Your search found 94 records
1 2006? World Map. Bangkok, Thailand: Asiaweek. 1 map.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: Map cabinet Record No: H039070)
2 Butterworth, J. A.; Sutherland, A.; Manning, N.; Darteh, B.; Dziegielewska-Geitz, M.; Eckart, J.; Batchelor, C.; Moriarty, P.; Schouten, T.; Da Silva, C.; Verhagen, J.; Bury, P. J. 2008. Building more effective partnerships for innovation in urban water management. Paper presented at International Conference on Water and Urban Development Paradigms: Towards an Integration of Engineering, Design and Management Approaches, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium, 15 - 19 September 2008. 13p.
Water supply ; Water management ; Participatory approaches ; Consumer participation ; Stakeholders ; Towns ; Developing countries
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 363.61 G000 BUT Record No: H041561)
http://www.switchurbanwater.eu/outputs/pdfs/WP6-2_PAP_Effective_partnerships_in_UWM_abridged.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H041561.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H041561.pdf
3 Water Channel. 2011. Water management in motion: six thematic DVDs including 60 videos, tutorials and key references. Wageningen, Netherlands: Water Channel. 6 DVDs.
Water management ; Groundwater management ; Upstream ; Downstream ; Conflict ; Rain ; Water harvesting ; Drinking water ; Aquifers ; Wells ; Groundwater recharge ; Greenhouse effect ; Climate change ; Adaptation ; Towns ; Erosion ; Health hazards ; Sanitation ; Malaria ; Deserts ; Mangroves ; Crops ; Lakes ; Rivers ; Water pollution ; Water quality ; Wastewater treatment / India / Kenya / Nepal / Uganda / Bangladesh / New Zealand / Vietnam / USA / South Africa / Palestine / China / Philippines / Indus River / Mekong River / Karnataka Pradesh / Bangalore / Carteret Islands / Lake Tahoe / Niger Delta / Yamuna River / Green Lake / Lake Victoria
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: DVD col Record No: H044070)
4 Hoornweg, D.; Freire, M.; Lee, M. J.; Bhada-Tata, P.; Yuen, B. (Eds.) 2011. Cities and climate change: responding to an urgent agenda. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank. 306p. (Urban Development Series)
Climate change ; Towns ; Urban areas ; Urban planning ; Greenhouse gases ; Institutions ; Temperature ; Adaptation ; Governance ; Policy ; Emission ; Morphology ; Transport ; Models ; Case studies ; Economic aspects ; Social aspects / Europe / USA / Singapore / India / Thailand / London / New York / Milan / Mexico / Bangkok / Mumbai
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 307.7622 G000 HOO Record No: H044077)
(0.33 MB)
5 Komakech, H. C.; van der Zaag, P.; van Koppen, Barbara. 2012. The last will be first: water transfers from agriculture to cities in the Pangani River Basin, Tanzania. Water Alternatives, 5(3):700-720.
Water transfer ; Water scarcity ; Conflict ; Towns ; Farmers ; River basins ; Water allocation ; Urban areas ; Water demand ; Water use ; Water users ; Water rights ; Smallholders ; Irrigation canals ; Irrigation efficiency ; Irrigated farming / Tanzania / Africa South of Sahara / Pangani River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045504)
http://www.water-alternatives.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=187
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H045504.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H045504.pdf
(0.80 MB) (819.41KB)
Water transfers to growing cities in sub-Sahara Africa, as elsewhere, seem inevitable. But absolute water entitlements in basins with variable supply may seriously affect many water users in times of water scarcity. This paper is based on research conducted in the Pangani river basin, Tanzania. Using a framework drawing from a theory of water right administration and transfer, the paper describes and analyses the appropriation of water from smallholder irrigators by cities. Here, farmers have over time created flexible allocation rules that are negotiated on a seasonal basis. More recently the basin water authority has been issuing formal water use rights that are based on average water availability. But actual flows are more often than not less than average. The issuing of state-based water use rights has been motivated on grounds of achieving economic efficiency and social equity. The emerging water conflicts between farmers and cities described in this paper have been driven by the fact that domestic use by city residents has, by law, priority over other types of use. The two cities described in this paper take the lion’s share of the available water during the low-flow season, and at times over and above the permitted amounts, creating extreme water stress among the farmers. Rural communities try to defend their prior use claims through involving local leaders, prominent politicians and district and regional commissioners. Power inequality between the different actors (city authorities, basin water office, and smallholder farmers) played a critical role in the reallocation and hence the dynamics of water conflict. The paper proposes proportional allocation, whereby permitted abstractions are reduced in proportion to the expected shortfall in river flow, as an alternative by which limited water resources can be fairly allocated. The exact amounts (quantity or duration of use) by which individual user allocations are reduced would be negotiated by the users at the river level.
6 Mafuta, C.; Formo, R. K.; Nellemann, C.; Li, F. (Eds.) 2011. Green hills, blue cities: an ecosystems approach to water resources management for African cities. A rapid response assessment. Arendal, Norway: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), GRID-Arendal. 68p.
Water resources ; Water management ; Ecosystems ; Towns ; Highlands ; Urbanization ; Water supply ; Sanitation ; History ; Water policy ; Water pollution ; Wastewater treatment ; Water demand ; Water quality ; Environmental effects ; Case studies ; Discharges / Africa / Kenya / Cameroon / Uganda / Senegal / Ethiopia / Nairobi / Yaounde / Kampala / Dakar / Addis Ababa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046033)
http://www.preventionweb.net/files/19775_rraghbcscreen1.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046033.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046033.pdf
(6.43 MB) (6.43MB)
Africa is currently the least urbanised region in the world, but this is changing fast. Of the billion people living on the African continent, about 40 per cent lives in urban areas. The urban population in Africa doubled from 205 million in 1990 to 400 million in 2010, and by 2050, it is expected that this would have tripled to 1.23 billion. Of this urban population, 60 per cent is living in slum conditions. In a time of such urban growth, Africa is likely to experience some of the most severe impacts of climate change, particularly when it comes to water and food security. This places huge pressures on the growing urban populations.
7 Scott, J. C. 1998. Seeing like a state: how certain schemes to improve the human condition have failed. New Haven, CT, USA: Yale University Press. 445p. (Yale Institution for Social and Policy Studies (ISPS) Series)
Social aspects ; Environmental management ; Urban planning ; Forest management ; Land tenure ; Agriculture ; Towns ; Modernization ; Taxation / Russia / Tanzania / USA
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 338.9 G000 SCO Record No: H046224)
(0.30 MB)
8 Arha, A.; Audichya, R.; Pant, D. C. 2014. Challenges in the urban and peri-urban transition zones and strategies for sustainable cities: experiences from selected cities. In Maheshwari, B.; Purohit, R.; Malano, H.; Singh, V. P.; Amerasinghe, Priyanie. (Eds.). The security of water, food, energy and liveability of cities: challenges and opportunities for peri-urban futures. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp.71-85. (Water Science and Technology Library Volume 71)
Periurban areas ; Urban areas ; Urbanization ; Population growth ; Towns ; Sustainability ; Suburban agriculture ; Urban agriculture ; Land use ; Strategies ; Policy ; Planning ; Food security ; Water supply ; Water security ; Sanitation / India
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H047021)
Like many other countries, India has experienced rapid urban growth in recent decades. This paper focuses on the changes taking place in the peri-urban area of India where urban development is occurring both within and around the indigenous villages. In India, most people move to the urban areas due to factors such as poverty, environmental degradation, food insecurity and lack of basic infrastructure and services in the rural areas. The number of towns has increased by 2,774 since the last census in 2001 and the level of urbanisation has increased from 28 % in the 2001 census to 31 % in the 2011 census while the proportion of rural population declined from 72 to 69 %. The urban–rural ratio for India in 2011 is around 45 meaning that for every 100 ruralites there are 45 urbanites in India. This increased level of urbanisation has changed the environment of the peri-urban areas of India. Urbanisation poses challenges in relation to the water, agriculture and energy in peri–urban areas of the cities of India. In the post-liberalisation period a process of change has been induced by the growth of the information technology (IT) sector leading to tremendous expansion of cities. With the expansion of these cities, changes have occurred that the surrounding villages witnessed; massive real estate development, a decrease in agricultural land and a year round shortage of water. Villages being absorbed into the cities has led to increasing competition over scarce water through industry, domestic use, farm houses and recreation parks. Urbanisation brings major changes in demand for agricultural products both from increases in urban populations and from changes in their diets and demands.
9 Esfandiari-Baiat, M.; Barzegar, Z.; Yousefi, L.; Maheshwari, B. 2014. Urbanisation and its effects on water, food security and energy needs in Iran: a case study of city of Shiraz. In Maheshwari, B.; Purohit, R.; Malano, H.; Singh, V. P.; Amerasinghe, Priyanie. (Eds.). The security of water, food, energy and liveability of cities: challenges and opportunities for peri-urban futures. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp.101-112. (Water Science and Technology Library Volume 71)
Urbanization ; Population growth ; Food security ; Water resources ; Energy consumption ; Environmental effects ; Air pollution ; Towns ; Sustainability ; Land use ; Case studies / Iran / Shiraz
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H047023)
Urbanisation is threatening the sustainability of water, food and energy security in Iran. The primary reason for urbanisation is the migration of people from rural areas to cities. The city of Shiraz is located in the Shiraz Plain (380 Km2 ) in southern Iran. Its population in 1956 was 170,659 and grew to 1,351,181 in 2006. The population of Shiraz grew about 8 fold during this period while that of Iran during the same period only grew about 4 fold, indicating that the rate of migration was very high and urbanisation around Shiraz happened very fast in the same period. In 1956, Shiraz had a beautiful landscape, its size was 894 ha and it was surrounded by 1,565 ha of beautiful gardens and 35,714 ha of good agricultural land, fertile arable land and rangeland. In 1989, Shiraz had 5,962 ha of gardens. In 2006, Shiraz’s size grew to 19,074 ha (21 fold growth) and this rapid urbanisation has replaced not only 2,987 ha of valuable gardens but also caused the disappearance of some 18,000 ha of agricultural land, fertile arable land, and rangeland. Changes in land use in the Shiraz Plain, because of rapid urbanisation, were very high and have seriously reduced agricultural and horticultural production and also created significant problems for the people in the city. Due to rapid urbanisation, the demand for water has increased 15 times in the city during the period of 1956–2006. The consumption of energy in the Iranian residential sector is high and it was 2.5 fold of the world’s average consumption. According to the power consumption records from the Shiraz electricity company between 1968 and 2006 consumption grew 70 fold. The preliminary analysis in this study through the case study of Shiraz suggests that we need an in-depth study to understand how urbanisation has impacted on the availability of water supplies, the security of food production around our cities and the energy needs at the national level and what policy and planning changes are required to achieve sustainable and liveable cities in the future.
10 Wu, Z.; McKay, J.; Keremane, G. 2014. Stormwater reuse for sustainable cities: the South Australian experience. In Maheshwari, B.; Purohit, R.; Malano, H.; Singh, V. P.; Amerasinghe, Priyanie. (Eds.). The security of water, food, energy and liveability of cities: challenges and opportunities for peri-urban futures. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp.137-150. (Water Science and Technology Library Volume 71)
Water management ; Aquifers ; Recharge ; Rainwater ; Wastewater treatment ; Water reuse ; Water quality ; Health hazards ; Periurban areas ; Communities ; Towns ; Sustainability / South Australia / Adelaide / Salisbury / Charles Sturt
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H047025)
Australia has a high level of urbanisation by world standards and the state of South Australia has one of the most concentrated settlement patterns in Australia. Rapid population growth and a drought ending in 2010 have placed increased pressure on urban water resources. Addressing this issue requires that we consider a diverse portfolio of water supply options for non-potable uses. South Australia actually leads the nation in alternative non-potable water sources, with stormwater capture and reuse, wastewater recycling and rainwater tank ownership. However, past studies have identified public health concerns and a lack of public acceptance as major challenges in implementing water reuse strategies. This paper is based on an internet survey of the communities residing in the periphery of the city of Adelaide in South Australia and about their attitudes and intentions to use treated stormwater for various non-potable uses. We found that respondents’ emotions and perceptions of health risks regarding the use of treated stormwater were closely related to the proximity of the end use to human contact. In terms of the quality attributes, colour, odour and salt levels were all considered important, but odour was the most important for all potential uses, except washing cars. The quality preferences were also closely related to the proximity of the end use to human contact.
11 Clos, J. 2013. Compact cities to address climate change. In Brittlebank, W.; Saunders, J. (Eds.). Climate action 2013-2014. [Produced for COP19 - United Nations Climate Change Conference, Warsaw, Poland, 11-22 November 2013]. London, UK: Climate Action; Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). pp.106-110.
Urbanization ; Towns ; Climate change ; Settlement ; Population density ; Greenhouse gases ; Emission ; Policy ; Social aspects ; Economic aspects
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 577.22 G000 BRI Record No: H047247)
(1.27 MB)
12 Mackay, H. 2018. Mapping and characterising the urban agricultural landscape of two intermediate-sized Ghanaian cities. Land Use Policy, 70:182-197. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.10.031]
Urban agriculture ; Farmland ; Spatial distribution ; Remote sensing ; Mapping ; Towns ; Land use ; Farming systems ; Food production ; Farmers ; Socioeconomic environment ; Households / Ghana / Tamale / Techiman
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048501)
(1.42 MB)
Extending beyond previous research biases towards large cities or analyses based largely on one type of urban agriculture (UA) (such as market gardening, or home gardening), this research aimed to investigate all forms of UA within two intermediate-sized Ghanaian cities (Techiman and Tamale). Where was being farmed? For whom, and why? The paper considers how findings compare to Ghana’s larger cities, and possible implications for theory and for planning. Methods included remote sensing, field mapping, interviews and a 1000-household per city questionnaire. The most common reason for farming was food supplementation. This was often via staple foods, particularly maize, rather than the leafy vegetables common in larger cities’ market gardening. Farming was predominantly via home gardening, particularly for the better off. The larger city of Tamale also sustained organised irrigated-vegetable market gardens.
Findings suggest a picture not dissimilar to Ghana’s larger cities but with greater prevalence of home gardening, and a dominance of staple foods rather than perishable or high value crops. A compelling finding, which has received less attention in the literature, is the extent of, and roles played by, what this study refers to as ‘institutional land. Both Ghanaian Ministry of Food and Agriculture’s policy framing, and market crisis theorising, of the drivers and role of UA were not found to be an accurate reflection of Techiman and Tamale’s UA. Rather than being a localised survival activity of the poor or marginalised, of recent migrants, or of predominantly women, these cities contained a large scale and diverse spatiality of UA mainly for non-poor and non-migrants’ supplementation of their staple food larder. Results emphasise the context-specific nature of a city’s urban agriculture, and underline the need for researchers and UA advocates to be specific about the form of UA under the microscope when making claims for ‘an urban agriculture’.
Findings suggest a picture not dissimilar to Ghana’s larger cities but with greater prevalence of home gardening, and a dominance of staple foods rather than perishable or high value crops. A compelling finding, which has received less attention in the literature, is the extent of, and roles played by, what this study refers to as ‘institutional land. Both Ghanaian Ministry of Food and Agriculture’s policy framing, and market crisis theorising, of the drivers and role of UA were not found to be an accurate reflection of Techiman and Tamale’s UA. Rather than being a localised survival activity of the poor or marginalised, of recent migrants, or of predominantly women, these cities contained a large scale and diverse spatiality of UA mainly for non-poor and non-migrants’ supplementation of their staple food larder. Results emphasise the context-specific nature of a city’s urban agriculture, and underline the need for researchers and UA advocates to be specific about the form of UA under the microscope when making claims for ‘an urban agriculture’.
13 Humphreys, E.; Schwartz, K. 2018. In the shadow of the city: financing water infrastructure in small towns in Burkina Faso. Water Policy, 20(S1):69-83. (Special issue: Water Services in Small Towns - Experiences from the Global South). [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2018.005]
Water resources development ; Public finance ; Water supply ; Infrastructure ; Towns ; Rural areas ; Water institutions ; Corporate culture ; Water user associations ; Municipal governments ; Central government ; Expenditure ; Projects ; Partnerships ; Donors ; Funding ; Case studies / Burkina Faso / Hounde / Komsilga / Banfora / Moussodougou
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048708)
(0.25 MB)
The abundant praise awarded for the development of the urban water services sector in Burkina Faso stands in stark contrast with the development of the rural water services sector. This article examines the funding of water infrastructure in four small villages in Burkina Faso. The article finds that public funding for water infrastructure for these municipalities is largely nonexistent. First of all, central government makes very little funding available for rural areas. Funding that is made available is then also prioritized for regions that already are relatively well covered. Secondly, the municipalities themselves also prioritize other sectors over the water sector for the investment of locally generated revenue. As a result, these municipalities rely on donor funding for developing water supply in their villages. This dependence not only leaves these municipalities vulnerable to shifts in donor funding but can also lead to inequalities as some municipalities are better at attracting donor funds than others. Some small towns are thus confronted with a double bias. First an urban bias in which the majority of public finance goes to urban centres. Second, by a donor-bias in which some towns are favoured for project implementation due to favourable site characteristics.
14 Adank, M.; Godfrey, S.; Butterworth, J.; Defere, E. 2018. Small town water services sustainability checks: development and application in Ethiopia. Water Policy, 20(S1):52-68. (Special issue: Water Services in Small Towns - Experiences from the Global South). [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2018.004]
Water supply ; Towns ; Sustainability ; Indicators ; Water authorities ; Corporate culture ; Development programmes ; Sanitation ; Monitoring ; Urban areas ; Rural areas / Ethiopia / Adishihu / Sheno / Maksegnit / Abomsa / Welenchiti / Kebridehar / Wukro
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048709)
(0.26 MB)
With rising coverage figures and the advent of the Sustainable Development Goals, there is increasing attention given to assessing and monitoring the sustainability of water services. Previous efforts in the rural water supply sector have included the development of sustainability checks, while in the urban water supply sector, benchmarking of water services and the performance of utilities has become common practice. This paper argues that neither rural sustainability checks, nor urban benchmarking frameworks, are entirely suitable for monitoring small town water services. It presents a framework specifically developed and applied for assessing and monitoring small town water services. Application of the framework in seven small towns in Ethiopia shows significant discrepancies between the ideal and actual situations. It reveals specific challenges related to sustainable small town water service provision, including capacity at service provider (utility) level, asset management and regulation. The costs of sustainability checks and prospects for uptake as project and wider sector tools are discussed.
15 Humphreys, E.; van der Kerk, A.; Fonseca, C. 2018. Public finance for water infrastructure development and its practical challenges for small towns. Water Policy, 20(S1):100-111. (Special issue: Water Services in Small Towns - Experiences from the Global South) [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2018.007]
Water resources development ; Public finance ; Water supply ; Infrastructure ; Urban areas ; Towns ; Sustainable Development Goals ; State intervention ; Accountability ; Income ; Tariffs ; Taxes ; Loans ; Capital market ; Population density ; Equity
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048720)
(0.15 MB)
The small and fluctuating population, the economic characteristics and administrative capacity of small towns not only pose infrastructural challenges for providing services, but also limit the possibilities for generating local revenues for financing water infrastructure development and maintenance. This limited ability to generate local resources for water infrastructure is exacerbated by the way in which scarce public funds are allocated. A first concern is linked to an urban bias that characterizes allocation of funds by central governments. A second concerns the prioritization of other sectors by allocation decisions of local governments. These local governments often prioritize other sectors such as education, health and agriculture for the use of scarce local public resources. What this discussion highlights is that existing models used for financing water infrastructure development do not seem very applicable to the realities of small towns. Additional research and models are necessary to allow for solutions that are better tailored to these realities.
16 Lele, S.; Madhyastha, K.; Sulagna, S.; Dhavamani, R.; Srinivasan, V. 2018. Match, don’t mix: implications of institutional and technical service modalities for water governance outcomes in South Indian small towns. Water Policy, 20(S1):12-35. (Special issue: Water Services in Small Towns - Experiences from the Global South). [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2018.002]
Water resources ; Water governance ; Urban areas ; Towns ; Water supply ; Water delivery ; Groundwater ; Corporate culture ; Technology ; Financing ; Biophysics ; Sustainability ; Equity / South India / Karnataka / Tamil Nadu / Nelamangala / Ramanagara / Kannampalayam / Palladam
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048727)
(0.41 MB)
This paper seeks to contribute to the limited literature on water governance in small towns in India. For assessing water governance, we propose a broad framework encompassing adequacy and affordability, equity, sustainability and responsiveness. Analytically, the concept of ‘service modality’ is expanded to include not only institutional arrangements but also water resource deployment, and placed within a framework that includes multiple contextual variables as well. We use this framework to carry out an inductive analysis by comparing water service delivery and governance in four small towns across two states (Karnataka and Tamil Nadu) in southern India. Apart from differences in size, the towns differ in the institutional arrangements – from fully municipal management to a combination to complete para-statal management – and in the deployment of water resources – only ground water to a mixed supply of ground and surface water (dual sourcing). Data were gathered using a combination of household surveys, metering, records, and interviews. Dual sourcing resulted in adequate supply and optimization vis-à-vis end uses. Inter-household inequity is driven by socio-economic differences amongst households, but can be mitigated to an extent by increasing public tap density. But water resource use is not physically or financially sustainable. The responsiveness to citizen needs was significantly higher when the distribution was done by the local governments. Separation of roles, with para-statals providing bulk supply of surface water, and local governments managing the distribution of this and groundwater, may be an optimal service modality.
17 Rautanen, S.-L.; White, P. 2018. Portrait of a successful small-town water service provider in Nepal’s changing landscape. Water Policy, 20(S1):84-99. (Special issue: Water Services in Small Towns - Experiences from the Global South). [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2018.006]
Water supply ; Urban areas ; Towns ; Water user associations ; Sanitation ; Organizational dynamics ; Capacity building ; Social aspects ; Financing ; Technological changes ; Case studies / Nepal / Parroha / Murgia Water Users and Sanitation Association
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048721)
(0.18 MB)
This study was made in Nepal’s Tarai plains, where rapid population growth over the past decade has transformed a large number of rural bazaars and roadside hubs into vibrant small towns. This study draws a portrait of a distinctly successful small-town water supply scheme and its service provider, the Murgia Water Users and Sanitation Association. Exploring this particular case with regards to social, technological, financial and organisational systems, and by comparing the performance of this case against 63 other water service providers in Nepal, the study asks: how could there be more of this type of successful water service provider? This scheme was constructed during the bilateral Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Support Programme Phase III, Nepal-Finland cooperation (1999–2005), using the typical rural approach, namely community management, with strong capacity building. Since then the service modality in this study case has evolved towards a professional community-managed service delivery. The success is rooted in good water governance principles: participation, responsiveness, financial transparency, accountability and overall strong commitment and vision, as well as strong technical assistance. They have resulted in re-investment in both the capital maintenance expenditure and into new infrastructure, even into an entirely new water supply scheme.
18 Vandercasteelen, J.; Beyene, S. T.; Minten, B.; Swinnen, J. 2018. Big cities, small towns, and poor farmers: evidence from Ethiopia. World Development, 106:393-406. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.03.006]
Agricultural production ; Intensification ; Urbanization ; Towns ; Agricultural prices ; Eragrostis tef ; Farmers ; Socioeconomic environment ; Transport ; Costs ; Regression analysis ; Models / Africa South of Sahara / Ethiopia / Addis Ababa / Bahir Dar / Nazareth
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048794)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X18300871/pdfft?md5=83a2c4f32d26313533f9051511024aff&pid=1-s2.0-S0305750X18300871-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048794.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048794.pdf
(1.12 MB) (1.12 MB)
Urbanization is happening fast in the developing world and especially so in sub-Saharan Africa where growth rates of cities are among the highest in the world. While cities and, in particular, secondary towns, where most of the urban population in sub-Saharan Africa resides, affect agricultural practices in their rural hinterlands, this relationship is not well understood. To fill this gap, we develop a conceptual model to analyze how farmers’ proximity to cities of different sizes affects agricultural prices and intensification of farming. We then test these predictions using large-scale survey data from producers of teff, a major staple crop in Ethiopia, relying on unique data on transport costs and road networks and implementing an array of econometric models. We find that agricultural price behavior and intensification is determined by proximity to a city and the type of city. While proximity to cities has a strong positive effect on agricultural output prices and on uptake of modern inputs and yields on farms, the effects on prices and intensification measures are lower for farmers in the rural hinterlands of secondary towns compared to primate cities.
19 Ingelaere, B.; Christiaensen, L.; De Weerdt, J.; Kanbur, R. 2018. Why secondary towns can be important for poverty reduction - a migrant perspective. World Development, 105:273-282. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.12.025]
Rural urban migration ; Poverty ; Urbanization ; Towns ; Off farm employment ; Life cycle ; Social aspects ; Living standards ; Economic aspects ; Villages / Africa South of Sahara / Tanzania / Kagera / Dar es Salaam / Bukoba
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048797)
(0.36 MB)
This paper develops the concept of ‘action space’ as the range of possible destinations a migrant can realistically move to at a given point in time and, intimately linked to this, the set of possible livelihoods at destination. We show how this space expands and contracts over time through "cumulative causation". Such a dynamic framework allows us to appreciate the role of secondary towns in rural-urban migration and poverty reduction. Secondary towns occupy a unique middle ground between semi-subsistence agriculture and the capitalistic city; between what is close-by and familiar and what is much further away and unknown. By opening up the horizons of the (poorer) rural population and facilitating navigation of the non-farm economy, secondary towns allow a broader base of the poor population to become physically, economically and socially mobile. Secondary towns therefore have great potential as vehicles for inclusive growth and poverty reduction in urbanizing developing countries. These are the insights emerging from in-depth life history accounts of 75 purposively selected rural–urban migrants from rural Kagera, in Tanzania.
20 Horne, J.; Tortajada, C.; Harrington, L. 2018. Achieving the sustainable development goals: improving water services in cities affected by extreme weather events. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 34(4):475-489. (Special issue: Urban Resilience to Droughts and Floods: Policies and Governance). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2018.1464902]
Sustainable Development Goals ; Water supply ; Towns ; Extreme weather events ; Climate change ; Water governance ; Water policy ; Financing ; Tariffs ; Disaster risk management ; Informal settlements ; Slums
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048812)
(1.19 MB)
This article discusses how key risks from extreme weather events might affect progress towards meeting Sustainable Development Goals 6 and 11 in cities in developing countries. It outlines the magnitude of the existing shortfall in safe water and sanitation services, and how climate change will exacerbate existing problems. It argues that the performance of many governments thus far has lacked urgency and purpose. Unless governments in particular become more committed, with redoubled effort, the goals are unlikely to be achieved.
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