rice ; Paddy fields ; Water quality ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Wastewater irrigation ; Irrigation canals ; Water balance / Sri Lanka / Kurunegala
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: PER Record No: H040449)
19 Amoah, Philip; Drechsel, Pay; Abaidoo, R. C.; Klutse, A. 2007. Effectiveness of common and improved sanitary washing methods in selected cities of West Africa for the reduction of coliform bacteria and helminth eggs on vegetables. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 12(Suppl.2):39-49.
Wastewater irrigation ; Coliform bacteria ; Pathogens ; Vegetables ; Cleaning ; Washing / West Africa / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 Record No: H040507)
20 Keraita, Bernard; Konradsen, F.; Drechsel, Pay; Abaidoo, R. C. 2007. Effect of low-cost irrigation methods on microbial contamination of lettuce irrigated with untreated wastewater. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 12(Suppl. 2):15-22.
Irrigation practices ; Wastewater irrigation ; Vegetables ; Lettuces ; Urban agriculture ; Helminths ; Laboratory techniques ; Furrow irrigation ; Sprinkler irrigation ; Drip irrigation ; Biological contamination ; Health hazards ; Risks / Ghana / Kumasi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G200 KER Record No: H040534)
Powered by DB/Text WebPublisher, from
