Your search found 94 records
1 Kumar, M. Dinesh; Singh, Om Prakash. 2005. Virtual water in global food and water policy making: is there a need for rethinking? IWMI-Tata Water Policy Research Highlight, 3/2005. 7p.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.3 G000 KUM Record No: H036595)
(340 KB)
2 Gualtieri, A. G. 2008. Legal implications of trade in ‘real’ and ‘virtual’ water resources. Geneva, Switzerland: International Environmental Law Research Centre. 19p. (IELRC Working Paper 2008-02)
(Location: IWMI HQ Record No: H041230)
3 Verma, Shilp; Kampman, D. A.; van der Zaag, P.; Hoekstra, A. Y. 2008. Going against the flow: a critical analysis of virtual water trade in the context of India’s National River Linking Program. In Humphreys, E.; Bayot, R. S.; van Brakel, M.; Gichuki, F.; Svendsen, M.; Wester, P.; Huber-Lee, A.; Cook, S. Douthwaite, B.; Hoanh, Chu Thai; Johnson, N.; Nguyen-Khoa, Sophie; Vidal, A.; MacIntyre, I.; MacIntyre, R. (Eds.). Fighting poverty through sustainable water use: proceedings of the CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food, 2nd International Forum on Water and Food, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 10-14 November 2008. Vol.1. Keynotes; Cross-cutting topics. Colombo, Sri Lanka: CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food. pp.58-64.
River basin development ; Development projects ; Virtual water ; Trade policy ; Water market ; Food policy / India
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 333.91 G000 HUM Record No: H041773)
http://ifwf2.org/addons/download_presentation.php?fid=1001
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H041773.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H041773.pdf
4 Pearce, R. 2006. When the rivers run dry: water - the defining crisis of the twenty-first century. Boston, MA, USA: Beacon Press. 324p.
Water resources ; Rivers ; Water scarcity ; Water stress ; Water resources development ; Water supply ; Drinking water ; Virtual water ; Wells ; Arsenic ; Poisoning ; Farmers ; Floodplains ; Drought ; Climate change ; Dams ; Flooding ; Rain ; Drip irrigation / UK / USA / Pakistan / India / China / Central Asia / Iran / Rio Grande / Colorado River / Lake Chad / Mekong / Yellow River / Aral Sea
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 PEA Record No: H041912)
(0.06 MB)
5 Rogers, P. P.; Llamas, M. R.; Martinez-Cortina, L. (Eds.) 2006. Water crisis: myth or reality?. Marcelino Botin Water Forum 2004. London, UK: Taylor & Francis. 331p.
Water policy ; Water crisis ; Water governance ; Economic aspects ; Irrigation efficiency ; Water scarcity ; Virtual water ; Groundwater ; Poverty ; Irrigation water ; Water reuse ; Watersheds ; Desalinization ; Environmental effects ; Water security ; Water supply
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 ROG Record No: H041950)
(0.05 MB)
6 Allan, J. A. 2006. Virtual water: part of an invisible synergy that ameliorates water scarcity. In Rogers, P. P.; Llamas, M. R.; Martinez-Cortina, L. (Eds.). Water crisis: myth or reality?: Marcelino Botin Water Forum 2004. London, UK: Taylor and Francis. pp.131-150.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 ROG Record No: H042009)
7 Ramirez-Vallejo, J. 2006. Virtual water – part of an invisible synergy that ameliorates water scarcity: commentary. In Rogers, P. P.; Llamas, M. R.; Martinez-Cortina, L. (Eds.). Water crisis: myth or reality?: Marcelino Botin Water Forum 2004. London, UK: Taylor and Francis. pp.151-159.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 ROG Record No: H042010)
8 Sullivan, C. A. 2009. Poverty and the ethics of water development. In Llamas, M. R.; Martinez-Cortina, L.; Mukherji, Aditi. (Eds.). Water ethics: Marcelino Botin Water Forum 2007. Leiden, Netherlands: CRC Press. pp.129-149.
Water poverty ; Indicators ; Water resource management ; Ethics ; Poverty ; Health ; Virtual water ; Economic development ; Water use ; River basins ; International waters
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 LLA Record No: H042077)
9 UN. 2009. The United Nations world water development report 3: water in a changing world. Paris, France: UNESCO; London, UK: Earthscan. 318p.
Water resources ; Water resource management ; Water governance ; Investment ; Decision making ; Sustainable development ; Water scarcity ; Water shortage ; Water policy ; Water law ; Financing ; Water use ; Multiple use ; Domestic water ; Water supply ; Sanitation ; Public health ; Irrigation water ; Climate change ; Groundwater management ; Water pollution ; Water quality ; Pollution control ; Ecosystems ; Hydrological cycle ; Stream flow ; Erosion ; Water stress ; River basins ; Morphology ; Sedimentation ; Case studies ; Energy ; Food production ; Population growth ; Economic aspects ; Water footprints ; Virtual water ; Maps ; Poverty ; Biofuels ; Technology ; Rainfed farming ; Irrigated farming ; Water potential ; Fisheries ; Conflict ; Aquifers
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042303)
http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/wwdr3/pdf/WWDR3_Water_in_a_Changing_World.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042303.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042303.pdf
(29.77 MB)
10 Verma, Shilp; Kampman, D. A.; van der Zaag, P.; Hoekstra, A. K. 2009. Addressing India’s water challenge 2050: the virtual water trade option. In International Water Management Institute (IWMI). Strategic Analyses of the National River Linking Project (NRLP) of India Series 5. Proceedings of the Second National Workshop on Strategic Issues in Indian Irrigation, New Delhi, India, 8-9 April 2009. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.215-231.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042695)
(0.26 MB)
11 Wichelns, Dennis. 2010. Virtual water: a helpful perspective, but not a sufficient policy criterion. Water Resources Management, 24(10):2203-2219.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043039)
(0.33 MB)
The topic of virtual water has received substantial attention in recent years, both in scholarly literature and the popular press. Many authors have described the “flow of virtual water” between countries that engage in the trade of agricultural crops and livestock products. Some have suggested that water-short countries should import water-intensive agricultural products from water-abundant countries, while using their limited domestic water resources for higher valued activities. While compelling at first, such a policy prescription can be misleading. Virtual water is a helpful phrase for describing the water required to produce agricultural products and other goods. Discussions of virtual water have been effective in encouraging public officials and citizens to focus on water scarcity issues. Yet the phrase is not based on an underlying conceptual framework. Hence, the virtual water perspective cannot be used alone as a criterion for selecting optimal policies. Trading strategies based on the virtual water perspective are not consistent with the economic concept of comparative advantage. In a similar fashion, distinguishing between the “blue water” and “green water” components of virtual water is helpful in a descriptive sense, but these phrases are not based on an underlying conceptual framework that can serve as a policy criterion for selecting among alternative policy options.
12 2010. Trade and conserve - how to make tight supplies go further: a special report on water. Economist, 20 May 2010.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043282)
(0.08 MB)
13 Lundqvist, J. (Ed.) 2010. On the water front: selections from the 2009 World Water Week in Stockholm. Stockholm, Sweden: Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI). 112p.
Water rights ; Women ; Sanitation ; Human rights ; International waters ; River basins ; Water use ; Water transfer ; Legislation ; Water quality ; Climate change ; Water footprint ; Virtual water ; Water market ; Water storage ; Waterborne diseases ; Groundwater ; Tube wells ; Pumping ; Electricity supplies / Asia / India / Bangladesh / Thailand / China / USA
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043334)
http://www.worldwaterweek.org/documents/Resources/Synthesis/On_the_Water_Front_selections_from_WWW.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043334.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043334.pdf
(5.24 MB) (5.24 MB)
14 Verma, S. 2010. Understanding interstate virtual water trade and its determinants in India. In Lundqvist, J. (Ed.). On the water front: selections from the 2009 World Water Week in Stockholm. Stockholm, Sweden: Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI). pp.80-89.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043362)
http://www.worldwaterweek.org/documents/Resources/Synthesis/On_the_Water_Front_selections_from_WWW.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043362.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043362.pdf
(0.40 MB) (5.24 MB)
Based on recent estimates, this paper discusses the nature of and factors affecting domestic virtual water trade in India against the backdrop of an ambitious US$120 billion interbasin water transfer plan of the Government of India. Our analysis shows that differences in water endowments fail to fully explain virtual water trade flows. We argue that it is economic rather than physical water scarcity (or abundance) that explains trade flows. Non-water factors – such as per capita arable land – and public policy on agricultural inputs and access to agricultural markets explain the trade flows better. We therefore argue that these factors need to be taken into account for a more nuanced understanding of the virtual water trade and its policy interpretation.
15 Thenkabail, P. S.; Hanjra, M. A.; Dheeravath, V.; Gumma, Murali Krishna. 2010. A holistic view of global croplands and their water use for ensuring global food security in the 21st century through advanced remote sensing and non-remote sensing approaches. Remote Sensing, 2(1):211-261. [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/rs2010211]
Farmland ; Irrigated land ; Remote sensing ; Mapping ; Water use ; Virtual water ; Water productivity ; Food security
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043444)
(4.41 MB)
This paper presents an exhaustive review of global croplands and their water use, for the end of last millennium, mapped using remote sensing and non-remote sensing approaches by world’s leading researchers on the subject. A comparison at country scale of global cropland area estimated by these studies had a high R2-value of 0.89–0.94. The global cropland area estimates amongst different studies are quite close and range between 1.47–1.53 billion hectares. However, significant uncertainties exist in determining irrigated areas which, globally, consume nearly 80% of all human water use. The estimates show that the total water use by global croplands varies between 6,685 to 7,500 km3 yr-1 and of this around 4,586 km3 yr-1 is by rainfed croplands (green water use) and the rest by irrigated croplands (blue water use). Irrigated areas use about 2,099 km3 yr-1 (1,180 km3 yr-1 of blue water and the rest from rain that falls over irrigated croplands). However, 1.6 to 2.5 times the blue water required by irrigated croplands is actually withdrawn from reservoirs or pumping of ground water, suggesting an irrigation efficiency of only between 40–62 percent. The weaknesses, trends, and future directions to precisely estimate the global croplands are examined. Finally, the paper links global croplands and their water use to a paradigm for ensuring future food security.
16 Braimoh, A. K.; Vlek, P. L. G. (Eds.) 2008. Land use and soil resources. London, UK: Springer. 253p.
Land use ; Land management ; Erosion ; Soil degradation ; Soil conservation ; Soil salinity ; Irrigation water ; Agricultural development ; Agricultural trade ; Food production ; Virtual water ; Models ; Waterlogging ; Case studies ; Soil properties ; Heavy metals ; Urbanization / Ethiopia / Africa South of Sahara
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.73 G000 BRA Record No: H043457)
(0.37 MB)
17 Martinez-Cortina, L.; Garrido, A.; Lopez-Gunn, E. (Eds.) 2010. Re-thinking water and food security: Fourth Botin Foundation Water Workshop. Leiden, Netherlands: CRC Press. 377p.
Water productivity ; Simulation models ; Water transfer ; Food security ; Water supply ; Water resources development ; Virtual water ; Water balance ; Water footprint ; Rice ; Water use ; Water policy ; Water security ; International trade ; Water market ; Pricing ; Poverty ; Economic analysis ; Water scarcity ; Water quality ; Water pollution ; Groundwater development ; Aquifers ; Electrical energy ; Desalinization / Spain / Arab countries / Middle East / Syria / Tunisia / Spain / India
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 363.61 G000 MAR Record No: H043459)
(0.32 MB)
18 Hoekstra, A. Y.; Chapagain, A. K. 2008. Globalization of water: sharing the planet's freshwater resources. Malden, MA, USA: Blackwell. 208p.
Globalization ; Water resources development ; International trade ; Freshwater ; Virtual water ; Agricultural production ; Water use ; Water scarcity ; Water quality ; Flow discharge ; Consumers ; Water conservation ; Water loss ; Economic aspects ; Water footprint ; Water transfer ; Tea ; Coffee ; Cotton / Netherlands / Morocco / China
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 HOE Record No: H043484)
(0.42 MB)
19 Wichelns, Dennis. 2010. Virtual water and water footprints: policy relevant or simply descriptive? Book review essay on "Garrido, A.; Llamas, M. R.; Varela-Ortega, C.; Novo, P.; Rodriguez-Casado, R.; Aldaya, M. M. 2010. Water footprint and virtual water trade in Spain: policy implications. New York, NY, USA: Springer and Marcelino Botin Foundation. Natural Resource Management and Policy Series" International Journal of Water Resources Development, 26(4):689-695. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2010.519533]
Virtual water ; Water footprint ; International trade ; Water use ; Economic analysis ; Policy / Spain
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043554)
(0.10 MB)
20 Wichelns, Dennis. 2010. Virtual water and water footprints offer limited insight regarding important policy questions. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 26(4):639-651. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2010.519494]
Virtual water ; Water footprint ; Policy ; Water conservation ; Economic analysis ; Water allocation ; Water use ; Water loss ; International trade
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043555)
(0.14 MB)
Much of the literature regarding virtual water and water footprints focuses on the potential water savings that might be realized when water-short countries import water-intensive agricultural goods from countries with larger water endowments. Some of the published estimates of potential national and global water savings made possible through international trade are quite large and they do not reflect actual or potential opportunities to save water. Recent additions to the virtual water literature describe the pressure placed on water resources in one country by consumers of imported products in another. Some authors suggest that, through international trade, consumers are partly responsible for water resource problems in distant regions. Although one goal of virtual water analysis is to describe opportunities for improving water security, there is almost no mention of the potential impacts of the prescriptions arising from that analysis on farm households in industrialized or developing countries. It is essential to consider more carefully the inherent flaws in the virtual water and water footprint perspectives, particularly when seeking guidance regarding policy decisions.
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