Your search found 15 records
1 Sehgal, R. 2006. Legal regime towards protecting coral reefs: an international perspective and Indian scenario. Law, Environment and Development Journal, 2(2): 183-195.
Coral reefs ; Marine environment ; Legal aspects ; Policy ; International trade ; Climate change / India
(Location: IWMI HQ Record No: H041208)
2 World Bank. 2010. World development report 2010: development and climate change. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank. 417p.
Climate change ; Decision making ; Carbon cycle ; Environmental temperature ; Marine environment ; Coral reefs ; Natural disasters ; Risk management ; Migration ; Biodiversity ; Hydrological cycle ; Water availability ; Water policy ; Water rights ; Water management ; Agricultural production ; Aquaculture ; Farming ; Natural resources management ; Energy ; Social aspects
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042530)
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWDR2010/Resources/5287678-1226014527953/WDR10-Full-Text.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042530.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042530.pdf
(62.69 MB)
Today's enormous development challenges are complicated by the reality of climate change—the two are inextricably linked and together demand immediate attention. Climate change threatens all countries, but particularly developing ones. Understanding what climate change means for development policy is the central aim of the World Development Report 2010. It explores how public policy can change to better help people cope with new or worsened risks, how land and water management must adapt to better protect a threatened natural environment while feeding an expanding and more prosperous population, and how energy systems will need to be transformed.The report is an urgent call for action, both for developing countries who are striving to ensure policies are adapted to the realities and dangers of a hotter planet, and for high-income countries who need to undertake ambitious mitigation while supporting developing countries efforts. A climate-smart world is within reach if we act now to tackle the substantial inertia in the climate, in infrastructure, and in behaviors and institutions; if we act together to reconcile needed growth with prudent and affordable development choices; and if we act differently by investing in the needed energy revolution and taking the steps required to adapt to a rapidly changing planet.In the crowded field of climate change reports, WDR 2010 uniquely: emphasizes development takes an integrated look at adaptation and mitigation highlights opportunities in the changing competitive landscape and how to seize them proposes policy solutions grounded in analytic work and in the context of the political economy of reform.
3 Pitman, G. K.; McDonnell, R.; Dawoud, M. (Eds.) 2009. Abu Dhabi water resources master plan. Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates: Environment Agency - Abu Dhabi (EAD). 219p.
Water resources development ; Water management ; Water availability ; Water Supply ; Groundwater ; Water use ; Water demand ; Environmental effects ; Environmental management ; Pollution ; Wastewater treatment ; Water conservation ; Desalination ; Water quality ; Energy ; Economic aspects ; Irrigation ; Agriculture ; Livestock ; Ecosystems ; Marine environment ; Households ; Legal aspects / United Arab Emirates / Abu Dhabi / Al Ain / Liwa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G754 PIT Record No: H046443)
https://www.ead.ae/_data/global/abu%20dhabi%20water%20resources%20master%20plan%20-%20english%20reduced%20file%20size.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046443.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046443.pdf
(21.57 MB) (21.5 MB)
4 Killeen, T. J. 2012. The cardamom conundrum: reconciling development and conservation in the kingdom of Cambodia. Singapore: NUS Press [National University of Singapore] 354p.
Sustainable development ; Natural resources ; Biodiversity conservation ; Landscape ; Ecosystems ; Climate change ; Watershed management ; Water power ; Marine environment ; Aquaculture ; Forest management ; Deforestation ; Carbon sequestration ; Mineral resources ; Land tenure ; Government agencies ; Non governmental organizations ; Industrialization ; Economic value ; Tourism ; Agricultural development ; Socioeconomic environment ; Poverty / Cambodia / Cardamom Mountains
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 959.6 G700 KIL Record No: H046831)
(0.36 MB)
5 Jacquet, P.; Pachauri, R. K.; Tubiana, L.; Jozan, R.; Rochette, J.; Sundar, S. (Eds.) 2011. Oceans: the new frontier. New Delhi, India: TERI Press. 237p. (A Planet for Life)
Oceans ; Marine environment ; Sustainable development ; Ecosystems ; Environmental protection ; Biodiversity conservation ; Renewable energy ; Economic aspects ; Shipping ; Aquaculture ; Fishery management ; Aquatic mammals ; Whales ; Biotechnology ; International agreements ; Legal aspects ; International law ; Policy ; Governance ; Climate change ; Environmental effects ; Sea pollution ; Iron fertilizers / European Union / West Africa / Senegal / Indian Ocean / Arctic Ocean / Pacific Ocean
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.9164 G000 JAC Record No: H046947)
(0.32 MB)
6 Rezania, S.; Park, J.; Md Din, M. F.; Taib, S. M.; Talaiekhozani, A.; Yadav, K. K.; Kamyab, H. 2018. Microplastics pollution in different aquatic environments and biota: a review of recent studies. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 133:191-208. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.05.022]
Microplastics ; Water pollution ; Aquatic environment ; Biota ; Marine environment ; Freshwater ; Waste water treatment plants ; Waste management ; Oceans ; Beaches ; Rivers ; Lakes ; Sediment
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049222)
(0.29 MB)
Microplastics (MPs) are generated from plastic and have negative impact to our environment due to high level of fragmentation. They can be originated from various sources in different forms such as fragment, fiber, foam and so on. For detection of MPs, many techniques have been developed with different functions such as microscopic observation, density separation, Raman and FTIR analysis. Besides, due to ingestion of MPs by wide range of marine species, research on the effect of this pollution on biota as well as human is vital. Therefore, we comprehensively reviewed the occurrence and distribution of MPs pollution in both marine and freshwater environments, including rivers, lakes and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). For future studies, we propose the development of new techniques for sampling MPs in aquatic environments and biota and recommend more research regarding MPs release by WWTPs.
7 Ma, B.; Xue, W.; Hu, C.; Liu, H.; Qu, J.; Li, L. 2019. Characteristics of microplastic removal via coagulation and ultrafiltration during drinking water treatment. Chemical Engineering Journal, 359:159-167. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.11.155]
Microplastics ; Drinking water treatment ; Coagulation ; Ultrafiltration ; Marine environment ; Filtration ; Polyethylene ; Membranes ; Salts
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049226)
(1.44 MB)
Microplastics have garnered much attention worldwide as a new emerging pollutant, especially because of their eco-toxicological effects in marine environments. As they are gradually detected in freshwaters, understanding how microplastics, with their small particle size and low density, will behave during current drinking water treatment processes is urgently needed. In this study, Al- and Fe-based salts were used in the presence of polyethylene (PE), which is suspended/floats easily in water and is the main constituent of microplastics. Results showed that Al-based salts performed better in PE removal efficiency than Fe-based salts. The smaller the PE particle size, the higher the removal efficiency. However, a low removal efficiency was observed, even with a high Al-based salt dosage of 15 mM (below 40%). Additionally, water conditions, such as ionic strength, turbidity level, barely influenced the removal efficiency. In comparison to pH, polyacrylamide (PAM) addition played an important role in removing PE; especially anionic PAM addition, because of the positively charged Al-based flocs it generates under neutral conditions. For ultrafiltration, although PE particles can be completely rejected, slight membrane fouling was induced after coagulation with conventional Al-based salts. With increasing dosage, membrane fouling was gradually aggravated owing to the thick cake layer formed. However, the larger the PE particles, the greater the roughness of the Al-based floc cake layer, leading to less severe membrane fouling. Based on this investigation, the microplastic removal behaviors exhibited during coagulation and ultrafiltration processes have potential application in drinking water treatment.
8 Jambeck, J.; Hardesty, B. D.; Brooks, A. L.; Friend, T.; Teleki, K.; Fabres, J.; Beaudoin, Y.; Bamba, A.; Francis, J.; Ribbink, A. J.; Baleta, T.; Bouwman, H.; Knox, J.; Wilcox, C. 2018. Challenges and emerging solutions to the land-based plastic waste issue in Africa. Marine Policy, 96:256-263. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.10.041]
Waste management ; Plastic waste ; Environmental effects ; Environmental pollution ; Coastal area ; Marine environment ; Sea pollution ; Governance ; Economic development / Africa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049293)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17305286/pdfft?md5=9ccfee769d939888466850d87a8081b7&pid=1-s2.0-S0308597X17305286-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049293.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049293.pdf
(2.16 MB) (2.16 MB)
In recent years, there has been a tremendous increase in work that focuses on the amount and types of waste entering the marine environment from multiple geographies around the world. To date, however, there are few reports about the scale of waste entering the coastal and oceanic waters around Africa. To address this knowledge gap, existing information was collated on waste mismanagement that can become marine debris in Africa at the continental scale. This paper focuses on identifying sources and seeking solutions to waste mismanagement. Stories are shared about opportunities that have arisen and solutions that are taking place in several countries around Africa. Finally, impediments to success are discussed and sectors are described where investments can be made to significantly reduce this growing global problem.
9 Dickens, Christopher; McCartney, Matthew; Tickner, D.; Harrison, I. J.; Pacheco, P.; Ndhlovu, Brown. 2020. Evaluating the global state of ecosystems and natural resources: within and beyond the SDGs. Sustainability, 12(18):7381. [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187381]
Sustainable Development Goals ; Ecosystems ; Natural resources management ; Evaluation ; Water resources ; Water quality ; Land resources ; Biodiversity ; Air quality ; Monitoring ; Marine environment ; Freshwater ; Development indicators ; Social development ; Economic development
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049942)
(0.47 MB) (480 KB)
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) purport to report holistically on progress towards sustainability and do so using more than 231 discrete indicators, with a primary objective to achieve a balance between the environment, social and economic aspects of development. The research question underpinning the analyses presented in this paper is: are the indicators in the SDGs sufficient and fit for purpose to assess the trajectory of natural resources towards sustainability? We extracted the SDG indicators that monitor the state of natural resources, or alternately support policy or governance for their protection, and determined whether these are adequate to provide the essential data on natural resources to achieve the aims of the SDGs. The indicators are clustered into four natural resource categories—land, water (both marine and freshwater), air and biodiversity. Indicators for monitoring land resources show that the most comprehensive land resource indicator for degraded land is not fully implemented and that missing from land monitoring is an evaluation of vegetation health outside of forests and mountains, the condition of soils, and most importantly the overall health of terrestrial ecosystems. Indicators for monitoring water resources have substantial gaps, unable to properly monitor water quality, water stress, many aspects of marine resources and, most significantly, the health of fresh and salt water ecosystems. Indicators for monitoring of air have recently become more comprehensive, but linkage to IPCC results would benefit both programs. Monitoring of biodiversity is perhaps the greatest weakness of the SDG Agenda, having no comprehensive assessment even though narrow aspects are monitored. Again, deliberate linkages to other global biodiversity programs (e.g., CBD and the Post-2020 Biodiversity Framework, IPBES, and Living Planet) are recommended on condition that data can be defined at a country level. While the SDG list of indicators in support of natural resource is moderately comprehensive, it lacks holistic monitoring in relation to evaluation of ecosystems and biodiversity to the extent that these missing but vital measures of sustainability threaten the entire SDG Agenda. In addition, an emerging issue is that even where there are appropriate indicators, the amount of country-level data remains inadequate to fully evaluate sustainability. This signals the delicate balance between the extent and complexity of the SDG Agenda and uptake at a country level.
10 Uddin, S.; Fowler, S. W.; Behbehani, M. 2020. An assessment of microplastic inputs into the aquatic environment from wastewater streams. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 160:111538. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111538]
Microplastics ; Effluents ; Waste disposal ; Assessment ; Aquatic environment ; Marine environment ; Wastewater treatment plants ; Sea pollution ; Sediment
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049960)
(1.45 MB)
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) play a pivotal role in removal of microplastics (MPs) particles before the waste streams are discharged into aquatic environments. Indiscriminate disposal of the effluent and untreated wastewater not only contribute to accumulation of MP in the marine environment, but they can also act as a carrier for various hydrophobic compounds and contributors of pollutants that leach from them via natural degradation. In this assessment, we have summarized the MP concentrations in influent and effluent streams, and provide quantification of the discharges from these WWTPs. Almost 50% of the global wastewater influent of 3,562,082 × 105 m3 remains untreated. Some conservative estimates indicate that treated effluent disposal can add around 1.47 × 1015 MPs annually, whereas the discharge of untreated effluent is likely to add a staggering 3.85 × 1016 MPs annually to the aquatic environments. The efficiency of MP removal in wastewater treatment plants varies between 88 and 99.9%, indicating the potential of capturing the majority of the MP from escaping into the freshwater and marine environment. Based on WWTP removal efficiencies for MPs, calculations suggest that if all the globally produced wastewater was treated prior to release, a reduction of over 90% of the current amount of MP inputs into the aquatic environment could be achieved. From the number of studies conducted and assessments made on MPs in waste streams, it is obvious the methodologies followed were quite different, and the use of acids and heating are likely to deteriorate the MPs, emphasizing the need to develop harmonized protocols for microplastic assessment in wastewater treatment plants.
11 Deng, L.; Cai, L.; Sun, F.; Li, G.; Che, Y. 2020. Public attitudes towards microplastics: perceptions, behaviors and policy implications. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 163:105096. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105096]
Microplastics ; Public opinion ; Attitudes ; Awareness ; Behaviour ; Marine environment ; Emission reduction ; Pollution control ; Socioeconomic environment ; Public health ; Policies ; Models / China / Shanghai
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050081)
(1.14 MB)
Microplastics are ubiquitous and have been found in marine environments, organisms, salt, and even human bodies. Concern about the impact of microplastics on the ecological environment, as well as the threat of microplastics to food safety and public health is increasing among the society. However, there is currently no effective technical way to tackle and remove microplastics from the environment. Thus, public attitudes are key to reducing microplastic emissions. This study investigated the public's perceptions and attitudes towards microplastics in Shanghai and used an ordered regression model to explore the public's willingness to reduce microplastics and its influencing factors. We used random face-to-face interviews to complete a total of 437 valid questionnaires. The survey results show that only 26% of the respondents had heard of microplastics before the survey, and the majority were relatively unfamiliar with microplastics. Although the public's awareness of microplastics is low compared to that of other substances, when informed with the possibility that microplastics may affect human health, 75% of respondents became worried or even overly worried. In addition, the higher the respondents' knowledge of plastics and microplastics is, the stronger their willingness to behave. Public's concern is also an important impact factor. We found that women's willingness to reduce emissions is higher than men's and environmental protection-related practitioners are also more willing to act. Therefore, this article focuses on the public's understanding of microplastics to propose measures and policy implications to reduce microplastic emissions during the process of microplastic production and recycling.
12 Li, C.; Gan, Y.; Zhang, C.; He, H.; Fang, J.; Wang, L.; Wang, Y.; Liu, J. 2021. "Microplastic communities" in different environments: differences, links, and role of diversity index in source analysis. Water Research, 188:116574. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.116574]
Microplastics ; Communities ; Freshwater ecosystems ; Marine environment ; Sea water ; Sediment ; Soil pollution ; Water pollution ; Polymers ; Risk assessment / China
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050135)
(2.95 MB)
Microplastics have been detected in various environments, yet the differences between microplastics in different environments are still largely unknown. Scientists have proposed the concept of the “microplastic cycle,” but the evidence for the movement of microplastics between different environments is still scarce. By screening the literature and extracting information, we obtained microplastic data from 709 sampling sites in freshwater, seawater, freshwater sediment, sea sediment, and soil in China. Based on the similarity between microplastics and biological communities, here we propose the concept of a “microplastic community” and examine the differences, links, and diversity of microplastic communities in different environments. Wilcoxon sign-ranks test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) showed that there were significant differences in abundance, proportion of small microplastics, and community composition (shape, color, and polymer types) of microplastics in different environments. The Mantel test showed that there were significant correlations between microplastic community composition in different environments. Network analysis based on community similarity further confirmed the links between microplastic communities. The distance decay models revealed that the links weakened with the increase of geographic distance, suggesting that sampling sites with closed geographical locations had similar pollution sources and more easily to migrate or exchange microplastics. The microplastic diversity integrated index (MDII) was established based on the diversity of microplastic shape, color, and polymer types, and its indication of the number of microplastic pollution sources was verified by the statistical fitting relationship between the number of industrial pollution sources and MDII. Our study provides new insight into the differences and links between microplastics in different environments, which contributes to the microplastic risk assessment and demonstrates the “microplastic cycle.” The establishment of the microplastic diversity integrated index could be used in source analysis of microplastics.
13 Welling, R.; Filz, P.; Dalton, J.; Smith, Douglas Mark; de Silva, J.; Manyara, P. 2021. Governing resilient landscapes across the source-to-sea continuum. Water International, 46(2):264-282. (Special issue: Source-to-Sea Management) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2021.1890964]
Water governance ; Integrated management ; Water resources ; Water management ; Freshwater ; Marine environment ; Resilience ; Multi-stakeholder processes ; Decision making ; Learning ; Institutions ; Agencies ; Cooperation ; Benefits ; Coordination ; River basins ; Coastal areas ; International waters ; Ecosystem services ; Sustainable Development Goals
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050310)
(1.63 MB)
The source-to-sea continuum links the interconnected ecosystems of the water cycle with the associated socioeconomic processes, demands and pressures. Maximizing benefits and protecting existing resources through integrated water management and governance at scale capitalizes on existing institutional and governmental asymmetries by developing an outcome-driven management that builds on existing local, national and transboundary legal frameworks to enhance connectivity. This paper presents how to action this through focusing on three areas of governance: benefit-sharing dialogues for shared visioning; a multi-stakeholder platform to increase coordination in decision-making both up- and downstream; and improved agency coordination between basins and coasts.
14 Yuan, Z.; Nag, R.; Cummins, E. 2022. Human health concerns regarding microplastics in the aquatic environment - from marine to food systems. Science of the Total Environment, 823:153730. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153730]
Microplastic pollution ; Public health ; Aquatic environment ; Marine environment ; Marine ecosystems ; Food systems ; Seafoods ; Food chains ; Food safety ; Health hazards ; Gastrointestinal diseases ; Chronic toxicity ; Risk assessment ; Sediment ; Surface water ; Freshwater ; Nanoplastics
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051191)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969722008221/pdfft?md5=0c02d77234de3aafb39abd08d627609e&pid=1-s2.0-S0048969722008221-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051191.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051191.pdf
(1.77 MB) (1.77 MB)
Marine plastic waste pollution is one of the most urgent global marine environmental problems worldwide. It has attracted worldwide attention from governments, the public, the scientific community, media and non-governmental organizations and has become a hot issue in current marine ecology and environmental research. This research aimed to conduct a traditional review of the current state of the art regarding microplastics (MPs) definition and characterisation, including an assessment of MPs detected in marine and food systems. The review revealed that plastic waste is not biodegraded and can only be broken down, predominantly by physical processes, into small particles of micron to nanometre size. Particles (<150 µm) can be ingested by living organisms, migrate through the intestinal wall and reach lymph nodes and other body organs. The primary pathway of human exposure to MPs has been identified as gastrointestinal ingestion (mainly seafood for the general population), pulmonary inhalation, and dermal infiltration. MPs may pollute drinking water, accumulate in the food chain, and release toxic chemicals that may cause disease, including certain cancers. Micro/nano-plastics may pose acute toxicity, (sub) chronic toxicity, carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, and developmental toxicity. In addition, nanoplastics (NPs) may pose chronic toxicity (cardiovascular toxicity, hepatotoxicity, and neurotoxicity). The toxicity of MPs/NPs primarily depends on the particle size distribution and monomeric composition/characteristics of polymers. Polyurethane (PUR), Polyacrylonitrile (PAN), Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Epoxy resin, and Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) are categorised as the most toxic polymers based on monomer toxicity. MP detection methods include combinations of spectroscopic analysis (RS and FTIR) and chromatography (TED-GC/MS). MP/NP toxicological properties and general quantitative and qualitative analysis methods used in MPs Risk Assessment (RA) are summarised. A robust dose-response model for MPs/NPs requires further investigation. This study lays the foundation for the evaluation of MP/NP risk assessment in the marine ecosystem and potential implications for human health.
15 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2021. Policies to reduce microplastics pollution in water: focus on textiles and tyres. Paris, France: OECD Publishing. 136p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1787/7ec7e5ef-en]
Microplastic pollution ; Mitigation ; Policies ; Marine environment ; Freshwater ecosystems ; Textiles ; Tyres ; Human health ; Environmental health ; Health hazards ; Risk reduction ; Toxicity ; Technology ; Best practices ; Techniques ; Standards ; Certification schemes ; Labelling ; Waste management ; Wastewater treatment plants ; Waste disposal ; Sewage sludge ; Degradation ; Emission ; Industrial wastewater ; Stormwater runoff ; OECD countries ; Stakeholders ; Collaboration
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051315)
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