Your search found 42 records
1 Sehgal, V. K.; Jain, S.; Aggarwal, P. K.; Jha, S. 2011. Deriving crop phenology metrics and their trends using times series NOAA-AVHRR NDVI data. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 39(3):373-381. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-011-0125-z]
Remote sensing ; Time series analysis ; Climate change ; Crop production ; Seasonal cropping ; Phenology ; Vegetation ; Indicators / India / Indo-Gangetic Plains
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044601)
(0.64 MB)
In this study, an attempt has been made to derive the spatial patterns of temporal trends in phenology metrics and productivity of crops grown, at disaggregated level in Indo-Gangetic Plains of India (IGP), which are helpful in understanding the impact of climatic, ecological and socio-economic drivers. The NOAA-AVHRR NDVI PAL dataset from 1981 to 2001 was stacked as per the crop year and subjected to Savitzky-Golay filtering. For crop pixels, maximum and minimum values of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), their time of occurrence and total duration of kharif (June-October) and rabi (November–April) crop seasons were derived for each crop year and later subjected to pixel-wise regression with time to derive the rate and direction of change. The maximum NDVI value showed increasing trends across IGP during both kharif and rabi seasons indicating a general increase in productivity of crops. The trends in time of occurrence of peak NDVI during kharif dominated with rice showed that the maximum vegetative growth stage was happening early with time during study period across most of Punjab, North Haryana, Parts of Central and East Uttar Pradesh and some parts of Bihar and West Bengal. Only central parts of Haryana showed a delay in occurrence of maximum vegetative stage with time. During rabi, no significant trends in occurrence of peak NDVI were observed in most of Punjab and Haryana except in South Punjab and North Haryana where early occurrence of peak NDVI with time was observed. Most parts of Central and Eastern Uttar Pradesh, North Bihar and West Bengal showed a delay in occurrence of peak NDVI with time. In general, the rice dominating system was showing an increase in duration with time in Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh, Central Uttar Pradesh and South Bihar whereas in some parts of North Bihar and West Bengal a decrease in the duration with time was also observed. During rabi season, except Punjab, the wheat dominating system was showing a decreasing trend in crop duration with time.
2 Chinnasamy, Pennan; Misra, Gourav; Shah, Tushaar; Maheshwari, B.; Prathapar, Sanmugam. 2015. Evaluating the effectiveness of water infrastructures for increasing groundwater recharge and agricultural production – a case study of Gujarat, India. Agricultural Water Management, 158:179-188. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2015.05.009]
Groundwater recharge ; Agricultural production ; Water storage ; Water availability ; Watersheds ; Remote sensing ; Investment ; Soil moisture ; Farmland ; Seasonal cropping ; Monsoon climate ; Rain ; Vegetation ; Case studies / India / Gujarat
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047012)
(2.38 MB)
Groundwater for agricultural purposes is of utmost importance in the Indian state of Gujarat. To augment existing agricultural water resources, the Gujarat Government invested in many large-scale and smallscale water infrastructures (WI). In order to increase water storage and groundwater recharge and to justify further investments in WI, a better understanding on the impacts of past WIs is needed. This study uses data from NASA’s Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), along with soil moisture data from the Global Land Data Assimilation Systems, to estimate water storage before and after the intensification in the investment in WIs. In addition, Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) sensor was used to show changes in seasonal cropped areas during the same period. The analysis of data showed that the water storage in the state was estimated to be 24 BCM in 2003–2004 and 30 BCM in 2010–2011, an increase of 29% pre and post WI intensification. The Pixel Crop Duration Index (PCDI) indicated an increase in cropped area (at district level) in 2010–2011 when compared with 2003–2004 period, by 30% on yearly basis and about 80% during non-monsoon period. Results also indicates a significant net increase in water storage (by 5890 M m3 after water used for crop intensification) and increase in agricultural crop area (by 63,862 km2) in Gujarat during the period of intensification in infrastructures for water storage and groundwater recharge. Results also indicate that some districts have higher net water storage (compared to 2003), however the cropped area duration - PCDI has not increased much (e.g., Valsad and Navsari). The findings of this study can increase the understanding of the potential of WIs and provide valuable guidance for increasing cropped area in high water storage regions of Gujarat.
3 Humphreys, E.; Tuong, T. P.; Buisson, Marie-Charlotte; Pukinskis, I.; Phillips, M. (Eds.) 2015. Proceedings of the CPWF, GBDC, WLE Conference on Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone: Turning Science into Policy and Practices, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 21-23 October 2014. Colombo, Sri Lanka: CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF). 600p.
Coastal area ; Surface water ; Water resources ; Water requirements ; Water use ; Water governance ; Water management ; Climate change ; Crop production ; Cropping systems ; Rice ; Oil crops ; Wheat ; Mustard ; Seasonal cropping ; Farming systems ; Farmers ; Groundwater irrigation ; Irrigation water ; Soil salinity ; Salt water intrusion ; Aquifers ; Bacteriological analysis ; Ecosystems ; Community involvement ; Rural communities ; Women ; Food production ; Households ; Living standards ; Aquaculture ; Fisheries ; Shrimp culture ; Diversification ; Land productivity ; Watermelons ; Pumps ; Incentives / Bangladesh / Barisal / West Bengal / Khulna / Ganges Coastal Zone / Sundarbans Region
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H047106)
https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/66389/Revitalizing%20the%20Ganges%20Coastal%20Zone%20Book_Low%20Version.pdf?sequence=1
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047106.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047106.pdf
(10.00 MB) (11.91 MB)
4 Burman, D.; Mahanta, K. K.; Sarangi, S. K.; Mandal, S.; Maji, B.; Mandal, U. K.; Bandyopadhyay, B. K.; Humphreys, E.; Sharma, D. K. 2015. Effect of groundwater use on groundwater salinity, piezometric level and boro rice yield in the Sundarbans of West Bengal. In Humphreys, E.; Tuong, T. P.; Buisson, Marie-Charlotte; Pukinskis, I.; Phillips, M. (Eds.). Proceedings of the CPWF, GBDC, WLE Conference on Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone: Turning Science into Policy and Practices, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 21-23 October 2014. Colombo, Sri Lanka: CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF). pp.61-67.
Groundwater ; Saline water ; Soil salinity ; Water use ; Irrigation water ; Water levels ; Shallow tube wells ; Aquifers ; Seasonal cropping ; Crop yield ; Rice ; Farmers ; Rain ; Coastal area / India / West Bengal / Sundarbans Region
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H047194)
https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/66389/Revitalizing%20the%20Ganges%20Coastal%20Zone%20Book_Low%20Version.pdf?sequence=1
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047194.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047194.pdf
(0.31 MB) (11.9 MB)
5 Sarangi, S. K.; Burman, D.; Mandal, S.; Maji, B.; Tuong, T. P.; Humphreys, E.; Bandyopadhyay, B. K.; Sharma, D. K. 2015. Reducing irrigation water requirement of dry season rice (boro) in coastal areas using timely seeding and short duration varieties. In Humphreys, E.; Tuong, T. P.; Buisson, Marie-Charlotte; Pukinskis, I.; Phillips, M. (Eds.). Proceedings of the CPWF, GBDC, WLE Conference on Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone: Turning Science into Policy and Practices, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 21-23 October 2014. Colombo, Sri Lanka: CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF). pp.68-79.
Irrigation water ; Water requirements ; Water productivity ; Groundwater ; Dry season ; Seasonal cropping ; Rice ; Sowing ; High yielding varieties ; Crop yield ; Soil salinity ; Coastal area / India / West Bengal
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H047195)
https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/66389/Revitalizing%20the%20Ganges%20Coastal%20Zone%20Book_Low%20Version.pdf?sequence=1
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047195.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047195.pdf
(0.29 MB) (11.9 MB)
6 Mondal, M. K.; Paul, P. L. C.; Humphreys, E.; Tuong, T. P.; Ritu, S. P.; Rashid, M. A. 2015. Opportunities for cropping system intensification in the coastal zone of Bangladesh. In Humphreys, E.; Tuong, T. P.; Buisson, Marie-Charlotte; Pukinskis, I.; Phillips, M. (Eds.). Proceedings of the CPWF, GBDC, WLE Conference on Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone: Turning Science into Policy and Practices, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 21-23 October 2014. Colombo, Sri Lanka: CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF). pp.449-476.
Cropping systems ; Crop management ; Seasonal cropping ; Intensification ; Coastal area ; High yielding varieties ; Crop yield ; Rice ; Sowing date ; Fertilizer application ; Harvesting ; Farmers ; Water levels ; Drainage ; Rain ; Salinity ; Temperature / Bangladesh / Khulna / Barguna / Barisal / Amtali / Batiaghata / Bazarkhali / Hatbati / Kismat Fultola
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H047210)
https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/66389/Revitalizing%20the%20Ganges%20Coastal%20Zone%20Book_Low%20Version.pdf?sequence=1
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047210.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047210.pdf
(0.73 MB) (11.9 MB)
7 Chandna, P. K.; Nelson, A.; Khan, M. Z. H.; Hossain, M. M.; Rana, M. S.; Mondal, M.; Mohanty, S.; Humphrey, L.; Rashid, F.; Tuong, T. P. 2015. Targeting improved cropping systems in the coastal zone of Bangladesh: a decision tree approach for mapping recommendation domains. In Humphreys, E.; Tuong, T. P.; Buisson, Marie-Charlotte; Pukinskis, I.; Phillips, M. (Eds.). Proceedings of the CPWF, GBDC, WLE Conference on Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone: Turning Science into Policy and Practices, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 21-23 October 2014. Colombo, Sri Lanka: CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF). pp.522-541.
Cropping systems ; Agricultural development ; Coastal area ; Spatial distribution ; Analysis ; Mapping ; Land use ; High yielding varieties ; Rice ; Seasonal cropping ; Transplanting ; Water management ; Surface water ; Groundwater ; Soil salinity ; Brackish water ; Aquaculture ; Shrimp culture ; Reclaimed land / Bangladesh / Barisal
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H047211)
https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/66389/Revitalizing%20the%20Ganges%20Coastal%20Zone%20Book_Low%20Version.pdf?sequence=1
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047211.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047211.pdf
(0.65 MB) (11.9 MB)
8 Bellwood-Howard, I.; Haring, V.; Karg, Hanna; Roessler, R.; Schlesinger, J.; Shakya, M. 2015. Characteristics of urban and peri-urban agriculture in West Africa: results of an exploratory survey conducted in Tamale (Ghana) and Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 38p. (IWMI Working Paper 163) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2015.214]
Urban agriculture ; Peri-urban agriculture ; Farming systems ; Farmers ; Seasonal cropping ; Cultivation ; Soil sampling ; Soil fertility ; Households ; Livestock ; Landownership ; Water availability ; Wastewater ; Irrigation ; Market prices ; Leaf vegetables ; Inorganic fertilizers ; Organic fertilizers ; Villages ; Surveys / West Africa / Ghana / Burkina Faso / Tamale / Ouagadougou
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H047216)
(2 MB)
The report summarizes key results from surveys carried out on urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) in Tamale (Ghana) and Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) in 2013. The aim was to provide a broad overview of the state of UPA in the study cities and a basis for future research endeavors. The randomized sampling approach used aerial photography to identify 10 sites in different categories of farm in each city. Farmers provided information on their cropping and livestock-rearing activities. There were similarities between the cities, but the differences in the expression of UPA in Tamale and Ouagadougou were more intriguing, as in farm sizes, crops grown and livestock ownership. Farmers were particularly concerned about diminishing access to land in Tamale, where sales by chiefs to private investors were accelerating. In Ouagadougou, formal reallocation of land to homeowners by the state had similarly decreased available farmland. Water availability was a universal concern, and the quality of water used for irrigation was potentially more questionable in Ouagadougou than in Tamale. The results point to the need for further work on uncontaminated, perennial water sources and soil fertility management, alongside focuses on commercialization of animal production, and the legal, political and institutional context of UPA in different West African cities.
9 Perrone, D.; Hornberger, G. 2016. Frontiers of the food-energy-water trilemma: Sri Lanka as a microcosm of tradeoffs. Environmental Research Letters, 11(1):1-10. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/1/014005]
Water resources ; Food production ; Energy generation ; Water power ; Water use ; Water scarcity ; Agricultural production ; Rice ; Seasonal cropping ; Crop yield ; Irrigation systems ; Farmers ; Economic aspects ; Political aspects / Sri Lanka / Mahaweli River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047400)
http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/11/1/014005/pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047400.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047400.pdf
(1.35 MB) (1.35 MB)
Food, energy, and water are three critical resources for humanity. As climate variability, population growth, and lifestyle changes amplify the stress placed on each of the resources, the interrelationships among food, energy, and water systems become more pronounced. Political conflict, social and cultural norms, and spatial and temporal distribution of the resources add additional layers of complexity. It is in this context that the significance of understanding the impacts of water scarcity on the decisions around food and energy productions has emerged. Our work establishes tradeoff frontiers (TFs) as a method useful in illustrating the system-level tradeoffs between allocating water for food and water for energy. This paper illustrates how TFs can be used to (1) show how scarcity in water resources affects the tradeoffs between food and energy and (2) explore the political and social constraints that can move production away from what is feasible technically. We use Sri Lanka, a country where water resources are variable both in space and time and a country with relatively self-contained energy and agricultural sectors, as a microcosm of the food security, energy security, and water security trilemma. Nevertheless, our application of tradeoff frontiers is applicable widely to other systems.
10 Buisson, Marie-Charlotte. 2015. What does pump sets electrification change? impacts on cropping patterns, productivity and incomes in West Bengal. Paper presented at the ICID 26th Euro-Mediterranean Regional Conference and Workshops on Innovate to Improve Irrigation Performances. Workshop: Irrigation and Energy, Montpellier, France, 12-15 October 2015. 5p.
Groundwater irrigation ; Pumps ; Tube wells ; Electrification ; Energy policies ; Agricultural development ; Water market ; Cropping patterns ; Seasonal cropping ; Rice ; Intensive farming ; Productivity ; Farm income ; Cost benefit analysis ; Farmers / India / West Bengal
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047391)
(0.27 MB) (276 KB)
West Bengal is currently implementing new policies facilitating the access to electrified irrigation for farmers and expects to initiate a second Green Revolution. Based on primary data, this paper aims to estimate the potential impact of these electrification policies. Using a discontinuity design and propensity score methods, we identify that electrification induces a significant change in the cropping patterns and more water intensive crops, especially boro rice, are preferred by farmers. In addition, the cropping intensity is also higher for electric pump owners. However, we cannot identify any significant quantity impact, which means that the yields are not benefitting from an access to electric pumps. On the contrary, there is a significant and positive price effect for boro rice: the farmers irrigating with electrified tubewells have significantly higher value added and consequently higher incomes from their farming activities. Finally, we identify a positive impact of tubewell electrification on the number of irrigations; considered together with the absence of impact on yields, this result questions the sustainability of the electrification policies to manage the groundwater resource.
11 Kam, S. P.; Nhuong, T.; Hoanh, Chu Thai; Hien, N. X. 2015. Aquaculture adaptation to climate change in Vietnam’s Mekong Delta. In Hoanh, Chu Thai; Johnston, Robyn; Smakhtin, Vladimir. Climate change and agricultural water management in developing countries. Wallingford, UK: CABI. pp.135-153. (CABI Climate Change Series 8)
Climate change ; Adaptation ; Aquaculture ; Shrimp culture ; Farmers ; Flooding ; Ponds ; Economic analysis ; Costs ; Deltas ; Water resources ; Water management ; Seasonal cropping / Vietnam / Mekong Delta
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H047376)
(3.84 MB)
12 Mottaleb, K. A.; Gumma, M. K.; Mishra, A. K.; Mohanty, S. 2015. Quantifying production losses due to drought and submergence of rainfed rice at the household level using remotely sensed MODIS data. Agricultural Systems, 137:227-235. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2014.08.014]
Rainfed farming ; Rice ; Crop production ; Crop losses ; Drought ; Submergence ; Remote sensing ; Satellite surveys ; Models ; Seasonal cropping ; Households ; Farm income ; Expenditure ; Case studies / Bangladesh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047576)
(0.88 MB)
Combining remotely sensed Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data with Bangladesh Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) data, this study estimates losses in rainfed rice production at the household level. In particular, we estimated the rice areas affected by drought and submergence from remotely sensed MODIS data and rice production from Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) data for 2000, 2005 and 2010. Applying two limit Tobit estimation method, this study demonstrated that both drought and submergence significantly affected rice production. Findings reveal that on average, a one percent increase in drought affected area at district level reduces Aman season rice production by approximately 1382 kilograms per household on average, annually. Similarly, a one percent increase in drought area reduces rainfed Aus season rice production by approximately 693 kilograms per household, on average, annually. Based on the findings the paper suggests disseminating and developing drought and submergence tolerant rice and also short duration rice varieties to minimize loss caused by drought and submergence in Aus and Aman rice seasons.
13 Htwe, C. M.; Ngwe, K.; Win, K. K.; Mar, S. S. 2016. Estimating soil nutrient supplying capacity for rice (Oryza sativa L.) production. In Kywe, M.; Ngwe, K.; Oo, A. N. (Eds.). Proceedings of the Ninth Agricultural Research Conference, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar, 12-13 January 2016. Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar: Yezin Agricultural University. pp.158-176.
Irrigated rice ; Soil fertility ; Fertilizer application ; NPK fertilizers ; Site specific nutrient management ; Nutrient uptake ; Agricultural production ; Seasonal cropping ; Crop yield ; High yielding varieties ; Hybrids ; Indigenous knowledge / Myanmar
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047578)
(1.79 MB)
Soil nutrient supply capacity, nutrient use efficiency and fertilizer requirement for the consecutive rice cropping in irrigated system were investigated using a randomized complete block design with different fertilization treatments, including control (no fertilizer application), PK, NK, NP and NPK fertilization with four replications at Myanmar Rice Research Center (MRRC). Short duration rice varieties, Pale Thwe-1 (hybrid) and Yadanar Toc (HYV) were used to determine the soil indigenous nutrient supply capacity, to evaluate the omission plots for estimating fertilizer use efficiencies and to estimate the indigenous nutrients (N, P and K) as an requirement for working out a site specific fertilizer recommendation. The results of five treatments in four seasons indicated that the indigenous nutrient supply capacity of N, P and K (INS, IPS and IKS) ranged from (30.1 to 87.7) kg N ha-1, (8.9 to 53.7) kg P ha-1 and (43.7 to 165.3) kg K ha-1 . The nutrient use efficiencies (NUE, PUE and KUE) ranged between (2.1 to 27.8 kg kg-1 N applied), (12.8 to 63.5 kg kg-1 P applied) and (4.5 to 28.3 kg kg-1 K applied) in two rice varieties. It was also observed that rice crop could use nutrient more efficiently in dry season than in wet season. The four season's rice-rice monoculture also showed that balanced application of N, P and K promoted not only grain yield but also nutrient uptake. The yield increases of Pale Thwe-1 and Yadanar Toe over control treatment were 86, 52 % in NPK, 55, 44 % in NK and 65, and 37 % in NP a treatments, respectively. Nitrogen was the first nutrient limiting factor for yield, followed by P and then K. The greater N fertilizer requirement of Pale Thwe-1 variety was based on the greater yield target. The average amount of four season's fertilizer requirements were 160 kg N ha-1, 45 kg P ha-1 and 75 (kg K ha-1 for hybrid. Fertilizers were applied at a rate of 100 kg N ha-1, 30 kg P ha-1 and 70 kg K ha-1 for HYV. The importance of balanced fertilization in maintaining soil fertility for sustainable yield production is highly evident. The present study was conducted for only four consecutive rice cropping seasons at MRRC and the work needs further investigation.
14 Shein, H. A. 2016. Agricultural marketing and management in Myanmar. In Kywe, M.; Ngwe, K.; Oo, A. N. (Eds.). Proceedings of the Ninth Agricultural Research Conference, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar, 12-13 January 2016. Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar: Yezin Agricultural University. pp.13-18.
Agricultural economics ; Marketing ; Agricultural production ; Rice ; Seasonal cropping ; Exports ; International trade ; Supply chain ; Food quality ; Food surplus ; Food shortages ; Public-private cooperation / Myanmar
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047593)
(0.36 MB)
Geographically, Myanmar enjoys a key strategic position in South-east Asia, sharing its border with five neighboring countries, namely China, India, Bangladesh, Loa POR and Thailand. The main economic sector in Myanmar is agriculture, in which rice is the most important commodity, feeding a growing population and obtaining foreign exchange through the export of rice surplus. In 2013-14, total multiple crops sown area was 21.37 million hectare. The area planted to paddy amounted to 7.28 million or 34 % of total multiple crops hectares followed by that of pulses and oilseed crops which accounted for 4.53 and 10.1 million acres, respectively. The country's population in 2014-2015 was estimated at 51.41 million with an annual growth rate of 1 percent. At this rate, total population is estimated at 62.22 million in 2019-2020. The new sub-chain is also exported to develop with future plan to produce and export special quality rice in near future.
15 Anwar, Arif A.; Bhatti, Muhammad Tousif; de Vries, T. T. 2016. Canal operations planner. I: maximizing delivery performance ratio. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 142(12):1-12. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0001091]
Irrigation systems ; Irrigation canals ; Irrigation operation ; Seasonal cropping ; Performance evaluation ; Equity ; Mathematical models ; Linear models ; Linear programming / Pakistan / Punjab / Indus Basin Irrigation System
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047652)
(0.87 MB)
A key operational objective for the management of the Indus Basin Irrigation System of Pakistan is the distribution of water among tertiary canals in a transparent and equitable manner. Decisions on canal operations are disseminated as a Canal Operation Plan, or a Rotational Program, for each crop season for every canal system. The current practice for developing these plans is qualitative based on heuristics that have remain unchanged since the early development of this vast irrigation system. This paper uses operations research tools to develop a Canal Operations Planner. Allocation cost is defined as a function of the delivery performance ratio and maximizing this function. The performance of the modules is evaluated using spillage and the Gini index as a measure of equity. Two models, namely; linear programme-delivery performance ratio (LP-DPR) and non linear programme-delivery performance ratio (NLP-DPR) are presented and the results are compared to performance under current canal planning and operational practice. Both models improve the equity when compared to existing operations. The NLP-DPR model outperforms the LP-DPR both on equity and minimizing spillage.
16 Anwar, Arif A.; de Vries, T. T.; Bhatti, Muhammad Tousif. 2016. Canal operations planner. II: minimizing inequity. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 142(12):1-7. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0001092]
Irrigation systems ; Irrigation canals ; Irrigation operation ; Water distribution ; Water supply ; Equity ; Seasonal cropping ; Performance indexes ; Farmers ; Mathematical models / Pakistan / Indus Basin Irrigation System
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047653)
(0.38 MB)
Equity of water distribution is an oft-repeated and stated aim of the warabandi irrigation systems prevalent in Pakistan and parts of India. The Canal Operations Plan is one tool used to operationalize equitable distribution of water. These plans are created for every canal system every crop season. This companion paper applies operations research tools to this problem and explicitly minimizes inequity as measured by the Gini index of the cumulative depth of water supplied. The results are analyzed and compared with those obtained from the models of the companion paper that maximize delivery performance ratio (DPR) and conclude that the linear programme-delivery performance ratio (LP-DPR) model given in the companion paper is overall slightly superior to the linear programme-inequity (LP-INEQ) model presented in this paper. This paper highlights that a performance indicator of equity such as the Gini may not fully capture the sense of fairness from a farmer’s perspective. Application of this research is demonstrated through an engineering application in the preparation of a canal operations plan for the summer 2016 and winter 2016–2017 crop season.
17 Kakumanu, Krishna Reddy; Tesfai, M.; Borrell, A.; Nagothu, U. S.; Reddy, S. K.; Reddy, G. K. 2016. Climate smart rice production systems: studying the potential of alternate wetting and drying irrigation. In Nagothu, U. S. (Ed.). Climate change and agricultural development: improving resilience through climate smart agriculture, agroecology and conservation. Oxon, UK: Routledge. pp.206-231.
Agricultural production ; Rice ; Climate change ; Water use ; Water conservation ; Water scarcity ; Water productivity ; Water requirements ; Farmers ; Irrigation water ; Greenhouse gases ; Emission reduction ; Methane ; Nitrous oxide ; Food security ; Seasonal cropping ; Cultivation ; Flow discharge ; Case studies / India
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047888)
18 Samantha, N. P. G.; Wijesooriya, W. A. N. 2016. Needs assessment of agricultural market information. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Hector Kobbekaduwa Agrarian Research and Training Institute (HARTI). 26p. (HARTI Working Paper 008)
Agricultural economics ; Agricultural policy ; Agricultural production ; Market information services ; Assessment ; Farmers ; Stakeholders ; Socioeconomic environment ; Income ; Vegetables ; Rice ; Seasonal cropping / Sri Lanka
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 630 G744 SAM Record No: H047934)
19 Okwany, Romulus O.; Prathapar, Sanmugam; Bastakoti, Ram C.; Mondal, M. K. 2016. Shallow subsurface drainage for managing seasonal flooding in Ganges floodplain, Bangladesh. Irrigation and Drainage, 65(5):712-723. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.1990]
Subsurface drainage ; Flood control ; Water management ; Groundwater table ; Water levels ; Surface water ; Ponds ; Canals ; Monsoon climate ; Seasonal cropping ; Rice ; Winter crops ; Sunflowers ; Harvesting ; Soil moisture ; Precipitation ; Evaporation ; Monitoring ; Farmers ; Community involvement ; Floodplains / Bangladesh / Ganges Floodplain / Khulna / Batiaghata
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047979)
(2.02 MB) (2.02 MB)
The impact of shallow subsurface drainage was investigated as a pilot study on a 0.13 ha plot of a farmer’s field located in Batiaghata, Khulna District, Bangladesh, in the floodplain of the Bay of Bengal. The drainage design differed from traditional subsurface tile drains in two respects: (i) the depth of drains was shallow (30 cm); and (ii) the design did not include a sump and accessories such as pumps (drainage outlets were tidal).
A monsoonal paddy rice crop followed by a winter sunflower crop was evaluated. The experimental treatment was a shallow subsurface drainage system with a drain depth of 0.3 m and drain spacing of 8 m. Measurements of surface flooding depth and groundwater table depth were made weekly and subsurface drainage discharge during managed drainage of the field was measured to determine system responsiveness. The managed subsurface drainage enabled the establishment of the winter sunflower crop 1.5 months earlier than the usual local practice, increased the yield and facilitated safe harvest, avoiding pre-monsoonal rainfall damage. Farmers expressed increased interest in managed subsurface drainage for its potential for early establishment of rabi crops and increased yields in the study area. This study outlines the potential benefits resulting from subsurface drainage in Khulna District.
A monsoonal paddy rice crop followed by a winter sunflower crop was evaluated. The experimental treatment was a shallow subsurface drainage system with a drain depth of 0.3 m and drain spacing of 8 m. Measurements of surface flooding depth and groundwater table depth were made weekly and subsurface drainage discharge during managed drainage of the field was measured to determine system responsiveness. The managed subsurface drainage enabled the establishment of the winter sunflower crop 1.5 months earlier than the usual local practice, increased the yield and facilitated safe harvest, avoiding pre-monsoonal rainfall damage. Farmers expressed increased interest in managed subsurface drainage for its potential for early establishment of rabi crops and increased yields in the study area. This study outlines the potential benefits resulting from subsurface drainage in Khulna District.
20 Warnakulasooriya, H. U.; Athukorale, W. 2016. Productive efficiency of rice farming under rainfed conditions in the Gampaha and Kaluthara districs of Sri Lanka. 2(1):51-64.
Rainfed farming ; Agricultural production ; Rice ; Seasonal cropping ; Cost analysis ; Economic analysis ; Profitability ; Farmers ; Efficiency ; Productivity / Sri Lanka / Gampaha / Kaluthara
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047985)
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