Your search found 376 records
1 Bhamoriya, V. 2002. Wastewater and welfare: pump irrigation economy of peri-urban Vadodara. IWMI-TATA Water Policy Research Program Annual Partners' Meet, 2002. Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India: IWMI-TATA Water Policy Research Program. 24p.
Wastewater ; Water reuse ; Effluents ; Drainage ; Irrigation water ; Development plans ; Costs ; Water market ; Urban areas / India / Vadodara
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G635 BHA Record No: H029642)
(526.82 KB)
2 Tsiagbey, M.; Danso, George; Anang, L.; Sarpong, Eric. 2005. Perceptions and acceptability of urine-diverting toilets in a low-income urban community in Ghana. In Ecological sanitation: a sustainable, integrated solution. Conference documentation of the 3rd International Ecological Sanitation Conference, Durban, South Africa, 23-26 May 2005. Pretoria, South Africa: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) pp.299-303.
Water supply ; Urban areas ; Sanitation ; Waste disposal ; Urine ; Stakeholders ; Households / Ghana
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 628 G200 TSI Record No: H037658)
http://conference2005.ecosan.org/papers/tsiagbey_et_al.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H037658.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H037658.pdf
(110.41 KB)
3 Butterworth, J. A.; Dziegielewska-Geitz, M.; Wagner, I.; Sutherland, A.; Manning, Nadia; Da Silva, C.; Verhagen, J. 2008. Learning alliances for innovation in urban water management. Paper presented at the thematic workshop Water and Cities at the Water Tribune Expo Zaragoza, Spain, 25-28 July 2008.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 363.61 G000 BUT Record No: H041563)
http://www.switchurbanwater.eu/outputs/pdfs/WP6-2_PAP_LA_for_innovation_in_UWM.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H041563.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H041563.pdf
4 Sun, R.; Jin, M.; Giordano, Mark; Villholth, Karen G. 2009. Urban and rural groundwater use in Zhengzhou, China: challenges in joint management. Hydrogeology Journal, 16(6):1495-1506.
Groundwater management ; Groundwater development ; Water supply ; Water use ; Groundwater depletion ; Water governance ; Institutions ; Water policy ; Prices ; Price policy ; Water conservation ; Rural areas ; Urban areas / China / Zhengzhou City
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042051)
(0.28 MB)
5 Evans, Alexandra; Varma, Samyuktha. 2009. Practicalities of participation in urban IWRM: perspectives of wastewater management in two cities in Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. Natural Resources Forum, 33:19-28.
Wastewater irrigation ; Water resource management ; Participatory management ; Planning ; Stakeholders ; Urban areas / Sri Lanka / Bangladesh / Kurunegala / Deduru Oya / Maguru Oya / Rajshahi / Baranai River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042088)
(0.17 MB)
As the demand for water in cities increases, the quantity of wastewater being produced is growing at a phenomenal rate. If resources are to be managed effectively, a new paradigm is required for urban wastewater management. This paper reviews the initial findings of a participatory action planning process for managing wastewater for agricultural use. It finds that such processes need considerable facilitation, capacity building and knowledge sharing, but that if a plan can be devised that meets the needs of the stakeholders, even if some compromise is required, then certain stakeholders are likely to take responsibility for specific aspects. This may not meet the entire integrated water resources management (IWRM) vision of the plan but provided the plan is developed in such a way that incremental implementation will be beneficial then this will produce some success and may stimulate further cooperation.
6 Barron, J. (Ed.) 2009. Rainwater harvesting: a lifeline for human well-being. Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP Division of Environmental Policy Implementation; Stockholm, Sweden: Stockholm Environment Institute. 69p.
Water harvesting ; Rainwater ; Ecosystems ; Forests ; Watershed management ; Agroecosystems ; Runoff ; Rainfed farming ; Urban areas ; Rural areas ; Water security ; Water supply ; Water storage ; Climate change ; Food security ; Case studies ; Water security ; Supplemental irrigation ; Livestock
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042282)
http://www.unepdhi.org/documents/Rainwater%20Harvesting%20090310b.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042282.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042282.pdf
(2.36 MB)
7 Konig, K. W. 2009. Rainwater harvesting for water security in rural and urban areas. In Barron, J. (Ed.). Rainwater harvesting: a lifeline for human well-being. Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP Division of Environmental Policy Implementation; Stockholm, Sweden: Stockholm Environment Institute. pp.44-55.
Water harvesting ; Rainwater ; Ecosystems ; Water security ; Rural areas ; Urban areas ; Water supply ; Water use ; Tanks ; Water storage ; Domestic water ; Case studies / Africa / Kenya / Brazil / China / Australia / Korea / Germany
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042287)
http://www.unep.org/Themes/Freshwater/PDF/Rainwater_Harvesting_090310b.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042287.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042287.pdf
(0.60 MB)
8 Ahmed, R.; Robinson, C.; Clemett, Alexandra. 2009. Management and treatment of urban wastewater for irrigation in Rajshahi, Bangladesh: WASPA Asia Project. Dhaka, Bangladesh: NGO Forum for Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation. 34p.
Wastewater irrigation ; Urban areas ; Development projects ; Wastewater management ; Training ; Hygiene ; Crop management ; Wastewater treatment ; Sanitation ; Participatory management ; Stakeholders ; Farmers ; Institutions ; Organizations ; Health hazards ; Water quality ; Solid wastes ; Waste management ; Pumps ; Pollution control / Bangladesh / Rajshahi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G584 AHM Record No: H042289)
(12.54 MB)
9 Nilsson, M.; Varnas, A.; Siebert, C. K.; Nilsson, L. J.; Nykvist, B.; Ericsson, K. 2009. A European eco-efficient economy: governing climate, energy and competitiveness: report for the 2009 Swedish Presidency of the Council of the European Union. Stockholm, Sweden: Swedish Government Offices; Stockholm, Sweden: Stockholm Environment Institute. 55p.
Economic situation ; Ecology ; Climate change ; Energy ; Renewable energy ; Biofuels ; Electrical energy ; Industrialization ; Urban areas ; Governance ; Policy / Europe / Sweden
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042306)
http://www.sei.se/mediamanager/documents/Publications/Policy-institutions/europeanecoefficienteconomyfinal.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042306.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042306.pdf
(1.47 MB)
10 Mekala, Gayathri Devi; Davidson, B.; Boland, A. M. 2007. Economics of wastewater treatment and recycling: an investigation of conceptual issues. Paper presented at the 51st Annual Conference of Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society, Queenstown, New Zealand, 13-16 February 2007. 11p.
Water supply ; Water demand ; Population growth ; Water use ; Urban areas ; Water balance ; Wastewater ; Recycling ; Water quality ; Wastewater management ; Wastewater treatment ; Water allocation ; Pricing ; Economic aspects ; Cost benefit analysis / Australia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042324)
(0.08 MB)
In the context of continuous droughts, the search for alternative water sources and increasing environmental restrictions on discharge of treated wastewater into natural water bodies, treated wastewater recycling offers a potential solution. In this paper the methods needed to assess the questions - to what extent treated wastewater can complement the existing water sources in different sectors and at what cost - are discussed? It was concluded that a comparative Benefit Cost Analysis of different combinations of uses and treatment levels would be a critical component in the development of a decision support tool which could be used by urban planners and water authorities. It was also found that community acceptance of recycled water, distribution of costs and benefits of recycling and its broader impact on regional development are issues that need to be considered, along with the economics of wastewater recycling.
11 Dillon, P.; Pavelic, P.; Page, D.; Beringen, H.; Ward, J. 2009. Managed aquifer recharge: an introduction. Canberra, Australia: National Water Commission. 65p. (Waterlines Report Series 13)
Aquifers ; Recharge ; Water storage ; Recycling ; Water resource management ; Water governance ; Urban areas ; Rural areas ; Water supply ; Development projects / Australia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042544)
(2.29 MB)
This document summarises at an introductory level the relevant information needed to consider managed aquifer recharge (MAR), alongside other better-known alternatives, as a prospective new water supply for drinking or non-potable uses. It contains information on economics of MAR and some governance issues that has not previously been published. The document outlines the opportunities that MAR may provide, primarily for cities but also in rural and regional areas. It does not attempt to describe the many technical issues that are covered in the scientific literature accessible from the sources referenced here.
12 Huibers, F.; Redwood, M.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa. 2010. Challenging conventional approaches to managing wastewater use in agriculture. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.287-301. (Also in French).
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 DRE Record No: H042614)
(0.21 MB)
In developing countries urban wastewater management often fails to cope with increasing wastewater generation. Financial, technical and institutional limitations force authorities to discharge substantial amounts of untreated or partially treated wastewater into surface waters. Consequently, uncontrolled use of polluted water is increasingly common in the downstream peri-urban areas. Although wastewater use bears a significant risk on human health, such use is also productive and an asset for many. Agricultural use of wastewater is a strong manifestation of the urban-rural connection and transfers a waterborne risk from the wastewater disposal system to the food chain, requiring a paradigm shift in the approaches applied to risk minimization. Conventional models for urban wastewater treatment and management are based on top-down, mechanically driven approaches that do not, or do not sufficiently, consider the links between the social, economic and health aspects. This situation is understandable from historical and technological points of view, but does not provide innovative solutions to current problems in developing country cities. A different approach is required, one that rethinks conventional wastewater system design and management. By adopting a systems approach to analysing both the water and food chains, one discovers the interactions of different stakeholders that treat and use (or abuse) water, the impacts on overall productivity and the risks. Governance systems to manage wastewater use in agriculture must incorporate decentralization to accommodate thinking at the bottom layer, encourage stakeholder engagement and provide coordination and policy cohesion for managing risks jointly from both the water and food chains.
13 Evans, Alexandra; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Cofie, Olufunke O. 2010. Multi-stakeholder processes for managing wastewater use in agriculture. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.355-377. (Also in French).
Wastewater irrigation ; Wastewater management ; Stakeholders ; Participatory management ; Social participation ; Public health ; Urban areas
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 DRE Record No: H042618)
(0.35 MB)
Wastewater use in agriculture is a complex phenomenon since it transcends typical sectoral and geographical policy and planning boundaries, and is influenced by opinions and perceptions. Planning for wastewater use typically requires the involvement of a number of government agencies covering health, water, sanitation, agriculture and irrigation, as well as researchers, community groups and the private sector. Where wastewater use is already taking place spontaneously and unofficially, how can these stakeholders come together to improve the management of the system to maximize the livelihoods benefits while minimizing impacts on health and the environment? One option is the formation of multi-stakeholder platforms, which provide a space for stakeholders to share opinions and seek negotiated solutions in an open and ‘level’ environment. How effective these are, what outcomes can be expected, and how they can be improved are all questions that are still being asked. This chapter presents three case studies in which multi-stakeholder processes were used to improve wastewater management for urban agriculture. Although differences were observed, there were several cross-cutting lessons. A critical factor is the starting point, including an agreed definition of the problem to be addressed, negotiated goals and a management structure that is acceptable to all stakeholders. When multi-stakeholder processes are externally initiated, as with those reviewed here, it is essential that project priorities are commensurate with local priorities. Finding an institutional home and anchor agency an improve long-term sustainability but care must be taken in considering how this impacts on existing power structures. Participation and representation greatly influence the effectiveness of the process and much may need to be done to support this, for example by strengthening local community groups. A factor that appears to significantly improve participation and engagement is having tangible outputs, which demonstrate to stakeholders the potential of multi-stakeholder platforms.
14 Labite, H.; Lunani, I.; van der Steen, P.; Vairavamoorthy, K.; Drechsel, Pay; Lens, P. 2010. Quantitative microbial risk analysis to evaluate health effects of interventions in the urban water system of Accra, Ghana. Journal of Water and Health, 8(3):417-430. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2010.021]
Risk analysis ; Health hazards ; Pathogens ; Diseases ; Public health ; Water supply ; Sanitation ; Urban areas / Ghana / Accra
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042752)
(0.21 MB)
A quantitative microbial risk assessment was applied to evaluate the microbial risks of the Accra Urban Water System (AUWS). The exposure assessment was based on the count of indicator organisms in waste water from open roadside drains and in water and sand samples from the beach. The predicted total disease burden generated in a representative catchment of the AUWS (Odaw Catchment) was 36,329 Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) per year, of which 12% and 88% are caused by, respectively, shortcomings in the water supply system and inappropriate sanitation. The DALYs per person per year were above the WHO reference value. The open roadside drain had the highest contribution to the disease burden. Of four possible interventions evaluated for health risk reduction, the highest efficiency in terms of DALYs averted per euro invested are achieved by providing covers for the open roadside drains.
15 Erni, M.; Drechsel, Pay; Bader, H. P.; Scheidegger, R.; Zurbruegg, C.; Kipfer, R. 2010. Bad for the environment, good for the farmer?: urban sanitation and nutrient flows. Irrigation and Drainage Systems, 24(1-2):113-125 (Special issue with contributions by IWMI authors) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10795-009-9083-9]
Sanitation ; Urban areas ; Water balance ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Nutrients ; Water pollution ; Wastewater irrigation ; Models / Ghana / Kumasi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: PER Record No: H042834)
http://www.springerlink.com/content/d363092w36324651/fulltext.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042834.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042834.pdf
(0.27 MB)
Due to poor urban sanitation farmers in and around most cities in developing countries face highly polluted surface water. While the sanitation challenge has obvious implications for environmental pollution and food safety it can also provide ‘free’ nutrients for irrigating farmers. To understand the related dimensions, a box-flow model was used to identify the most important water and nutrient flows for the Ghanaian city of Kumasi, a rapidly growing African city with significant irrigation in its direct vicinity. The analysis focused on nitrogen and phosphorus and was supplemented by a farm based nutrient balance assessment. Results show that the city constitutes a vast nutrient sink that releases considerable nutrients loads in its passing streams, contributing to the eutrophication of downstream waters. However, farmers have for various practical reasons little means and motivation in using this resource of nutrients. This might change under increasing fertilizer prices as the nutrient load will continue to increase by 40% till 2015 assuming a widening gap between population growth and investments in water supply on one side and investments in sanitation on the other. However, even a strong investment into flushing toilets would not reduce environmental pollution due to the dominance of on-site sanitation systems, but instead strongly increase water competition. Key options to reduce the nutrient load would be via optimized waste collection and investment in dry or low-flush toilets. The latter seems also appropriate for the city to meet the water and sanitation Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) without increasing water shortages in toilet connected households.
16 Corcoran, E.; Nellemann, C.; Baker, E.; Bos, R.; Osborn, D.; Savelli, H. (Eds.) 2010. Sick water?: the central role of wastewater management in sustainable development: a rapid response assessment. Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP; Nairobi, Kenya: UN-HABITAT; Arendal, Norway: GRID-Arendal. 85p.
Wastewater ; Sanitation ; Urban areas ; Wastewater treatment ; Industrialization ; Public health ; Food security
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 363.7284 G000 COR Record No: H042906)
(5.82 MB)
17 Holm, P. E.; Marcussen, H.; Dalsgaard, A. 2010. Fate and risks of potentially toxic elements in wastewater-fed food production systems: the examples of Cambodia and Vietnam. Irrigation and Drainage Systems, 24(1-2):127-142 (Special issue with contributions by IWMI authors) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10795-009-9086-6]
Wastewater irrigation ; Water quality ; Heavy metals ; Sedimentary materials ; Food production ; Risks ; Fish ; Leaf vegetables ; Health hazards ; Farmers ; Urban areas / South East Asia / Cambodia / Vietnam / Hanoi / Phnom Penh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042883)
http://www.springerlink.com/content/762895738805724j/fulltext.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042883.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042883.pdf
(0.20 MB)
Non-treated wastewater is used for irrigation of aquatic food production systems in the peri-urban areas of the major cities in Southeast Asia. This paper complement the knowledge on agricultural soil-based crops irrigated with low quality water, by reviewing the research findings on the wastewater-fed aquatic productions with special focus on heavy metals and other potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the production systems of Hanoi in Vietnam and Phnom Penh in Cambodia. In Hanoi, sediments in the wastewater exposed rivers of Hanoi were reported to be polluted with PTEs, in particular with Cadmium (Cd). The river sediment had a high retention capacity for PTEs which seems to prevent the transport of PTEs to the wastewater-fed production systems. In Phnom Penh, domestic and industrial wastewater is pumped into the Cheung Ek Lake located south of the city. A major part of the water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forssk.) consumed in the city is produced in the lake. The concentrations of some PTEs were elevated at the wastewater inlets to the lake compared to concentrations at the lake outlet and at the control site. Water spinach is by far the major vegetable produced in the wastewater-fed systems in Hanoi and Phnom Penh, but did only contain PTEs in concentrations within or slightly above the concentration range observed for water spinach grown in agricultural soil not exposed to wastewater. PTE concentration in fish grown in wastewater-fed systems in Hanoi and Phnom were low. However, mean PTE concentrations in liver and skin of some fish were high. Consumption of muscle tissue from fish produced in wastewater-fed systems in Hanoi and Phnom Penh resulted in an estimated intake of PTEs amounting to less than 9% of the tolerable intake. It was concluded, that the PTE concentrations in fish and water spinach from Hanoi and Cheung Ek Lake in Phnom Penh constituted low food safety risks for consumers.
18 Klinkenberg, Eveline; Onwona-Agyeman, K. A.; McCall, P. J.; Wilson, M. D.; Bates, I.; Verhoeff, F. H.; Barnish, G.; Donnelly, M. J. 2010. Cohort trial reveals community impact of insecticide-treated nets on malariometric indices in urban Ghana. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 104(7): 496-503. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2010.03.004]
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042950)
(0.79 MB)
The efficacy of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) in prevention of malaria and anaemia has been shown in rural settings, but their impact in urban settings is unknown. We carried out an ITN intervention in two communities in urban Accra, Ghana, where local malaria transmission is known to occur. There was evidence for a mass or community effect, despite ITN use by fewer than 35% of households. Children living within 300 m of a household with an ITN had higher haemoglobin concentrations (0.5 g/dl higher, P = 0.011) and less anaemia (odds ratio 2.21, 95% CI 1.08–4.52, P = 0.031 at month 6), than children living more than 300 m away from a household with an ITN, although malaria parasitaemias were similar. With urban populations growing rapidly across Africa, this study shows that ITNs will be an effective tool to assist African countries to achieve their Millennium Development Goals in urban settings.
19 Drechsel, Pay; Cofie, Olufunke; Danso, George. 2010. Closing the rural-urban food and nutrient loops in West Africa: a reality check. Urban Agriculture Magazine, 23:8-10.
Urban areas ; Rural areas ; Food production ; Food supply ; Waste management ; Composts ; Nutrients / West Africa / Ghana / Accra / Kumasi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042959)
http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Closing%20the%20Rural-Urban%20Food.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042959.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042959.pdf
(0.19 MB)
Rapid urbanisation in developing countries intensifies the challenges of making sufficient food available for the increasing urban population, and managing the related waste flow. Unlike in rural communities, there is usually little or no return of food biomass and related nutrients into the food production process. Most waste ends up on landfills or pollutes the urban environment. This is transforming cities into vast nutrient sinks, while the rural production areas are becoming increasingly nutrient deficient.
20 2010. A revolution in wastewater management. Blue Diamonds - Oceans and Coasts, July 2010. 14p.
Wastewater ; Water reuse ; Sanitation ; Coastal area ; Urban areas ; Developing countries / Caribbean / South Africa / Nigeria / Senegal / Cape Town / Johannesburg / Senegal River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043032)
http://www.gpa.unep.org/documents/blue_diamonds_july_2010_english.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043032.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043032.pdf
(4.30 MB)
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