Your search found 109 records
1 Ebrahim, Girma Y.; Villholth, Karen G.; Boulos, M. 2019. Integrated hydrogeological modelling of hard-rock semi-arid terrain: supporting sustainable agricultural groundwater use in Hout catchment, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Hydrogeology Journal, 27(3):965-981. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-019-01957-6]
Hydrogeology ; Integrated management ; Modelling ; Sustainable agriculture ; Groundwater management ; Groundwater recharge ; Groundwater extraction ; Water use ; Water levels ; Water requirements ; Catchment areas ; Semiarid zones ; Aquifers ; Rainfall-runoff relationships ; Remote sensing ; Vegetation ; Climate change ; Precipitation ; Pumping / Africa South of Sahara / South Africa / Limpopo Province / Hout Catchment
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049181)
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs10040-019-01957-6.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049181.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049181.pdf
(3.44 MB)
An integrated hydrogeological modelling approach applicable to hard-rock aquifers in semi-arid data-scarce Africa was developed using remote sensing, rainfall-runoff modelling, and a three-dimensional (3D) dynamic model. The integrated modelling approach was applied to the Hout catchment, Limpopo Province, South Africa, an important agricultural region where groundwater abstraction for irrigation doubled during 1968–1986. Since the 1960s, groundwater levels in irrigated areas have displayed extended periods of decline with partial or full recovery in response to major decadal rainfall events or periods. The integrated dynamic 3D hydrogeological flow model, based on the One-Water Hydrologic Flow Model (MODFLOW-OWHM), helped to understand recharge and flow processes and inform water use and management. Irrigation abstraction was estimated based on irrigated crop area delineated using the Landsat Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and crop water requirements. Using groundwater level data, the model was calibrated (2008–2012) and validated (2013–2015). Estimated mean diffuse recharge (3.3 ± 2.5% of annual rainfall) compared well with estimates from the Precipitation Runoff Modelling System model. Recharge and groundwater storage showed significant inter-annual variability. The ephemeral river was found to be losing, with mean net flux to the aquifer (focused recharge) of ~1.1% of annual rainfall. The results indicate a delicate human-natural system reliant on the small but highly variable recharge, propagating through variable pumping to an even more variable storage, making the combined system vulnerable to climate and anthropogenic changes. The integrated modelling is fundamental for understanding spatio-temporal variability in key parameters required for managing the groundwater resource sustainably.
2 Dickens, Chris; O’Brien, G.; Stassen, R.; Eriyagama, Nishadi; Kleynhans, M.; Rowntree, K.; Graham, M.; Ross-Gillespie, V.; MacKenzie, J.; Wymenga, E.; Mapedza, Everisto; Burnet, M.; Desai, M.; Hean, J. 2018. E-flows for the Upper Niger River and Inner Niger Delta: synthesis report. [Project report prepared by the International Water Management Institute for Wetlands International]. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 201p.
Environmental flows ; Rivers ; Deltas ; Water resources ; Aquatic ecosystems ; Monitoring ; Risk assessment ; Ecosystem services ; Habitats ; Invertebrates ; Birds ; Manatees ; Fisheries ; Floodplains ; Dams ; Sediment ; Water quality ; Flow discharge ; Vegetation ; Indicators ; Geomorphology ; Living standards ; Social aspects ; Ecological factors ; Hydrodynamics ; Modelling ; Case studies / West Africa / Mali / Niger / Upper Niger River / Inner Niger Delta / Bani River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049434)
(13.80 MB)
3 Dickens, Chris; O’Brien, G.; Stassen, R.; Eriyagama, Nishadi; Kleynhans, M.; Rowntree, K.; Graham, M.; Ross-Gillespie, V.; MacKenzie, J.; Wymenga, E.; Mapedza, Everisto; Burnet, M.; Desai, M.; Hean, J. 2018. E-Flows for the Upper Niger River and Inner Niger Delta: specialist response report for vegetation, fish, invertebrates and birds. [Project report prepared by the International Water Management Institute for Wetlands International]. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 104p.
Environmental flows ; Vegetation ; Fisheries ; Invertebrates ; Birds ; Ecosystem services ; Aquatic environment ; Habitats ; Biodiversity ; Rivers ; Deltas ; Living standards ; Public health ; Waterborne diseases ; Risk assessment ; Malaria ; Onchocerciasis ; Parasites ; Pathogens ; Vectors ; Sanitation ; Water resources ; Water quality ; Floodplains ; Sediment ; Modelling / West Africa / Upper Niger River / Inner Niger Delta
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049436)
(5.46 MB)
4 Pavelic, Paul; Hoanh, Chu Thai; Viossanges, Mathieu; Vinh, B. N.; Chung, D. T.; D’haeze, D.; Dat, L. Q.; Ross, A. 2019. Managed aquifer recharge for sustaining groundwater supplies for smallholder coffee production in the central highlands of Vietnam: report on pilot trial design and results from two hydrological years (May 2017 to April 2019). Contribution to WLE project - Sustainable Groundwater. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 68p.
Groundwater recharge ; Aquifers ; Sustainability ; Water supply ; Agricultural production ; Coffee industry ; Highlands ; Groundwater table ; Water quality ; Cost benefit analysis ; Smallholders ; Farmers' attitudes ; Hydroclimatology ; Rain ; Wells ; Monitoring ; Filtration ; Modelling / Vietnam
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049492)
(2.77 MB) (2.77 MB)
5 Usman, M.; Qamar, M. U.; Becker, R.; Zaman, M.; Conrad, C.; Salim, S. 2020. Numerical modelling and remote sensing based approaches for investigating groundwater dynamics under changing land-use and climate in the agricultural region of Pakistan. Journal of Hydrology, 581:124408. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.124408]
Groundwater table ; Groundwater recharge ; Climate change ; Land use change ; Remote sensing ; Modelling ; Water balance ; Land cover ; Water use ; Precipitation ; Evapotranspiration ; Emission ; Irrigation systems / Pakistan / Punjab / Lower Chenab Canal
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049553)
(6.51 MB)
The shrinking groundwater resource is a major cause of ecosystem imbalance, which is further intensified by rapid changes in land use and land cover (LULC) and climate in the lower Chenab canal (LCC) of Pakistan. Present study aims to investigate groundwater dynamics using a novel approach by incorporating remote sensing data in combination with actual patterns of LULC, while statistical approach is employed for downscaling of climatic data under two emission scenarios including H3A2 and H3B2. A 3-D numerical groundwater flow model is used for evaluating current patterns of groundwater use and its dynamics. The results of water budget show a total horizontal groundwater inflow of 2844 Mm3 and an outflow of 2720.2 Mm3. The groundwater abstraction through pumping is about 17374.43 Mm3 as compared to groundwater recharge of 19933.20 Mm3, yields a surplus of 2682.87 Mm3, which raises groundwater levels in major parts of LCC. Change in rice cultivation has the highest impact on groundwater levels in upper regions of LCC, whereas higher negative changes are observed for lower parts under decreased fodder area in place of rice, cotton and sugarcane. For climate scenarios, a rise in groundwater level is observed for 2011 to 2025, whereas, its drop is expected for the periods 2026–2035 and 2036–2045 under H3A2 scenario. Due to no imminent threats to groundwater, there is an opportunity for groundwater development through water re-allocation. Groundwater status under H3B2 emission regime is rather complex during 2011–2025. Water management under such situation requires revisiting of cropping patterns and augmenting water supply through additional surface water resources. Considering the limitations of the current study, it is recommended to update model with river flow under changing climate, and to extend investigations for combined effects of LULC and climate change.
6 Packett, E.; Grigg, N. J.; Wu, J.; Cuddy, S. M.; Wallbrink, P. J.; Jakeman, A. J. 2020. Mainstreaming gender into water management modelling processes. Environmental Modelling and Software, 127:104683 (Online first). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2020.104683]
Water management ; Modelling ; Gender mainstreaming ; Integrated management ; Water resources ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Gender equality ; Equity ; Decision making ; Stakeholders ; Policies
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049569)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364815219306966/pdfft?md5=9bbd07f9dad094b7d69d4f78e41cc5ec&pid=1-s2.0-S1364815219306966-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049569.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049569.pdf
(0.51 MB) (524 KB)
Although the Dublin principles of Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) are well-established, the third principle on gender is commonly missing in practice. We use gender mainstreaming to identify examples where gender-specific perspectives might influence water resource management modelling choices. We show how gender considerations could lead to different choices in all modelling phases, providing examples from three familiar components of modelling practice: (a) problem framing and conceptualization, (b) model construction, documentation and evaluation and (c) model interpretation and decision support. We suggest a future approach for integrating gender perspectives in modelling. Including gender dimensions could strengthen modelling results by engaging with a range of stakeholders and highlighting questions, knowledge, values and choices that may otherwise be overlooked. Such an approach won't always result in a different model and results. At the very least it's a mechanism to explore and reveal gendered assumptions knowingly, or unknowingly, embedded into the model.
7 Yan, L.; Roy, D. P. 2020. Spatially and temporally complete Landsat reflectance time series modelling: the fill-and-fit approach. Remote Sensing of Environment, 241:111718. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.111718]
Satellite observation ; Landsat ; Monitoring ; Forecasting ; Farmland ; Modelling ; Time series analysis ; Satellite imagery ; Reflectance ; Uncertainty / USA / North Dakota / Minnesota / Michigan / Kansas
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049637)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034425720300870/pdfft?md5=82625844975a1237b706f251b7f62c7d&pid=1-s2.0-S0034425720300870-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049637.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049637.pdf
(21.70 MB) (21.7 MB)
Statistical time series models are increasingly being used to fit medium resolution time series provided by satellite sensors, such as Landsat, for terrestrial monitoring. Cloud and shadows, combined with low satellite repeat cycles, reduce surface observation availability. In addition, only a single year of data can be used where there is high inter-annual variation, for example, over many croplands. These factors reduce the ability to fit time series models and reduce model fitting accuracy. In solution, we propose a novel fill-and-fit (FF) approach for application to medium resolution satellite time series. In the ‘fill’ step, gaps are filled using a recently published algorithm developed to fill large-area gaps in satellite time series using no other satellite data. In the ‘fit’ step, a linear harmonic model is fitted to the gap-filled time series. The FF approach, and the conventional harmonic model fitting without gap filling, termed the F approach, are demonstrated using seven months of Landsat-7 and -8 surface reflectance Analysis Ready Data (ARD) over agricultural regions in North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, and Kansas. Synthetic model-predicted reflectance for days through the growing season are examined, and assessed quantitatively by comparison with an independent Landsat surface reflectance data set. The six Landsat reflective band root-mean-square difference (RMSD) between the predicted and the independent reflectance, considering millions of pixel observations for each ARD tile, show that the FF approach is more accurate than the F approach. The mean FF RMSD values varied from 0.025 to 0.026 for the four tiles, whereas the mean F RMSD values varied from 0.026 to 0.047. These mean FF RMSD values are <0.03 which is comparable to the uncertainty specification for the Landsat 8 OLI TOA reflectance, but greater than the atmospheric correction uncertainty in any Landsat 8 OLI band. The greatest RMSD values were found over the Minnesota tile and occurred due to a long period of missing data early in the growing season, and the smallest RMSD values were found for the Kansas tile because of the high availability of clear surface observations. The F approach could not be applied where there were insufficient clear surface observations to fit the model, and where the model was applied, the fitting was often sensitive to issues including gaps in the Landsat time series and the presence of undetected cloud- and shadow-contaminated observations. The FF approach could be applied to every ARD tile pixel location and the predicted reflectance was spatially-coherent and natural looking. Examples are shown that illustrate the potential of using FF predicted synthetic reflectance time series for land surface monitoring.
8 Ibrakhimov, M.; Awan, U. K.; Sultanov, M.; Akramkhanov, A.; Djumaboev, Kakhramon; Conrad, C.; Lamers, J. 2019. Combining remote sensing and modeling approaches to assess soil salinity in irrigated areas of the Aral Sea Basin. Central Asian Journal of Water Research, 5(2):100-116. [doi: https://doi.org/10.29258/CAJWR/2019-R1.v5-2/64-81eng]
Soil salinization ; Irrigated land ; Remote sensing ; Modelling ; Forecasting ; Techniques ; Soil profiles ; Groundwater ; Irrigated farming ; Cotton ; Case studies / Uzbekistan / Aral Sea Basin / Khorezm
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049745)
(1.14 MB) (1.14 MB)
Accurate assessment of the soil salinization is an important step for mitigation of agricultural land degradation. Remote sensing (RS) is widely used for salinity assessment, but knowledge on prediction precision is lacking. A RS-based salinity assessment in Khorezm allows for modest reliable prediction with weak (R2=0.15–0.29) relationship of the salinity maps produced with RS and interpolation of electromagnetic EM38 during growth periods and more reliable (R2=0.35–0.56) beyond irrigation periods. Modeling with HYDRUS-1D at slightly, moderately and highly saline sites at various depths showed that irrigation forces salts to move to deeper layers: salts reappear in the upper profile during dry periods. Beyond irrigation events, salts gradually accumulated in the upper soil layers without fluctuations. Coupling RS techniques with numerical modeling provided better insight into salinity dynamics than any of these approaches alone. This should be of interest to farmers and policy makers since the combination of methods will allow for better planning and management.
9 Havinga, I.; Bogaart, P. W.; Hein, L.; Tuia, D. 2020. Defining and spatially modelling cultural ecosystem services using crowdsourced data. Ecosystem Services, 43:101091. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2020.101091]
Ecosystem services ; Cultural factors ; Spatial analysis ; Modelling ; Assessment ; Biodiversity ; Economic aspects ; Diffusion of information ; Social media ; Landscape ; Observation / Netherlands / Texel
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049754)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212041620300334/pdfft?md5=a0a68b7cc968f1a2e98b56ff6193556e&pid=1-s2.0-S2212041620300334-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049754.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049754.pdf
(4.65 MB) (4.65 MB)
Cultural ecosystem services (CES) are some of the most valuable contributions of ecosystems to human well-being. Nevertheless, these services are often underrepresented in ecosystem service assessments. Defining CES for the purposes of spatial quantification has been challenging because it has been difficult to spatially model CES. However, rapid increases in mobile network connectivity and the use of social media have generated huge amounts of crowdsourced data. This offers an opportunity to define and spatially quantify CES. We inventoried established CES conceptualisations and sources of crowdsourced data to propose a CES definition and typology for spatial quantification. Furthermore, we present the results of three spatial models employing crowdsourced data to measure CES on Texel, a coastal island in the Netherlands. Defining CES as information-flows best enables service quantification. A general typology of eight services is proposed. The spatial models produced distributions consistent with known areas of cultural importance on Texel. However, user representativeness and measurement uncertainties affect our results. Ethical considerations must also be taken into account. Still, crowdsourced data is a valuable source of information to define and model CES due to the level of detail available. This can encourage the representation of CES in ecosystem service assessments.
10 Zvimba, J. N.; Musvoto, E. V. 2020. Modelling energy efficiency and generation potential in the South African wastewater services sector. Water Science and Technology, 81(5):876-890. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.157]
Wastewater treatment plants ; Energy generation ; Energy consumption ; Energy conservation ; Sewage sludge ; Aeration ; Technology ; Costs ; Investment ; Modelling ; Strategies ; Forecasting ; Case studies / South Africa / Pretoria / Johannesburg
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI HQ Record No: H049762)
(0.92 MB)
About 55% of energy used in the South African water cycle is for wastewater treatment, with the bulk of this energy associated with aeration in biological processes. However, up to 15% of wastewater energy demand can be offset by energy generation from sludge (power and/or combined heat and power), while best practices adoption can deliver energy efficiency gains of between 5% and 25% in the water cycle. Advanced process modelling and simulation has been applied in this study as a tool to evaluate optimal process and aeration control strategies. This study further applied advanced modelling to investigate and predict the potential energy consumption and consumption cost pattern by the South African wastewater sector resulting from implementation of optimal process and aeration energy use reduction strategies in support of sustainable municipal wastewater management. Aeration energy consumption and cost savings of 9–45% were demonstrated to be achievable through implementation of energy conservation measures without compromising final effluent regulatory compliance. The study further provided significant potential future energy savings as high as 50% and 78% through implementation of simple and complex aeration energy conservation measures respectively. Generally, the model-predicted energy savings suggest that adoption of energy efficiency should be coupled with electricity generation from sludge in order to achieve maximum energy consumption and cost savings within the South African wastewater services sector.
11 Hall, J. W.; Borgomeo, Edoardo; Mortazavi-Naeini, M.; Wheeler, K. 2020. Water resource system modelling and decision analysis. In Dadson, S. J.; Garrick, D. E.; Penning-Rowsell, E. C.; Hall, J. W.; Hope, R.; Hughes, J. (Eds.). Water science, policy, and management: a global challenge. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley and Sons. pp.257-273.
Water resources ; Modelling ; Decision analysis ; Decision making ; Hydrology ; Simulation models ; Water supply ; Sustainability ; Planning ; Uncertainty ; Climate change ; Risk ; Economic aspects ; Environmental impact
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049801)
(0.20 MB)
12 Arsenault, K. R.; Shukla, S.; Hazra, A.; Getirana, A.; McNally, A.; Kumar, S. V.; Koster, R. D.; Peters-Lidard, C. D.; Zaitchik, B. F.; Badr, H.; Jung, H. C.; Narapusetty, B.; Navari, M.; Wang, S.; Mocko, D. M.; Funk, C.; Harrison, L.; Husak, G. J.; Adoum, A.; Galu, G.; Magadzire, T.; Roningen, J.; Shaw, M.; Eylander, J.; Bergaoui, K.; McDonnell, Rachael A.; Verdin, J. P. 2020. The NASA hydrological forecast system for food and water security applications. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (BAMS), 101(7):E1007-E1025. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0264.1]
Hydrology ; Forecasting ; Early warning systems ; Food security ; Water security ; Drought ; Flooding ; Precipitation ; Groundwater ; Water storage ; Soil water content ; Stream flow ; Monitoring ; Land area ; Meteorological factors ; Satellite observation ; Modelling / Africa / Middle East
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049803)
https://journals.ametsoc.org/bams/article-pdf/101/7/E1007/4981535/bamsd180264.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049803.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049803.pdf
(8.47 MB) (8.47 MB)
Many regions in Africa and the Middle East are vulnerable to drought and to water and food insecurity, motivating agency efforts such as the U.S. Agency for International Development’s (USAID) Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET) to provide early warning of drought events in the region. Each year these warnings guide life-saving assistance that reaches millions of people. A new NASA multimodel, remote sensing–based hydrological forecasting and analysis system, NHyFAS, has been developed to support such efforts by improving the FEWS NET’s current early warning capabilities. NHyFAS derives its skill from two sources: (i) accurate initial conditions, as produced by an offline land modeling system through the application and/or assimilation of various satellite data (precipitation, soil moisture, and terrestrial water storage), and (ii) meteorological forcing data during the forecast period as produced by a state-of-the-art ocean–land–atmosphere forecast system. The land modeling framework used is the Land Information System (LIS), which employs a suite of land surface models, allowing multimodel ensembles and multiple data assimilation strategies to better estimate land surface conditions. An evaluation of NHyFAS shows that its 1–5-month hindcasts successfully capture known historic drought events, and it has improved skill over benchmark-type hindcasts. The system also benefits from strong collaboration with end-user partners in Africa and the Middle East, who provide insights on strategies to formulate and communicate early warning indicators to water and food security communities. The additional lead time provided by this system will increase the speed, accuracy, and efficacy of humanitarian disaster relief, helping to save lives and livelihoods.
13 Dembele, M.; Ceperley, N.; Zwart, Sander J.; Salvadore, E.; Mariethoz, G.; Schaefli, B. 2020. Potential of satellite and reanalysis evaporation datasets for hydrological modelling under various model calibration strategies. Advances in Water Resources, 143:103667. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2020.103667]
Hydrology ; Modelling ; Calibration ; Strategies ; Satellites ; Remote sensing ; Evaporation ; River basins ; Stream flow ; Water storage ; Soil water content ; Climatic zones ; Forecasting ; Datasets ; Performance evaluation ; Spatial distribution / West Africa / Volta River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049804)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030917082030230X/pdfft?md5=fe6a7ca8d66941a8fd4455b385a1dd8c&pid=1-s2.0-S030917082030230X-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049804.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049804.pdf
(4.54 MB) (4.54 MB)
Twelve actual evaporation datasets are evaluated for their ability to improve the performance of the fully distributed mesoscale Hydrologic Model (mHM). The datasets consist of satellite-based diagnostic models (MOD16A2, SSEBop, ALEXI, CMRSET, SEBS), satellite-based prognostic models (GLEAM v3.2a, GLEAM v3.3a, GLEAM v3.2b, GLEAM v3.3b), and reanalysis (ERA5, MERRA-2, JRA-55). Four distinct multivariate calibration strategies (basin-average, pixel-wise, spatial bias-accounting and spatial bias-insensitive) using actual evaporation and streamflow are implemented, resulting in 48 scenarios whose results are compared with a benchmark model calibrated solely with streamflow data. A process-diagnostic approach is adopted to evaluate the model responses with in-situ data of streamflow and independent remotely sensed data of soil moisture from ESA-CCI and terrestrial water storage from GRACE. The method is implemented in the Volta River basin, which is a data scarce region in West Africa, for the period from 2003 to 2012.
Results show that the evaporation datasets have a good potential for improving model calibration, but this is dependent on the calibration strategy. All the multivariate calibration strategies outperform the streamflow-only calibration. The highest improvement in the overall model performance is obtained with the spatial bias-accounting strategy (+29%), followed by the spatial bias-insensitive strategy (+26%) and the pixel-wise strategy (+24%), while the basin-average strategy (+20%) gives the lowest improvement. On average, using evaporation data in addition to streamflow for model calibration decreases the model performance for streamflow (-7%), which is counterbalance by the increase in the performance of the terrestrial water storage (+11%), temporal dynamics of soil moisture (+6%) and spatial patterns of soil moisture (+89%). In general, the top three best performing evaporation datasets are MERRA-2, GLEAM v3.3a and SSEBop, while the bottom three datasets are MOD16A2, SEBS and ERA5. However, performances of the evaporation products diverge according to model responses and across climatic zones. These findings open up avenues for improving process representation of hydrological models and advancing the spatiotemporal prediction of floods and droughts under climate and land use changes.
Results show that the evaporation datasets have a good potential for improving model calibration, but this is dependent on the calibration strategy. All the multivariate calibration strategies outperform the streamflow-only calibration. The highest improvement in the overall model performance is obtained with the spatial bias-accounting strategy (+29%), followed by the spatial bias-insensitive strategy (+26%) and the pixel-wise strategy (+24%), while the basin-average strategy (+20%) gives the lowest improvement. On average, using evaporation data in addition to streamflow for model calibration decreases the model performance for streamflow (-7%), which is counterbalance by the increase in the performance of the terrestrial water storage (+11%), temporal dynamics of soil moisture (+6%) and spatial patterns of soil moisture (+89%). In general, the top three best performing evaporation datasets are MERRA-2, GLEAM v3.3a and SSEBop, while the bottom three datasets are MOD16A2, SEBS and ERA5. However, performances of the evaporation products diverge according to model responses and across climatic zones. These findings open up avenues for improving process representation of hydrological models and advancing the spatiotemporal prediction of floods and droughts under climate and land use changes.
14 Jampani, Mahesh; Amerasinghe, Priyanie; Liedl, R.; Locher-Krause, K.; Hulsmann, S. 2020. Multi-functionality and land use dynamics in a peri-urban environment influenced by wastewater irrigation. Sustainable Cities and Society, 62:102305. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102305]
Wastewater irrigation ; Peri-urban agriculture ; Land use change ; Modelling ; Groundwater irrigation ; Irrigation systems ; Watersheds ; Irrigated land ; Forecasting ; Satellite imagery ; Crops ; Rice ; Vegetables ; Brachiaria mutica / India / Hyderabad / Kachiwani Singaram Micro WaterShed
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049805)
(8.38 MB)
Peri-urban areas are characterized by multifunctional land-use patterns forming a mosaic of built-up and agricultural areas. They are critical for providing food and other agricultural products, livelihood opportunities and multiple ecosystem services, which makes them transformative where urban and rural spaces blend. We analyzed land use changes in a peri-urban micro-watershed in Southern India by using Google Earth data to understand the micro-level spatio-temporal dynamics. This study aims at understanding the peri-urban agriculture and landscape changes as related to the change in use of wastewater and groundwater for irrigation. The temporal dynamics of peri-urban system including the changes in built-up, paragrass, paddy rice and vegetable cultivation, groundwater and wastewater irrigated areas in the watershed were evaluated. The detected changes indicate that, as a consequence of urban pressures, agricultural landscapes are being converted into built-up areas and, at the same time, former barren land is converted to agricultural plots. The mapped land use data are used in landscape change modelling for predicting the peri-urban agricultural dynamics and the driving factors in the watershed. Combined with the mapping and modelling approaches for land use change analysis, our results form the basis for integrated resources management in the wastewater influenced peri-urban systems.
15 Hassaballah, K.; Mohamed, Y.; Omer, A.; Uhlenbrook, Stefan. 2020. Modelling the inundation and morphology of the seasonally flooded Mayas Wetlands in the Dinder National Park-Sudan. Environmental Processes, 7(3):723-747. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40710-020-00444-5]
Wetlands ; Floodplains ; Flooding ; Hydrodynamics ; Modelling ; Hydrological factors ; Morphology ; Water levels ; Sediment ; Erosion ; Canals ; Rivers ; National parks ; Ecosystems / Sudan / Dinder River / Dinder National Park / Mayas Wetlands
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049807)
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40710-020-00444-5.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049807.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049807.pdf
(2.83 MB) (2.83 MB)
Understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics of surface water in varied, remote and inaccessible isolated floodplain lakes is difficult. Seasonal inundation patterns of these isolated lakes can be misestimated in a hydrodynamic model due to the short time of connectivity. The seasonal and annual variability of the Dinder River flow has great impact on what is so called Mayas wetlands, and hence, on the habitats and the ecological status of the Dinder National Park. This variability produces large morphological changes due to sediment transported within the river or from the upper catchment, which affects inflows to Mayas wetlands and floodplain inundation in general. In this paper, we investigated the morphological dimension using a quasi-3D modelling approach to support the management of the valuable Mayas wetlands ecosystems, and in particular, assessment of hydrological and morphological regime of the Dinder River as well as the Musa Maya. Six scenarios were developed and tested. The first three scenarios consider three different hydrologic conditions of average, wet and dry years under the existing system with the constructed connection canal. While the other three scenarios consider the same hydrologic conditions but under the natural system without an artificial connection canal. The modelling helps to understand the effect of human intervention (connection canal) on the Musa Maya. The comparison between the simulated scenarios concludes that the hydrodynamics and sedimentology of the Maya are driven by the two main factors: a) the hydrological variability of Dinder River; and b) deposited sediment plugs in the connection canal.
16 John, A.; Nathan, R.; Horne, A.; Stewardson, M.; Webb, J. A. 2020. How to incorporate climate change into modelling environmental water outcomes: a review. Journal of Water and Climate Change, 11(2):327-340. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2020.263]
Climate change ; Modelling ; Forecasting ; Ecosystems ; Environmental flows ; Environmental water temperature ; Freshwater ecosystems ; Environmental management ; Risk assessment ; Precipitation ; Policies ; Hydrology ; Decision making
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049836)
https://iwaponline.com/jwcc/article-pdf/11/2/327/698948/jwc0110327.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049836.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049836.pdf
(0.30 MB) (304 KB)
Environmental water represents a key resource in managing freshwater ecosystems against pervasive threats. The impacts of climate change add further pressures to environmental water management, yet anticipating these impacts through modelling approaches remains challenging due to the complexities of the climate, hydrological and ecological systems. In this paper, we review the challenges posed by each of these three areas. Large uncertainties in predicting climatic changes and non-stationarities in hydrological and ecological responses make anticipating impacts difficult. In addition, a legacy of relying on modelling approaches informed by historic dependencies in environmental water science may confound the prediction of ecological responses when extrapolating under novel conditions. We also discuss applying ecohydrological methods to support decision-making and review applications of bottom-up climate impact assessments (specifically eco-engineering decision scaling) to freshwater ecosystems. These approaches offer a promising way of incorporating climatic uncertainty and balancing competing environmental objectives, but some practical challenges remain in their adoption for modelling environmental water outcomes under climate change.
17 Joseph, N.; Ryu, D.; Malano, H. M.; George, B.; Sudheer, K. P. 2020. Investigation into sustainable water use in India using combined large-scale earth system-based modelling and census-based statistical data. Journal of Hydrology, 587:124930. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124930]
Sustainable Development Goals ; Water use ; Modelling ; Groundwater extraction ; Groundwater recharge ; Water scarcity ; Water stress ; Water availability ; Surface water ; Water demand ; Irrigation water ; Domestic water ; Environmental flows / India
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049846)
(16.20 MB)
Sustainable water use and water scarcity are major concerns in developing countries such as India. Rapidly growing population along with increasing economic and technological development in India have resulted in increased water use leading to severe water scarcity. The present study aims to quantify and assess sustainable water use and water scarcity in India. A data-intensive approach is employed at a State spatial resolution and monthly temporal scales during the period 1991–1999. The Water Stress Index (WSI), which is defined as the ratio of total water use to available water, is used as a measure of blue water scarcity. The total available water includes surface water and groundwater while the total water uses include irrigation, industrial, domestic and environmental uses. A Community Land Model (CLM 4.0) developed by the National Centre for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), is used to quantify the total available water in India. Water uses in India are reconstructed using a census-based statistical database while the environmental water demand is modelled following the hydrology-based approach, which allocates environmental flows as a proportion of the available water, with seasonally defined environmental flow thresholds. Further, the excess water component, defined as the amount of water remaining after meeting the demands at each time step, is incorporated into the modelling framework by adding it to the available water pool. The study estimates that 60% of the population in India faces severe water stress during the analysis period, and is more predominant in the States of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra. Moreover, non-renewable groundwater abstraction, which is defined as the amount of groundwater abstraction more than the groundwater recharge, is also quantified. This study identifies severe groundwater depletion in the north-western parts of India, consistent with the current estimates from GRACE satellite observations.
18 Donmez, C.; Berberoglu, S.; Cilek, A.; Krause, P. 2020. Basin-wide hydrological system assessment under climate change scenarios through conceptual modelling. International Journal of Digital Earth, 13(8):915-938. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2019.1597188]
Hydrology ; Assessment ; River basins ; Climate change ; Modelling ; Water resources ; Precipitation ; Rain ; Temperature ; Meteorological factors ; Forecasting ; Watersheds ; Runoff ; Evapotranspiration ; Case studies / Turkey / Goksu Watershed
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049880)
(5.68 MB)
Mediterranean region is identified as a primary hot-spot for climate change due to the expected temperature and rainfall changes. Understanding the potential impacts of climate change on the hydrology in these regions is an important task to develop long-term water management strategies. The aim of this study was to quantify the potential impacts of the climate changes on local hydrological quantities at the Goksu Watershed at the Eastern Mediterranean, Turkey as a case study. A set of Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) scenarios were used as drivers for the conceptual hydrological model J2000 to investigate how the hydrological system and the underlying processes would respond to projected future climate conditions. The model was implemented to simulate daily hydrological quantities including runoff generation, Actual Evapotranspiration (AET) and soil-water balance for present (2005–2015) and future (up to 2100). The results indicated an increase of both precipitation and runoff throughout the region from January to March. The region showed a strong seasonally dependent runoff regime with higher flows during winter and spring and lower flows in summer and fall. The study provides a comparative methodology to include meteorological-hydrological modelling integration that can be feasible to assess the climate change impacts in mountainous regions.
19 Brouziyne, Y.; Abouabdillah, A.; Chehbouni, A.; Hanich, L.; Bergaoui, Karim; McDonnell, Rachael; Benaabidate, L. 2020. Assessing hydrological vulnerability to future droughts in a Mediterranean watershed: combined indices-based and distributed modeling approaches. Water, 12(9):2333. (Special issue: Modeling Global Change Impacts on Water Resources: Selected Papers from the 2019/2020 SWAT International Conferences) [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/w12092333]
Climate change ; Drought ; Vulnerability ; Hydrological factors ; Weather forecasting ; Modelling ; Water resources ; Watersheds ; Water yield ; Meteorological factors ; Risk management ; Precipitation ; Rain ; Temperature ; Land use ; Runoff ; Evapotranspiration / Mediterranean Region / Morocco / Bouregreg Watershed
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049879)
(6.58 MB) (6.58 MB)
Understanding the spatiotemporal distribution of future droughts is essential for effective water resource management, especially in the Mediterranean region where water resources are expected to be scarcer in the future. In this study, we combined meteorological and hydrological drought indices with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model to predict future dry years during two periods (2035–2050and 2085–2100) in a typical Mediterranean watershed in Northern Morocco, namely, Bouregreg watershed. The developed methodology was then used to evaluate drought impact on annual water yields and to identify the most vulnerable sub-basins within the study watershed. Two emission scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) of a downscaled global circulation model were used to force the calibrated SWAT model. Results indicated that Bouregreg watershed will experience several dry years with higher frequency especially at the end of current century. Significant decreases of annual water yields were simulated during dry years, ranging from -45.6% to -76.7% under RCP4.5, and from -66.7% to -95.6% under RCP8.5, compared to baseline. Overall, hydrologic systems in sub-basins under the ocean or high-altitude influence appear to be more resilient to drought. The combination of drought indices and the semi-distributed model offer a comprehensive tool to understand potential future droughts in Bouregreg watershed.
20 Anwar, Arif A.; Ahmad, W. 2020. Precision surface irrigation with conjunctive water use. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 6(5):75. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-020-00434-3]
Surface irrigation ; Water use ; Conjunctive use ; Irrigation methods ; Furrow irrigation ; Border irrigation ; Groundwater irrigation ; Irrigation water ; Irrigation systems ; Canals ; Performance indexes ; Crops ; Evapotranspiration ; Cotton ; Wheat ; Precipitation ; Farmers ; Modelling / Pakistan / Indus Basin Irrigation System
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049931)
(1.37 MB)
The Indus Basin Irrigation System is characterized as a gravity surface irrigation system, with minimal on-line or off-line storage and limited distribution control. An important characteristic is the limited water availability. On field irrigation within the Indus Basin Irrigation System is almost entirely using surface irrigation and only very few farms adopting pressurized irrigation systems. The objective of the warabandi management system that characterizes the Indus Basin Irrigation System is to distribute the limited available water as equitably as possible. This research evaluates surface irrigation under furrow and border strip irrigation using canal water and groundwater conjunctively. This paper presents results from a numerical model and field observations, to examine the precision surface irrigation paradigm within the water supply constraints imposed by the warabandi system of the Indus Basin Irrigation System. We conclude that laser grading within the IBIS is achievable at a modest cost and effort. Our findings suggest that the improved laser-graded profile persists for at least three crop seasons. Furrow irrigation can attain a high performance using either available canal or groundwater with low quarter distribution uniformity and low quarter application efficiency as performance indicators. Border irrigation can also attain a high performance provided irrigation is changed to fortnightly. Model predictions of advance curve and low quarter distribution uniformity are compared to field observations and in-situ measurement.
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