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1 Amoah, Philip; Drechsel, Pay; Abaidoo, R. C. 2005. Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: sources of pathogen contamination and health risk elimination. Irrigation and Drainage, 54(Supplement 1):S49-S61.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: PER Record No: H037444)
2 Obuobie, Emmanuel; Keraita, Bernard; Danso, George; Amoah, Philip; Cofie, Olufunke O.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Drechsel, Pay. 2006. Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: characteristics, benefits and risks. Accra, Ghana: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Accra, Ghana: Network of Resource Centres on Urban Agriculture and Food Security (RUAF); Colombo, Sri Lanka: CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF). 150p.
Urban agriculture ; Vegetables ; Lettuces ; Environmental effects ; Malaria ; Sanitation ; Wastewater ; Wastewater treatment ; Water quality ; Irrigation practices ; Pesticides ; Health ; Risks / Ghana / Kumasi / Tamale
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.2 G200 OBU Record No: H039283)
(3MB)
3 Amoah, Philip; Drechsel, Pay; Abaidoo, R. C.; Henseler, M. 2007. Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: microbiological contamination in farms and markets and associated consumer risk groups. Journal of Water and Health, 5(3):455-466. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2007.041]
Irrigated farming ; Wastewater ; Vegetables ; Lettuces ; Urban agriculture ; Public health ; Risks ; Helminths / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G200 AMO Record No: H040133)
(0.24 MB) (243.14 KB)
4 Keraita, Bernard; Konradsen, F.; Drechsel, Pay; Abaidoo, R. C. 2007. Effect of low-cost irrigation methods on microbial contamination of lettuce irrigated with untreated wastewater. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 12(Suppl. 2):15-22.
Irrigation practices ; Wastewater irrigation ; Vegetables ; Lettuces ; Urban agriculture ; Helminths ; Laboratory techniques ; Furrow irrigation ; Sprinkler irrigation ; Drip irrigation ; Biological contamination ; Health hazards ; Risks / Ghana / Kumasi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G200 KER Record No: H040534)
5 Keraita, Bernard; Konradsen, F.; Drechsel, Pay; Abaidoo, R. C. 2007. Reducing microbial contamination on wastewater-irrigated lettuce by cessation of irrigation before harvesting. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 12(Suppl. 2):7-13.
Wastewater irrigation ; Vegetables ; Lettuces ; Urban agriculture ; Health hazards ; Risks ; Laboratory techniques ; Biological contamination / Ghana / Kumasi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G200 KER Record No: H040535)
6 Seidu, R.; Heistad, A.; Amoah, Philip; Drechsel, Pay; Jenssen, P. D.; Stenstrom, T. A. 2008. Quantification of the health risk associated with wastewater reuse in Accra, Ghana: a contribution toward local guidelines. Journal of Water and Health, 6(4):461-471. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2008.118]
Wastewater irrigation ; Health hazards ; Assessment ; Simulation models ; Rotavirus ; Ascaris ; Farmers ; Consumers ; Water quality ; Irrigation water ; Polluted soil ; Lettuces / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G200 SEI Record No: H041489)
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) models with 10,000 Monte Carlo simulations were applied to ascertain the risks of rotavirus and Ascaris infections for farmers using different irrigation water qualities and consumers of lettuce irrigated with the different water qualities after allowing post-harvest handling. A tolerable risk (TR) of infection of 7.7 £ 1024 and 1 £ 1022 per person per year were used for rotavirus and Ascaris respectively. The risk of Ascaris infection was within a magnitude of 1022 for farmers accidentally ingesting drain or stream irrigation water; ,100 for farmers accidentally ingesting farm soil and 100 for farmers ingesting any of the irrigation waters and contaminated soil. There was a very low risk (1025) of Ascaris infection for farmers using pipe 2 water. For consumers, the annual risks of Ascaris and rotavirus infections were 100 and 1023 for drain and stream irrigated lettuce respectively with slight increases for rotavirus infections along the post-harvest handling chain. Pipe irrigated lettuce recorded a rotavirus infection of 1024 with no changes due to post harvest handling. The assessment identified on-farm soil contamination as the most significant health hazard.
7 Amoah, Philip. 2008. Wastewater irrigated vegetable production: contamination pathway for health risk reduction in Accra, Kumasi and Tamale, Ghana. Thesis submitted to the Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Faculty of Science. 202p.
Wastewater irrigation ; Water quality ; Vegetables ; Lettuces ; Contamination ; Risks ; Pathogens ; Public health ; Agricultural workers ; Diseases ; Health hazards ; Risk management ; Biological analysis ; Coliform bacteria ; Helminths ; Soils ; Analytical methods ; Pesticides ; Irrigation practices / Ghana / Accra / Kumasi / Tamale
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G200 AMO Record No: H041491)
8 Amoah, Philip. 2008. Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: sources of pathogen contamination and risk elimination. In Parrot, L.; Njoya, A.; Temple, L.; Assogba-Komlan, F.; Kahane, R.; Ba Diao, M.; Havard, M. (Eds.). Agriculture and urban development in Sub-Saharan Africa: environment and health issues. Paris, France: L'Harmattan. pp.123-132. (Collection Ethique Economique)
Irrigated farming ; Vegetables ; Lettuces ; Irrigation water ; Water quality ; Pathogens ; Water pollution ; Health hazards ; Urban agriculture ; Periurban areas ; Soil sampling / Ghana / Kumasi / Accra
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H041924)
(0.10 MB)
9 Seidu, R.; Drechsel, Pay. 2010. Cost-effectiveness analysis of interventions for diarrhoeal disease reduction among consumers of wastewater-irrigated lettuce in Ghana. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.261-283. (Also in French).
Wastewater irrigation ; Lettuces ; Leaf vegetables ; Diseases ; Diarrhoea ; Health hazards ; Risk assessment / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 DRE Record No: H042613)
(0.27 MB)
Interventions proposed and implemented for the mitigation of diarrhoeal diseases associated with wastewater reuse in agriculture have received little, if any, comparative assessment of their cost-effectiveness. This chapter assesses the costs, outcomes and cost-effectiveness of the so-called ‘treatment’ and ‘non- or post-treatment’ interventions as well as a combination of these for wastewater irrigation in urban Ghana using an approach that integrates quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA), disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA). The cost-effectiveness ratios (CERs) for the treatment and non-treatment interventions assessed ranged from US$31/DALY to US$812/DALY averted. Risk-reduction measures targeting farming practices and the basic rehabilitation of local wastewater treatment plants were the most attractive interventions with a CER well below the threshold of US$150/DALY, sometimes considered as the upper limit for a health intervention to be cost-effective in developing countries. All combinations associated with the basic rehabilitation of the treatment plants, with either on-farm or post-harvest interventions or both, resulted in CERs within the range of US$40/DALY to US$57/DALY. However, the CERs for the construction of a new wastewater treatment plant either as an independent intervention or in combination with on-farm and post-harvest interventions were unattractive in view of health-risk reduction for wastewater irrigation. Although attractive, the CERs of non-treatment options are largely dependent on compliance (adoption) by farmers and food vendors. In this regard, the CER increased by almost fivefold when the adoption rate was only 25 per cent by farmers and food vendors; but was attractive as long as adoption rates did not fall below 70 per cent. On the other hand, the success of the treatment option depends on the functionality of the treatment plants which is not without challenges in a country like Ghana. Thus, this chapter stresses the need for a balanced risk-management approach through a combination of treatment and non-treatment interventions to hedge against failures that may affect CERs at any end. While this chapter provides a contribution to the debate on interventions for health-risk mitigation in wastewater irrigation, more case studies would be useful to verify the data presented here.
10 Amoah, Philip. 2009. An analysis of the quality of wastewater used to irrigate vegetables in Accra, Kumasi and Tamale, Ghana. In Redwood, M. (Ed.). Agriculture in urban planning: generating livelihood and food security. London, UK: Earthscan. pp.105-124.
Wastewater irrigation ; Vegetable growing ; Lettuces ; Pesticide residues ; Helminths ; Health hazards ; Urban agriculture / Ghana / Accra / Kumasi / Tamale
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042596)
(1.71 MB)
11 Keraita, Bernard; Amoah, Philip. 2011. Fecal exposure pathways in Accra: a literature review with specific focus on IWMI’s work on wastewater irrigated agriculture. Report submitted to the Centre for Global Safe Water, Emory University, Atlanta, USA. Accra, Ghana: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 43p.
Wastewater irrigation ; Irrigated farming ; Irrigation water ; Faeces ; Faecal coliforms ; Health hazards ; Diarrhoea ; Sanitation ; Hygiene ; Pathogens ; Vegetables ; Lettuces ; Urban areas / Ghana / Accra
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044338)
(1.16 MB)
12 Seidu, R.; Drechsel, Pay. 2011. Analyse cout-efficacite des interventions pour reduire les maladies diarrheiques chez les consommateurs de laitues irriguees avec des eaux usees au Ghana. In French. [Cost-effectiveness analysis of interventions for diarrhoeal disease reduction among consumers of wastewater-irrigated lettuce in Ghana]. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa. L’irrigation avec des eaux usees et la sante: evaluer et attenuer les risques dans les pays a faible revenu. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Quebec, Canada: University of Quebec. pp.281-305. (Also in English).
Wastewater irrigation ; Lettuces ; Leaf vegetables ; Diseases ; Diarrhoea ; Health hazards ; Risk assessment / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H044470)
http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Research_Impacts/Research_Themes/Theme_3/PDF/French%20book.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044470.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044470.pdf
(0.95 MB) (5.96MB)
Interventions proposed and implemented for the mitigation of diarrhoeal diseases associated with wastewater reuse in agriculture have received little, if any, comparative assessment of their cost-effectiveness. This chapter assesses the costs, outcomes and cost-effectiveness of the so-called ‘treatment’ and ‘non- or post-treatment’ interventions as well as a combination of these for wastewater irrigation in urban Ghana using an approach that integrates quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA), disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA). The cost-effectiveness ratios (CERs) for the treatment and non-treatment interventions assessed ranged from US$31/DALY to US$812/DALY averted. Risk-reduction measures targeting farming practices and the basic rehabilitation of local wastewater treatment plants were the most attractive interventions with a CER well below the threshold of US$150/DALY, sometimes considered as the upper limit for a health intervention to be cost-effective in developing countries. All combinations associated with the basic rehabilitation of the treatment plants, with either on-farm or post-harvest interventions or both, resulted in CERs within the range of US$40/DALY to US$57/DALY. However, the CERs for the construction of a new wastewater treatment plant either as an independent intervention or in combination with on-farm and post-harvest interventions were unattractive in view of health-risk reduction for wastewater irrigation. Although attractive, the CERs of non-treatment options are largely dependent on compliance (adoption) by farmers and food vendors. In this regard, the CER increased by almost fivefold when the adoption rate was only 25 per cent by farmers and food vendors; but was attractive as long as adoption rates did not fall below 70 per cent. On the other hand, the success of the treatment option depends on the functionality of the treatment plants which is not without challenges in a country like Ghana. Thus, this chapter stresses the need for a balanced risk-management approach through a combination of treatment and non-treatment interventions to hedge against failures that may affect CERs at any end. While this chapter provides a contribution to the debate on interventions for health-risk mitigation in wastewater irrigation, more case studies would be useful to verify the data presented here.
13 Amponsah-Doku, F.; Obiri-Danso, K.; Abaidoo, R. C.; Andoh, L. A.; Drechsel, Pay; Kondrasen, F. 2010. Bacterial contamination of lettuce and associated risk factors at production sites, markets and street food restaurants in urban and peri-urban Kumasi, Ghana. Scientific Research and Essays, 5(2):217-223.
Biological contamination ; Bacteria ; Vegetable growing ; Lettuces ; Salmonella ; Irrigation water ; Wastewater irrigation ; Wastewater treatment ; Urban areas ; Risks ; Health hazards ; Microbiological analysis ; Indicators ; Social aspects ; Farmers / Ghana / Kumasi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044754)
(107.32KB)
There is increasing evidence that urban grown vegetables in developing countries can be contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms. This is particularly true when wastewater is used in irrigation. The microbiological quality of wastewater grown lettuce on farms, markets and at street food vendor sites were evaluated for thermotolerant coliforms, enterococci and Salmonella using standard methods. Farm irrigation water and market refreshing water (water used in keeping the lettuce fresh) samples were also analysed. Thermotolerant coliforms on lettuce varied from 2.3 × 103 to 9.3 × 108 on farm, 6.0 ×101 to 2.3 × 108 on market and 2.3 × 106 to 2.4 × 109 at street food vendor sites. Indicator bacterial numbers on farm lettuce were higher compared to the irrigation water (1.5 × 103 to 4.3 × 106) used on the farms. Thermotolerant coliform numbers in market refreshing water (9.0 × 103 to 4.3 × 1010) were higher compared to that on the market lettuce. Enterococci numbers on lettuce were lower and ranged from 3.9 × 101 to 1.0 × 106 on farm, 6.0 × 101 to 9.0 × 104 on market and 5.1 × 103 to 2.5 × 106 at street food vendor sites. Salmonella numbers recorded at food vendor sites ranged from 1.5 × 101 to 9.3 × 102. In general, thermotolerant coliforms numbers increased by 18% while enterococci numbers reduced by 64% from the farms to the street foods. Bacterial counts on farm lettuce and irrigation water, market lettuce and refreshing water and street foods all exceeded the recommended World Health Organization (WHO) and International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Food (ICMSF) standards of 103. Wastewater use on farms and refreshing water in markets could be the main contributors to lettuce contamination and that education on use of effective de-contamination or washing methods before eating will contribute to reducing the risk associated with the consumption of such contaminated foods.
14 Henseler, M.; Amoah, Philip. 2014. Marketing channels for irrigated exotic vegetables. In Drechsel, Pay; Keraita, B. (Eds.) Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: characteristics, benefits and risk mitigation. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.51-61.
Irrigated farming ; Urban agriculture ; Vegetables ; Lettuces ; Wholesale marketing ; Retail marketing ; Food supply ; Consumers ; Surveys / Ghana / Kumasi / Accra
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H046602)
(173 KB)
This chapter provides qualitative and quantitative information on the distribution pathways of irrigated vegetables, with a focus on lettuce, produced in Kumasi and Accra from the farm to the consumer. The data from a survey carried out in 2005 show the contribution of irrigated urban farming and the size of the beneficiary group in Accra, which is also the group at risk from crop contamination which has been quantified.
15 Amoah, Philip; Lente, I.; Asem-Hiablie, S.; Abaidoo, R. C. 2014. Quality of vegetables in Ghanaian urban farms and markets. In Drechsel, Pay; Keraita, B. (Eds.) Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: characteristics, benefits and risk mitigation. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.89-103.
Vegetables ; Marketing ; Chemical contamination ; Helminths ; Heavy metals ; Faecal coliforms ; Pesticide residues ; Irrigation water ; Lettuces / Ghana / Kumasi / Accra / Tamale
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H046605)
(395 KB)
This chapter shows results obtained from analyzing samples of vegetables taken at the farm gate and from selling points in Accra, Kumasi and Tamale. Microbiological data are based on a total of about 1,500 vegetable samples taken from different sampling points along the vegetable distribution chain – farm gates – and from different categories of sellers in Accra, Tamale and Kumasi. Fecal coliforms and helminth eggs were mainly used as the fecal contamination indicator organisms. For chemical contaminants, heavy metals and pesticides in irrigation water and vegetables were analyzed, while estrogens were used as an example for emerging contaminants.
16 Woldetsadik, D.; Drechsel, Pay; Keraita, B.; Marschner, B.; Itanna, F.; Gebrekidan, H. 2016. Effects of biochar and alkaline amendments on cadmium immobilization, selected nutrient and cadmium concentrations of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in two contrasting soils. SpringerPlus, 5:1-16. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2019-6]
Alkalinity ; Cadmium ; Immobilization ; Nutrients ; Cadmium ; Leaf vegetables ; Lettuces ; Soil sampling ; pH ; Faecal coliforms ; Nitrates ; Carbon ; Heavy metals ; Waste treatment
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047506)
(0.85 MB)
To assess the efficiency of seven treatments including biochars produced from dried faecal matter and manures as stabilizing agents of cadmium (Cd)-spiked soils, lettuce was grown in glasshouse on two contrasting soils. The soils used were moderately fertile silty loam and less fertile sandy loam and the applied treatments were 7 % w/w. The reduction of bioavailable Cd (ammonium nitrate extractable) and its phytoavailability for lettuce were used as assessment criteria in the evaluation of stabilization performance of each treatment. Moreover, the agronomic values of the treatments were also investigated. Ammonium nitrate extraction results indicated that faecal matter biochar, cow manure biochar and lime significantly reduced bioavailable Cd by 84–87, 65–68 and 82–91 %, respectively, as compared to the spiked controls. Unpredictably, coffee husk biochar induced significant increment of Cd in NH4NO3 extracts. The immobilization potential of faecal matter biochar and lime were superior than the other treatments. However, lime and egg shell promoted statistically lower yield and P, K and Zn concentrations response of lettuce plants compared to the biochar treatments. The lowest Cd and highest P tissue concentrations of lettuce plants were induced by faecal matter and cow manure biochar treatments in both soils. Additionally, the greatest Cd phytoavailability reduction for lettuce was induced by poultry litter and cow manure biochars in the silty loam soil. Our results indicate that faecal matter and animal manure biochars have shown great potential to promote Cd immobilization and lettuce growth response in heavily contaminated agricultural fields.
17 Woldetsadik, D.; Drechsel, Pay; Marschner, B.; Itanna, F.; Gebrekidan, H. 2017. Effect of biochar derived from faecal matter on yield and nutrient content of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in two contrasting soils. Environmental Systems Research, 6(1):1-12. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40068-017-0082-9]
Waste management ; Faecal sludge ; Nutrients ; Septic tanks ; Nitrogen fertilizers ; Lettuces ; Soil amendments ; Soil fertility ; Biochar ; Composting ; Residues ; Yields
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047945)
http://environmentalsystemsresearch.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s40068-017-0082-9?site=environmentalsystemsresearch.springeropen.com
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047945.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047945.pdf
(1.05 MB)
Background: Faecal matter biochar offers an interesting value proposition where the pyrolysis process guaranties a 100% pathogen elimination, as well as significant reduction in transport and storage weight and volume. Therefore, to evaluate the effect of (1) biochar produced from dried faecal matter from household based septic tanks, and (2) N fertilizer, as well as their interaction on yield and nutrient status of lettuce (Lactuca sativa), lettuce was grown over two growing cycles under glasshouse on two contrasting soils amended once at the start with factorial combination of faecal matter biochar at four rates (0, 10, 20 and 30 t ha-1) with 0, 25 and 50 kg N ha-1 in randomized complete block design. Results: For both soils, maximum fresh yields were recorded with biochar and combined application of biochar with N treatments. However, the greatest biochar addition effects (with or without N) with regard to relative yield were seen in less fertile sandy loam soil. We have also observed that faecal matter biochar application resulted in noticeable positive residual effects on lettuce yield and tissue nutrient concentrations in the 2nd growing cycle. For both soils, most nutrients analyzed (N, P, K, Mg, Cu and Zn) were within or marginally above optimum ranges for lettuce under biochar amendment. Conclusions: The application of faecal matter biochar enhances yield and tissue nutrient concentrations of lettuce in two contrasting soils, suggesting that faecal matter biochar could be used as an effective fertilizer for lettuce production at least for two growing cycles. Moreover, the conversion of the faecal matter feedstock into charred product may offer additional waste management benefit as it offers an additional (microbiologically safe) product compared to the more common co-composting.
18 Woldetsadik, D.; Drechsel, Pay; Keraita, B.; Itanna, F.; Erko, B.; Gebrekidan, H. 2017. Microbiological quality of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) irrigated with wastewater in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and effect of green salads washing methods. International Journal of Food Contamination, 4:1-9. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40550-017-0048-8]
Microbiological analysis ; Leaf vegetables ; Lettuces ; Wastewater irrigation ; Faecal coliforms ; Helminths ; WHO ; Contamination ; Irrigation water ; Risk reduction ; Bacteriological analysis ; Farmland ; Wastewater treatment ; Households ; Water pollution ; Water use / Ethiopia / Addis Ababa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047981)
http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186%2Fs40550-017-0048-8.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047981.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047981.pdf
(561 KB)
Background: In Addis Ababa, where irrigation water for vegetable production is commonly derived from the highly polluted Akaki river, information on microbial contamination of water and irrigated vegetable is scanty. An assessment was done to determine the microbiological quality of irrigation water and lettuce harvested from 10 urban farming sites of Addis Ababa. The efficacy of 5 lettuce washing methods were also assessed. A total of 210 lettuce and 90 irrigation water samples were analyzed for faecal coliform and helminth eggs population levels. Results: The mean faecal coliform levels of irrigation water ranged from 4.29-5.61 log10 MPN 100 ml-1, while on lettuce, the concentrations ranged from 3.46-5.03 log10 MPN 100 g-1. Helminth eggs and larvae were detected in 80% of irrigation water and 61% of lettuce samples. Numbers ranged from 0.9-3.1 eggs 1000 ml-1 and 0.8-3.7 eggs 100 g-1 wet weight for irrigation water and lettuce, respectively. The helminth eggs identified included those of Ascaris lumbricoides, Hookworm, Enterobius vermicularis, Trichuris trichiura, Taenia and Strongloyides larvae. Ascaris lumbricoides and Hookworm were most prevalent in both irrigation water and lettuce samples. Compared with the WHO recommendations and international standards, the faecal coliform and helminth eggs levels in irrigation water and lettuce samples exceeded the recommended levels. Irrespective of the tested washing methods, faecal coliform and helminth eggs levels were somehow reduced. Among the washing methods, potable tap water washing - rinsing (2 min) followed by dipping in 15 000 ppm vinegar solution for a minute supported the highest faecal coliorm reduction of 1.7 log10 units, whereas lowest reduction of 0.8 log10 units was achieved for the same procedure without vinegar. Conclusion: Compared with international standards, both faecal coliform and helminth eggs levels exceeded recommended thresholds in water and lettuce, but still in a potential risk range which can be easily mitigated if farmers and households are aware of the potential risk. Aside preventing occupational exposure, potential risk reduction programs should target households which have so far no guidance on how best to wash vegetables. The result of the present study suggest that the vinegar based washing methods are able to reduce faecal coliform towards low level while the physical washing with running water may help to substantially decrease potential risk of helminth parasitic infections.
19 Karg, H. 2018. Markets. In Karg, H.; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Atlas of West African urban food systems: examples from Ghana and Burkina Faso. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). pp.52-59.
Food supply ; Markets ; Consumer behaviour ; Vegetables ; Lettuces ; Livestock production ; Milk production ; Biological contamination ; Urban planning / Ghana / Burkina Faso / Tamale / Ouagadougou
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049023)
(1.00 MB)
20 Pradhan, Surendra K.; Cofie, Olufunke; Nikiema, Josiane; Heinonen-Tanski, H. 2019. Fecal sludge derived products as fertilizer for lettuce cultivation in urban agriculture. Sustainability, 11(24):7101. [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11247101]
Faecal sludge ; Organic fertilizers ; Urban agriculture ; Lettuces ; Cultivation ; Fertilization ; Soil fertility ; Greenhouse crops ; Sustainable products ; Crop yield ; Nutrients ; Waste management ; Waste treatment ; Composting ; Pellets ; Sludge dewatering ; Enrichment ; Hygiene ; Faecal coliforms ; Soil chemicophysical properties ; Poultry manure / Ghana / Accra
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049661)
(0.27 MB) (272 KB)
Fecal sludge (FS) contains a significant amount of plant nutrients. FS (treated/untreated) has been used as soil ameliorant in several countries. Use of FS-based compost on lettuce may meet reservations due to possible microbiological contamination. The objectives of this research are: (1) To determine the fertilizer value of different formulations of sawdust and fecal sludge compost (SDFS) pellets, and (2) to compare the effect of these SDFS formulations with poultry manure, commercial compost, mineral fertilizer, and non-fertilization on lettuce cultivation. The SDFS products were made by enriching, and pelletized with ammonium sulphate, mineral-NPK, or ammonium sulphate + muriate of potash + triple superphosphate. Lettuce was cultivated in a greenhouse and an open field. The result showed that the saleable fresh weight lettuce yield obtained from all SDFS pellets with/without enrichments were higher than those obtained from commercial compost, poultry manure, mineral fertilizer, or no fertilizer. Cultivation in the open field gave higher yields than those in the greenhouse. No helminth eggs were detected in composts or lettuces. Some fecal coliforms were detected in lettuces fertilized with almost all fertilizers tested, including NPK and non-fertilized control. A properly treated fecal sludge-based fertilizer can be a sustainable solution for lettuce production, which helps urban and peri-urban agriculture.
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