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1 Merrey, D. J. 1983. Irrigation, poverty and social change in a village of Pakistani Punjab: an historical and cultural ecological analysis. Thesis, vol. I: part I-IV, vol. II: part V-VI. Dissertation in anthropology presented to the University of Pennsylvania for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. v.1:pp.1-469; v2: pp.470-861.
Irrigation systems ; History ; Irrigation canals ; Villages ; Social structure ; Settlement ; Land ownership ; Tenancy ; Farm size ; Poverty / Pakistan / Punjab / Gujarat / Gondalpur village / Chaj Doab / Lower Jehlum Canal
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: D 631.7.3 G730 MER Record No: H000884)
(0.48 MB)
The dissertation examines the roots of poverty in rural Pakistan by attempting to explain why there has been little "development" in a village that was a direct "beneficiary" of a large development project, the irrigation system of Punjab. Utilizing both detailed land records and data gathered through standard anthropological techniques, the dissertation analyzes how and why the community changed between 1857 and 1977. In 1857, "Gondalpur" had 67 inhabitants cultivating 64 acres of land, and dependent mainly on cattle for subsistence. By 1901 Gondalpur had nearly 570 inhabitants cultivating over 300 acres and pursuing a mixed cultivation and cattle-raising strategy. A clear division developed between land owners and non-owners, accompanied by a system of exchanges between cultivators and occupational specialists. Over half the land had been acquired by absentee landlords. In 1904, when canal irrigation was introduced, there was a rapid expansion of cultivation, especially cash cropping; an increase in tenancy; and kinship groups called biraderi emerged as important components of the social structure. By 1977 the population reached 1,450, and most land is irrigated and double-cropped. There has been a drastic decline in size of ownership and farm units. After the initial expansion of cultivation, per capita agricultural productivity has declined. Most villagers are quite poor. The community is fragmented by conflict and unable to resist interference from outsiders. The dissertation tries to explain these changes from an historical and cultural ecological perspective. The major factors identified are the irrigation system's design and organization; certain policies of the British government; and the large "fund of rent" siphoned from the community through taxes, rent, and illegal extractions by officials. These and other factors interacted with the community patterns of land tenure and organization and production which had developed before canal irrigation. The result is low productivity, large inequalities in land holding, no investment in improved technologies, and an inability to cooperate on self-help projects. The dissertation concludes by discussing the implications of the findings for cultural ecological theory and the future development of the Indus Basin.
2 Leach, E. R. 1980. Village irrigation in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. In Coward, E. W. Jr. (Ed.), Irrigation and agricultural development in Asia: Perspectives from the social sciences. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell University Press. pp.91-126.
Villages ; Irrigation ; History ; Administration ; Land tenure ; Irrigated farming ; Water allocation ; Arid zones / Sri Lanka / Pul Eliya
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.8 G570 COW Record No: H04673)
(2.36 MB)
3 de Jong, I. H. 1991. Land fragmentation and the scope of land consolidation programs in tank irrigation systems in Sri Lanka. Unpublished report. 20p.
Tank irrigation ; Land consolidation ; Land development ; Research ; Cultivation methods ; Villages / Sri Lanka
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IIMI 631.7.2 G744 DEJ Record No: H013011)
4 Van Dijk, J. A.; Ahmed, M. H. 1993. Opportunities for expanding water harvesting in Sub-Saharan Africa: the case of the Teras of Kassala. London, UK: IIED. 19p. (Gatekeeper Series 40)
Water harvesting ; Water resources ; Sustainable agriculture ; Runoff ; Farming systems ; Bunds ; Construction ; Maintenance ; Farmer participation ; Villages ; Traditional farming ; Environment ; Policy / Africa South of Sahara / Sudan / Kassala
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G100 VAN Record No: H013779)
(0.34 MB) (349.63 KB)
Recently settled pastoralists in the Kassala Border Area of East Sudan are combining different livelihood activities, including different run-off farming techniques, to fulfil their subsistence needs. The teras1 technique of water harvesting is widespread and offers good opportunities for run-off manipulation and moisture storage. Despite relatively high labour requirements and low grain yields, the terus are critically important in strategies of holding dispersal and hence of risk. In this paper, we discuss the value and extent of teras close to Kassala. Its small scale, private management and adaptive capacity make it a technology replicable in other areas of Sudan and in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). In order to achieve this, rural programmes must tap the proven rich source of indigenous knowledge more than is presently the case.
5 Bruns, B. 1987. Invisible irrigation: Water management in Northeast Thailand. FMIS Newsletter, No.2:13-15.
Irrigation management ; Water management ; Villages ; Rice ; Paddy fields ; Privatization / Thailand
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: PER Record No: H013931)
(0.29 MB)
6 Singh, K. K. 1988. Lift irrigation cooperative societies: A case study from Gujarat, India. FMIS Newsletter, No.5:21-26.
Irrigation systems ; Water lifting ; Irrigation management ; Villages ; Social aspects ; Economic aspects ; Irrigated farming ; Institutions / India / Gujarat
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: PER Record No: H013949)
(1.35 MB)
7 Karunakaran, K. 1994. Tank rehabilitation in Tamil Nadu: A study of participatory management in irrigation. A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Engineering, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Civil Engineering, Anna University, Madras, India. xvii, 244p.
Rehabilitation ; Modernization ; Tank irrigation ; Participatory management ; Farmer participation ; Irrigation management ; Water user associations ; Villages ; Social aspects ; Agriculture ; Research / India / Tamil Nadu
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: D 631.7.7 G656 KAR Record No: H013882)
8 IIED. 1993. Rural people's knowledge, agricultural research and extension practice: Asia papers. London, UK: IIED. iv, 98p. (IIED research series vol.1, no.3)
Agricultural research ; Agricultural extension ; Farmers' attitudes ; Farmer participation ; Rice ; Pest control ; Watershed management ; Sustainable agriculture ; Villages / Asia / Philippines / Nepal / India / Indonesia
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 630.715 G000 IIE Record No: H013890)
9 Shah, P. 1993. Participatory watershed management programmes in India: Reversing our roles and revising our theories. IIED, Rural people's knowledge, agricultural research and extension practice: Asia papers. London, UK: IIED. pp.38-67.
Farmer participation ; Watershed management ; Water management ; Participatory management ; Agricultural extension ; Water conservation ; Villages ; Soil conservation ; Soil classification / India / Rajasthan / Gujarat
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 630.715 G000 IIE Record No: H013891)
10 Ubels, J.; Horst, L. (Eds.) 1993. Irrigation design in Africa: Towards an interactive method. Wageningen, Netherlands: Wageningen Agricultural University. 115p.
Irrigation design ; Irrigation systems ; Farming systems ; Social aspects ; Households ; Labor ; Water distribution ; Women ; Farmers' associations ; Villages ; Irrigation programs ; Farmer-agency interactions ; Farmer managed irrigation systems / Africa South of Sahara / Senegal / Zimbabwe / Kenya / Gambia
(Location: IWMI-SA Call no: 631.7.1 G100 UBE Record No: H013910)
11 Meijers, T.; Ombara, D.; van der Zaag, P. 1993. Design as an interactive process: Shaping irrigation systems with the users. In Ubels, J.; Horst, L. (Eds.), Irrigation design in Africa: Towards an interactive method. Wageningen, Netherlands: Wageningen Agricultural University. pp.71-92.
Irrigation design ; Irrigation systems ; Farmer participation ; Social aspects ; Villages / Africa / Kenya / Senegal
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.1 G100 UBE Record No: H013915)
12 IIED. Sustainable Agriculture Programme. 1994. RRA notes number 19: Special issue on training. London, UK: IIED. 121p.
Training ; Rural development ; Participatory rural appraisal ; Health ; Women ; Gender ; Agricultural policy ; Villages ; Evaluation / India / UK / USA / Uganda / Ethiopia / Bangladesh / Sudan / Tanzania / Kenya / Brazil
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 630.715 G000 IIE Record No: H014029)
13 Mosse, D. 1993. Authority, gender and knowledge: Theoretical reflections on the practice of participatory rural appraisal. London, UK: ODI. 31p. (ODI Network paper 44)
Participatory rural appraisal ; Women in development ; Gender ; Project appraisal ; Rural development ; Villages / India
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: ODI/93/44 Record No: H014115)
14 Merrey, D. J. 1992. Irrigation and honor: Cultural impediments to the improvement of local level water management in Punjab, Pakistan. In Dove, M. R.; Carpenter, C. (Eds.), Sociology of natural resources in Pakistan and adjoining countries. Lahore, Pakistan: Vanguard Books. pp.126-160.
Irrigation management ; Rural sociology ; Culture ; Social organization ; Case studies ; Irrigation canals ; Rehabilitation ; Watercourses ; Maintenance ; Villages ; Farmers' attitudes / Pakistan / Punjab
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 333.7 G730 DOV Record No: H014107)
15 Seckler, D. 1986. Institutionalism and agricultural development in India. Journal of Economic Issues, 20(4):1011-1027.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 3365 Record No: H014180)
16 Chand, R. 1994. Role of water rights in farmer-managed hill irrigation systems. Economic and Political Weekly, 29(13):A26-A30.
Water rights ; Water user associations ; Mountains ; Irrigation efficiency ; Farmers' attitudes ; Social aspects ; Villages / India / Himachal Pradesh
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 3411 Record No: H014290)
17 Rajapakse, D. A. 1994. Inter-locking class and gender: Mahaweli women's (subjective) class experiences at times of drought. Paper presented at the Fourth National Convention on Women's Studies, Centre for Women's Research (CENWOR), Colombo, Sri Lanka, 2-6 March 1994. 22p.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 3415 Record No: H014298)
18 Agrawal, A. 1993. Removing ropes, attaching strings: Institutional arrangements to provide water. Indigenous Knowledge and Development Monitor, 1(3):4-7.
Water supply ; Rural development ; Villages ; Economic aspects ; Households ; Water lifting ; Water scarcity ; Tube wells ; Water costs ; Water policy ; Social aspects ; Bureaucracy / India
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 3418 Record No: H014315)
19 Singh, K. 1994. Managing common pool irrigation tanks: A case study. In Singh, K., Managing common pool resources: Principles and case studies. Delhi, India: OUP. pp.203-226.
Tank irrigation ; Reservoirs ; Farmer participation ; Water users ; Case studies ; Crops ; Decision making ; Villages / India
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 333.7 G 635 SIN Record No: H014388)
20 Horii, K. 1994. A comparative study on water control system in Malaysian and Japanese farming society. In Orii, K. (Ed.), Trial research report on a comparative study of irrigation institutions in Asia. Saitama-Ken, Japan: Daito Bunka University. pp.25-56.
Water management ; Water control ; Water distribution ; Rice ; Farming systems ; Irrigation canals ; Farmer participation ; History ; Colonialism ; Water policy ; Villages ; Farmers' associations ; Legal aspects / Malaysia / Japan
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 3347 Record No: H014326)
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