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1 Bottrall, A. 1986. Why evaluate irrigation system performance? In Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council and Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development, Methodologies to evaluate the performance of irrigation systems (pp. 21-35). Dhaka, Bangladesh: BARC and Winrock International.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.8 G584 BAN Record No: H01673)
Discusses the need for evaluation of irrigation system performance in order to improve the future planning and management of the systems. Although the audience for which the evaluation may vary, there is a central core of data that will be of interest in one form or another to all parties concerned. This points to the desirability of establishing a regular performance monitoring system as a source of information from which all potential users can draw. The perspectives of different audiences and evaluators may lead to different understandings of critical terms in the evaluation process. The author suggests caution on two: (1) definition of "system" and (2) definitional aspects of three performance criteria which he considers the most important, namely, productivity, equity, and long-term environmental impact. In the last section the author calls attention to peculiar features of the Bangladesh context: (1) the preponderance of small, farmer-operated lift irrigation systems; (2) a large number of different irrigation technologies and management systems; (3) a high level of user-financing; and (4) a high level of landlessness, which has led to some unusual initiatives for participation in irrigation by landless groups.
2 Murray-Rust, H.; Tabbal, D. F.; Galang, A. A.; Sumayao, A. 1986. Evaluation of irrigation system design. In Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council and Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development, Methodologies to evaluate the performance of irrigation systems (pp. 62-76). Dhaka, Bangladesh: BARC and Winrock International.
Irrigation design ; Performance evaluation ; Rehabilitation ; Irrigation management ; Case studies / Philippines
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.8 G584 BAN Record No: H01676)
With widespread concern over the comparatively low levels of performance of irrigation systems throughout Asia, attention is focusing on rehabilitation rather than on construction of new systems. Rehabilitation looks at both redesign of physical infrastructure and improvement of managerial capabilities. This paper points out, however, that managerial inputs can only be effective if the physical infrastructure has sufficient flexibility to accommodate managerial demands. The paper focuses on three case studies in the Philippines. The case studies have been selected to demonstrate how managerial considerations for improved system operation have been constrained by the design of the physical infrastructure at primary, secondary, and tertiary levels within the system. The main conclusion that can be drawn from these case studies is that changes in system operation can only be successful if redesign of the physical component of the system is fully integrated with operational criteria at the onset of the rehabilitation process.
3 Garces-Restrepo, C.; Lazaro, R. C.; Akhand, N. A. 1986. Methodologies to evaluate the performance of irrigation systems in Bangladesh. In Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council and Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development, Methodologies to evaluate the performance of irrigation systems (pp. 142-168). Dhaka, Bangladesh: BARC and Winrock International.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.8 G584 BAN Record No: H01681)
Reviews the performance studies of irrigation projects in Bangladesh with attention to both internal and external evaluations. The paper gives a brief description of each project, project objectives, purpose of evaluation, methodology followed, and parameters used. Results of the evaluations, however, are not presented as the paper concentrates on the methodologies issue. Methodologies for evaluation ranged from simple field inspections with random interviews to surveys with full sampling techniques. Although most studies appeared to have been based on secondary sources some internal evaluation studies utilized primary data. Evaluation studies reviewed in the paper suggest that individuals, rather than institutions, have had the initiative to undertake studies dealing with the performance of irrigations systems. The authors also point out that the studies have been heavily biased towards socio-economic aspects of systems with some attention to agronomic issues. The technical and engineering component of the evaluation have been mostly neglected, although this appears to be changing. The paper concludes with three recommendations that the authors feel would be of great help towards enhancing the understanding of past, present, and potential performance of irrigation systems in Bangladesh.
4 Mirjahan, M. 1986. Evaluation of deep tubewell irrigation systems. In Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council and Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development, Methodologies to evaluate the performance of irrigation systems (pp. 169-186). Dhaka, Bangladesh: BARC and Winrock International.
Performance evaluation ; Deep tube wells ; Tube well irrigation ; Channel improvement ; Irrigation practices / Bangladesh
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.8 G584 BAN Record No: H01682)
The paper describes a field-oriented evaluation of the performance of eleven deep tubewell (DTW) based irrigation systems. In addition, the study served as a basis for developing a model that can be used in predicting the impact of various interventions (i.e., improvement of earth channels, lining of canals, upgrading on-farm water management practices, increase in pumping hours, etc.) on command area expansion. The methodology followed included intensive field data collection in five DTW command areas in Dhamrai (near Dhaka) and six DTW command areas in Thakurgaon (in northwest Bangladesh). Performance parameters utilized included conveyance, application, overall irrigation, unit, and pumping plant efficiencies. The impact of each of the interventions considered was then determined by comparing the predicted command under the modified system with that under the existing conditions. This, in turn, provides the necessary information for cost effectiveness analysis. The analysis indicates that DTW command areas could be increased significantly through measures including improvement of main and field channels, improvement of plot channels, better on-farm water management, land-levelling, and longer operating hours.
5 Haq, K. A.; Islam, M. N.; Sattar, M. A. 1986. Evaluation of large scale irrigation systems: The Ganges-Kobadak Project experience. In Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council and Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development, Methodologies to evaluate the performance of irrigation systems. Dhaka, Bangladesh: BARC and Winrock International. pp.187-205.
Performance evaluation ; Surface irrigation ; Cost benefit analysis ; Crop yield ; Irrigation efficiency / Bangladesh
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.8 G584 BAN Record No: H01683)
The Ganges-Kobadak (G-K) Project is the largest surface irrigation system in Bangladesh. The study evaluated the performance of the system keeping in mind the objectives of the project to (1) increase food production, (2) control floods, (3) improve the drainage system of the area, (4) improve cropping patterns and intensity, and (5) improve the socio-economic conditions of the farmers. The methodology followed was an intensive survey approach. The performance parameters selected were pumping plant, conveyance, on-farm water use, and command area efficiencies; adoption of high yielding varieties and input use; and benefit-cost ratios of cropping patterns. Results indicate that pumping plant, conveyance, and kharif II command area efficiencies are relatively high, while on-farm water use and kharif I command area efficiencies were much lower. Both HYV adoption and input use were higher in 1984 than in 1983. Finally, benefit-cost ratios of selected cropping patterns ranged between 4.85 and 2.77 depending on whether recommended or farmers' management practices were followed.
6 Mandal, M. A. S.; Dutta, S. C. 1986. Comparative evaluation of different lift irrigation technologies under different management approaches: A discussion on field work methodologies. In Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council and Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development, Methodologies to evaluate the performance of irrigation systems (pp. 206-218). Dhaka, Bangladesh: BARC and Winrock International.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.8 G584 BAN Record No: H01684)
The paper highlights the important methodological aspects and field work experiences related to the first phase of field research on minor irrigation systems in Bangladesh. The research is concerned with the evaluation of the performance of deep tubewell, shallow tubewell, and low lift pump irrigation systems controlled and managed under different institutions in two different areas of Bangladesh. The paper is divided in six sections. Section I is the introduction. Section II presents a discussion on the irrigation institutions covered in the study, their management responsibilities, and the structure of incentives, while the objectives and strategies of work are discussed in Section III. Sections IV and V describe respectively the survey design and field work experiences. The final section presents the concluding remarks.
7 Baset, M. 1986. System performance: A case study of a deep tubewell under the Irrigation Management Programme (IMP). In Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council and Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development, Methodologies to evaluate the performance of irrigation systems (pp. 271-279). Dhaka, Bangladesh: BARC and Winrock International.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.8 G584 BAN Record No: H01696)
The paper first explains the work of the Irrigation Management Programme (IMP) that was established to improve the performance of irrigation systems. Then the author provides a case study evaluation of the performance of a particular IMP irrigation system based on the criteria the IMP program has established to assess the performance of an irrigation system. The author concludes that a system's performance largely depends on how the first two phases of planning and implementation are carried out. In addition, he suggests that a further key to improved performance for any irrigation system lies in its leadership and proposes that efforts be made to train and motivate farmers to foster good leadership.
8 Yurgalevitch, C. M.; Tenny, L. S.; Ulmer, D. S. 1995. The current status of microirrigation systems in Dade county. In Lamm, F. R. (Ed.), Microirrigation for a changing world: Conserving resources/preserving the environment: Proceedings of the Fifth International Microirrigation Congress, Hyatt Regency Orlando, Orlando, Florida, April 2-6, 1995. St. Joseph, MI, USA: ASAE. pp.331-335.
Irrigation systems ; Small scale systems ; Water conservation ; Drip irrigation ; Sprinkler irrigation ; Performance evaluation / USA / Florida / Dade county
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7 G000 LAM Record No: H018868)
9 Palanisami, K.; Easter, K. W. 1986. Management, production, and rehabilitation in south Indian irrigation tanks. In K. W. Easter (Ed.), Irrigation investment, technology, and management strategies for development. Boulder, CO, USA: Westview Press. pp.91-109. (Studies in water policy and management no.9)
Tank irrigation ; Performance evaluation ; Rehabilitation ; Irrigation management / India / Tamil Nadu
(Location: IWMI-India Call no: 631.7 G000 EAS Record No: H01499)
The paper focuses on the rehabilitation and management of the almost 40,000 tanks in Tamil Nadu, India. Many of the tanks have been in use for over a century and have been declining in productivity. Rehabilitation investments offer good rates of return if appropriate tanks and investments are selected. The chapter concludes with a simplified procedure, using secondary data, for identifying the appropriate tanks for rehabilitation.
10 Wickham, T. H.; Valera, A. 1978. Practices and accountability for better watershed management. In IRRI, Irrigation policy and management in Southeast Asia. Los Banos, Philippines: International Rice Research Institute. pp.61-75.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.8 G570 IRR Record No: H04582)
An overview of the results of several recent field studies on water management and distribution in the Philippine provinces of Laguna, Bulacan, and Nueva Ecija is presented. The diversion irrigation systems studied ranged from 3,600 to 75,000 ha in size. Factors found to have insignificant influence on the performance of the systems are farm-ditch density, the distances of farms from turnouts, and the rotation of water supplies at the farm level. But the location of farmers' fields along distribution canals and the rotation of water supplies among laterals or sublaterals markedly influenced the performance of the systems.
11 Miranda, S. M.; Levine, G. 1978. Effects of physical water control parameters on lowland irrigation water management. In IRRI, Irrigation policy and management in Southeast Asia. Los Banos, Philippines: International Rice Research Institute. pp.77-91.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.8 G570 IRR Record No: J 60)
Irrigation performance was analyzed in three diversion systems from 3,600 to 28,000 ha. Twenty-two turnout areas ranging from 5 to more than 20 ha and supplied by different irrigation techniques were monitored through both the wet and dry seasons. The results are mixed, but there is some evidence that water use efficiency in the dry season was higher in areas served by farm ditch rotational irrigation. Higher water use efficiency seems to be associated with the larger and smaller sized areas, but not with the intermediate sized areas (from 10 to 20 ha). Farmers do not practice rotational irrigation as it is practiced in Taiwan, and it does not appear to have significant value in the wet season.
12 Huelgas, R. R.; Torres, R. D. 1978. Preliminary analysis of selected gravity irrigation systems in the Philippines. In IRRI, Irrigation policy and management in Southeast Asia. Los Banos, Philippines: International Rice Research Institute. pp.151-164.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.8 G570 IRR Record No: J 67)
The economic performance in 1974 of seven diversion irrigation systems ranging in size from 2,400 to 9,000 has is compared with their performance as initially projected. Construction costs are generally about 15% higher than originally projected, operation and maintenance costs are about 55% higher, and farm income benefits from irrigation are about double. The greater farm income benefits stem from the much higher rice prices in 1974 than those that were projected. Area irrigated and yields were both substantially below projected levels.
13 Clayton, E. 1981. Monitoring management and control of irrigation projects: The example of Mwea, Kenya. Water Supply & Management, 5(1):107-115.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 1208 Record No: H01725)
14 Bottrall, A. 1981. Improving canal management: The role of evaluation and action research. Water Supply & Management, 5(1):67-79.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 1210 Record No: H01727)
15 Wade, R.; Chambers, R. 1980. Managing the main system: Canal irrigation's blind spot. Economic and Political Weekly, 15(39):A107-A112.
Irrigation operation ; Primary level irrigation ; Performance evaluation ; Water use efficiency / South Asia / South East Asia
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 1294 Record No: H01706)
Irrigation will continue to get very high priority in strategies to increase food production and labor absorption in agriculture. But plans for irrigation investment in South and Southeast Asia are being made with too little attention to diagnosing the causes of the generally disappointing performance of large, publicly-operated canal systems. One set of causes, which the authors argue here are very important, are simply not considered; they are 'screened out' from consideration from the very beginning. The remedies are hence unlikely to have the effects expected of them.
16 Apinantara, A.; Sriswasdilek, J. 1986. An evaluation of river pump and tank irrigation systems in Northeast Thailand. In K. W. Easter (Ed.), Irrigation investment, technology, and management strategies for development (pp. 147-175). (Studies in water policy and management no. 9) Boulder, CO, USA: Westview Press.
Irrigation systems ; Performance evaluation ; Tank irrigation ; Low lift irrigation / Thailand / Northeast Thailand
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7 G000 EAS Record No: J 45)
Presents the results of an evaluation of the performance of four tank irrigation systems and two river pump systems in northeast Thailand. Wet season rice yields were much lower in the pump projects and their construction costs were high compared to the tanks. The dry season returns varied a great deal among crops and projects. Low yields and high labor use resulted in negative net returns to farmers in a number of the projects during the dry season. In general, wet season irrigation was adequate, while only half the farmers practiced dry season cropping. The paper concludes with recommendations for improving project performance.
17 Garces Restrepo, C. 1983. A methodology to evaluate the performance of irrigation systems: Application to Philippine national systems. Ann Arbor, MI, USA: UMI. xvii, 347p.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.8 G732 GAR Record No: H01880)
Ph. D. thesis presented to Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
18 Wade, R. 1985. On the sociology of irrigation: How do we know the truth about canal performance. Agricultural Administration, 19(2):63-79.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 1497 Record No: H01980)
The methods used to collect irrigation statistics in India give rise to very large margins of error. The unreliability of the data throws into question the utility of careful economic analyses of irrigation projects. More importantly, it means that in the case of large surface- flow schemes canal officials cannot manage the system in the absence of reliable information about the system's output; they can only administer the inputs. This is an important constraint on better performance. To improve the information system attention has to be given not only to the hardware but also to the incentives which bear on those who collect statistics.
19 Wade, R. 1985. Managing water managers: Deterring expropriation, or equity as a control mechanism. In Jordan, W. R. (Ed.) Water and water policy in world food supplies: Proceedings of the Conference, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA, 26-30 May 1985. pp.177-184.
Water control ; Farmer-agency interactions ; Performance evaluation ; Canals ; Irrigation operation ; Maintenance ; Equity / India
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 JOR Record No: H02221)
The performance of canal irrigation systems depends, in part, on trust by farmers in the good faith and abilities of irrigation officials. In India, this trust is typically lacking; there is, instead, a 'syndrome of anarchy' under the canals, in which farmers lack the confidence that if they refrain from taking water out of turn they will get water on time, and officials lack confidence that if they work conscientiously to get the water on time, farmers will refrain from rule-breaking. To break the syndrome, changes need to be made in the relationship between O & M and construction; in the source of the O & M budget; and in the geographical scope of the O & M organization. The East Asian Irrigation Associations provide an example of the direction in which institutional changes should be made. Changes in physical design can also help; particularly the punctuation of the hydraulic system at a point within the ken of farmers, by means of a break-point reservoir.
20 Levine, G. 1983. The Asian context for irrigation. Paper presented at the Seminar on Water Management Issues in Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal, 31 July 1983. 12p.
Performance evaluation ; Irrigation systems ; Governmental interrelations ; Farmer participation ; Irrigation design / Asia / Nepal
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 787 Record No: H02226)
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