Your search found 46 records
1 Sayan, S. 2003. H-O for H2O: Can the Heckscher-Ohlin framework explain the role of free trade in distributing scarce water resources around the Middle East? Review of Middle East Economics and Finance, 1(3):215-230.
Water resources ; International trade ; International cooperation ; Water market ; Water requirements ; Water shortage / Middle East / Egypt / Greece / Iran / Israel / Jordan / Kuwait / Lebanon / Saudi Arabia / Syria / Tunisia / Turkey
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 7684 Record No: H039479)
2 Grote, U.; Craswell, E. T.; Vlek P. L. G. 2008. Nutrient and virtual water flows in traded agricultural commodities. In Braimoh, A. K.; Vlek, P. L. G. (Eds.). Land use and soil resources. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp.121-143.
Food production ; Water requirements ; Environmental degradation ; International trade ; Trade liberalization ; Policy
(Location: IWMI HQ Record No: H041023)
http://www.gwsp.org/downloads/Grote_Craswell_Vlek_2008.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H041023.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H041023.pdf
Globalization and increasing population pressure on food demand and land and water resources have stimulated interest in nutrient and virtual water flows at the international level. West Asia/North Africa (WANA), Southeast Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa are net importers not only of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) but also of virtual water in agricultural commodities. Nevertheless, the widely recognized declines in soil fertility and problems related to water shortage continue to increase, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. The nutrients imported are commonly concentrated in the cities, creating waste disposal problems rather than alleviating deficiencies in rural soils. And also the water shortage problems continue to contribute to intensified desertification processes, which again lead to increased urbanization and thus water shortage problems in cities. Countries with a net loss of NPK and virtual water in agricultural commodities are the major food exporting countries—the USA, Australia, and some Latin American countries. Understanding the manifold factors determining the nutrient and water flows is essential. Only then can solutions be found which ensure a sustainable use of nutrients and water resources. The chapter ends by stressing the need for factoring environmental costs into the debate on nutrient and water management, and advocates more transdisciplinary research on these important problems.
3 Sehgal, R. 2006. Legal regime towards protecting coral reefs: an international perspective and Indian scenario. Law, Environment and Development Journal, 2(2): 183-195.
Coral reefs ; Marine environment ; Legal aspects ; Policy ; International trade ; Climate change / India
(Location: IWMI HQ Record No: H041208)
4 Van Vuuren, D. P.; Ochola, W. O.; Riha, S.; Giampietro, M.; Ginzo, H.; Henrichs, T.; Hussain, S.; Kok, K.; Makhura, M.; Mirza, M.; Kuppannan, Palanisami; Ranganathan, C. R.; Ray, S.; Ringler, C.; Rola, A.; Westhoek, H.; Zurek, M.; de Fraiture, Charlotte. 2009. Outlook on agricultural change and its drivers. In McIntyre, B. D.; Herren, H. R.; Wakhungu, J.; Watson, R. T. (Eds.). International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development (IAASTD): Agriculture at a Crossroads, global report. Washington, DC, USA: Island Press. pp.255-305.
Agricultural economics ; International trade ; Investment ; Political aspects ; Food consumption ; Irrigation water ; Land use ; Climate change ; Energy consumption ; Bioenergy ; Labor ; Crop production ; Livestock ; Forestry ; Fisheries ; Gender ; Women
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042171)
(3.62 MB)
5 Verma, Shilp; Kampman, D. A.; van der Zaag, P.; Hoekstra, A. K. 2009. Addressing India’s water challenge 2050: the virtual water trade option. In International Water Management Institute (IWMI). Strategic Analyses of the National River Linking Project (NRLP) of India Series 5. Proceedings of the Second National Workshop on Strategic Issues in Indian Irrigation, New Delhi, India, 8-9 April 2009. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.215-231.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042695)
(0.26 MB)
6 Wichelns, Dennis. 2010. Virtual water: a helpful perspective, but not a sufficient policy criterion. Water Resources Management, 24(10):2203-2219.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043039)
(0.33 MB)
The topic of virtual water has received substantial attention in recent years, both in scholarly literature and the popular press. Many authors have described the “flow of virtual water” between countries that engage in the trade of agricultural crops and livestock products. Some have suggested that water-short countries should import water-intensive agricultural products from water-abundant countries, while using their limited domestic water resources for higher valued activities. While compelling at first, such a policy prescription can be misleading. Virtual water is a helpful phrase for describing the water required to produce agricultural products and other goods. Discussions of virtual water have been effective in encouraging public officials and citizens to focus on water scarcity issues. Yet the phrase is not based on an underlying conceptual framework. Hence, the virtual water perspective cannot be used alone as a criterion for selecting optimal policies. Trading strategies based on the virtual water perspective are not consistent with the economic concept of comparative advantage. In a similar fashion, distinguishing between the “blue water” and “green water” components of virtual water is helpful in a descriptive sense, but these phrases are not based on an underlying conceptual framework that can serve as a policy criterion for selecting among alternative policy options.
7 Norton, G. W.; Alwang, J.; Masters, W. A. (Eds.) 2010. Economics of agricultural development: world food systems and resource use. 2nd ed. Abingdon, Oxon, UK: Routledge. 465p.
Agricultural development ; Farming systems ; Food insecurity ; Poverty ; Famine ; Malnutrition ; Health hazards ; Income ; Economic growth ; International trade ; Trade policy ; Population growth ; Urbanization ; Environmental degradation ; Agricultural research ; Agricultural extension ; Land tenure ; Land reform ; Price policies ; Marketing
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 338.1 G000 NOR Record No: H043411)
8 Webber, C. M.; Labaste, P. 2010. Building competitiveness in Africa's agriculture: a guide to value chain concepts and applications. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank. 187p. (Agriculture and Rural Development)
Agroindustry ; Economic aspects ; Business management ; Marketing techniques ; International trade ; Exports ; Monitoring ; Evaluation / Africa / Mozambique / Mali / Nigeria / Kenya / Ghana / Rwanda / Uganda / Botswana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 338.1096 G100 WEB Record No: H043456)
http://www.technoserve.org/assets/documents/building-comp.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043456.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043456.pdf
(5.75 MB) (5.75 MB)
9 Martinez-Cortina, L.; Garrido, A.; Lopez-Gunn, E. (Eds.) 2010. Re-thinking water and food security: Fourth Botin Foundation Water Workshop. Leiden, Netherlands: CRC Press. 377p.
Water productivity ; Simulation models ; Water transfer ; Food security ; Water supply ; Water resources development ; Virtual water ; Water balance ; Water footprint ; Rice ; Water use ; Water policy ; Water security ; International trade ; Water market ; Pricing ; Poverty ; Economic analysis ; Water scarcity ; Water quality ; Water pollution ; Groundwater development ; Aquifers ; Electrical energy ; Desalinization / Spain / Arab countries / Middle East / Syria / Tunisia / Spain / India
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 363.61 G000 MAR Record No: H043459)
(0.32 MB)
10 Hoekstra, A. Y.; Chapagain, A. K. 2008. Globalization of water: sharing the planet's freshwater resources. Malden, MA, USA: Blackwell. 208p.
Globalization ; Water resources development ; International trade ; Freshwater ; Virtual water ; Agricultural production ; Water use ; Water scarcity ; Water quality ; Flow discharge ; Consumers ; Water conservation ; Water loss ; Economic aspects ; Water footprint ; Water transfer ; Tea ; Coffee ; Cotton / Netherlands / Morocco / China
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 HOE Record No: H043484)
(0.42 MB)
11 Wichelns, Dennis. 2010. Virtual water and water footprints: policy relevant or simply descriptive? Book review essay on "Garrido, A.; Llamas, M. R.; Varela-Ortega, C.; Novo, P.; Rodriguez-Casado, R.; Aldaya, M. M. 2010. Water footprint and virtual water trade in Spain: policy implications. New York, NY, USA: Springer and Marcelino Botin Foundation. Natural Resource Management and Policy Series" International Journal of Water Resources Development, 26(4):689-695. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2010.519533]
Virtual water ; Water footprint ; International trade ; Water use ; Economic analysis ; Policy / Spain
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043554)
(0.10 MB)
12 Wichelns, Dennis. 2010. Virtual water and water footprints offer limited insight regarding important policy questions. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 26(4):639-651. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2010.519494]
Virtual water ; Water footprint ; Policy ; Water conservation ; Economic analysis ; Water allocation ; Water use ; Water loss ; International trade
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043555)
(0.14 MB)
Much of the literature regarding virtual water and water footprints focuses on the potential water savings that might be realized when water-short countries import water-intensive agricultural goods from countries with larger water endowments. Some of the published estimates of potential national and global water savings made possible through international trade are quite large and they do not reflect actual or potential opportunities to save water. Recent additions to the virtual water literature describe the pressure placed on water resources in one country by consumers of imported products in another. Some authors suggest that, through international trade, consumers are partly responsible for water resource problems in distant regions. Although one goal of virtual water analysis is to describe opportunities for improving water security, there is almost no mention of the potential impacts of the prescriptions arising from that analysis on farm households in industrialized or developing countries. It is essential to consider more carefully the inherent flaws in the virtual water and water footprint perspectives, particularly when seeking guidance regarding policy decisions.
13 de Fraiture, Charlotte. 2010. Balancing global agricultural water supply and demand. In OECD. Challenges for agricultural research. Paris, France: OECD. pp.31-42.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043593)
(0.35 MB)
The recently completed Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture concluded that globally there are sufficient land and water resources to produce food for a growing population over the next 50 years. But it is probable that today’s trends, if continued, will lead to water crises in many parts of the world. Yearly some 7 100 billion cubic meters (m3) of water are evaporated by crops to meet global food demand, equivalent to more than 3 000 litres per person per day. With a growing population, rising incomes and changes in diets, food demand will increase rapidly. Demand for biomass for biofuels will further drive the demand for agricultural products and hence agricultural water. Some forecasts foresee a doubling of agricultural water demand in the coming 50 years. This is reason for concern as already 1.2 billion people live in areas where water is insufficient to meet all demands. Fortunately, there seems much scope to improve productive use of water and get more out of a unit of water. This paper explores forecasts of global agricultural water demand and scenarios to meet this. It concludes with challenges in future water supply.
14 Martinez-Cortina, L.; Garrido, A.; Lopez-Gunn, E. 2010. Re-thinking Water and Food Security: Fourth Botin Foundation Water Workshop. Leiden, Netherlands: CRC Press. 377p.
Food security ; Water security ; Water balance ; Water policy ; International trade ; Virtual water ; Pricing ; Water scarcity ; Water footprint ; Rice ; Water quality ; Groundwater development ; Electricity generation ; Desalinization / Tunisia / Syria / Spain / Arab countries / India
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 363.61 G000 MAR c2 Record No: H043630)
15 Wichelns, Dennis. 2011. Virtual water and water footprints compelling notions, but notably flawed. Reaction to two articles regarding the virtual water concept by E. Gawel; K. Bernsen, GAIA 20(3):162-167 and A. Biewald, GAIA 20(3):168-170. GAIA - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society, 20(3):171-175.
Water management ; Virtual water ; Water footprint ; Carbon ; Ecology ; International trade ; Water scarcity ; Economic aspects ; Social aspects ; Water policy
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044488)
http://docserver.ingentaconnect.com/deliver/connect/oekom/09405550/v20n3/s7.pdf?expires=1320733349&id=65501192&titleid=6690&accname=Guest+User&checksum=F829ED18C3BAFB9BC32823A4A8D3C634
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044488.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044488.pdf
(0.12 MB) (121.52KB)
The notions of virtual water and water footprints appear frequently in the popular literature and also in scholarly journals. Many authors describe the “flows of virtual water” around the planet in the form of internationally traded goods and services. Some authors calculate the national “water savings” or “water losses” that occur through “virtual water trade” (Oki and Ka - nae 2004, Chapagain et al. 2006 a, Hoekstra and Chapagain 2007, Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2010), while others assign responsibil - ity for environmental degradation in one country to residents of the importers of that country’s agricultural exports (Chapagain et al. 2006 b,Van Oel et al. 2009). Often the importers are located thousands of miles away. A natural extension of the virtual water literature has been the calculation of internal and external water footprints. Some authors suggest these provide useful insight regarding the impacts of consumers in one country on the water resources of another. While water can be viewed as an international resource, partic - ularly in areas where countries share rivers, aquifers, and water - sheds, water scarcity is largely a local and regional phenomenon. Water scarcity arises when the demands on local and regional re sources exceed the available supply.While acknowledging im - por tant issues regarding transboundary resources, generally there is little relationship between water consumption in one region and water scarcity in another. For example, changes in water con sump tion habits in New York will have little impact, if any, on water scarcity conditions in Beijing. Comparing or summing the water footprints of consumers in each city provides no helpful insight regarding the causes of water scarcity or the policies that might be implemented to improve resource management in either location. It is not helpful to suggest that consumers in New York are consuming an unfair portion of the world’s water resources simply because their per capita water footprint exceeds that of the residents of Beijing or any other city.
16 Wichelns, Dennis. 2011. Do the virtual water and water footprint perspectives enhance policy discussions? International Journal of Water Resources Development, 27(4):633-645. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2011.619894]
Water resources ; Water management ; Virtual water ; Water footprint ; Water allocation ; Public policy ; Agriculture ; International trade
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: PER Record No: H044732)
(0.11 MB)
The notions of virtual water and water footprints are gaining popularity among researchers and practitioners in the eld of water resources. Many of the published articles include statements suggesting that public policies regarding water allocation, agriculture, or international trade should re ect consideration of virtual water and water footprints. Yet those notions lack a scienti cally tested conceptual framework and they are too narrowly de ned to inform policy decisions in a meaningful way. Consumers, rms, and public of cials wishing to improve water resource management need and deserve much better information than is contained in estimates of virtual water and water footprints. A more thoughtful, comprehensive approach is needed to develop policies that will truly improve the management of water and other natural resources, while also enhancing livelihoods.
17 Matchaya, Greenwell Collins; Chilonda, Pius; Nhelengethwa, Sibusiso. 2013. International trade and income in Malawi: a co-integration and causality approach. International Journal of Economic Sciences and Applied Research, 6(2):125-147.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046216)
http://www.ijesar.org/docs/volume6_issue2/international_trade_income_malawi.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046216.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046216.pdf
(0.43 MB) (444.62KB)
This paper investigates causal relationships between exports, imports, and economic growth in Malawi over the period 1961-2010. These relationships are examined using the Johansen frameworks for co-integration whereas the Vector Error Correction (VECM) framework is further used to provide estimates for both short-run and long-run dynamics in the series under study. The empirical results, including the impulse responses support the export-led economic growth and export driven imports hypotheses in the long run, but they provide no evidence of any economic growth-driven exports. These results strongly support the role of international trade in Malawi’s economic development and hence policies that seek to facilitate Malawi’s trade within and outside the SADC regional would be worthwhile to pursue.
18 Wichelns, D. 2014. Virtual water and water footprints. In Lautze, Jonathan (Ed.). Key concepts in water resource management: a review and critical evaluation. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.75-90. (Earthscan Water Text)
Virtual water ; Water footprint ; Water conservation ; Arable land ; International trade ; Living standards ; Ecological factors ; Carbon
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 LAU, e-copy SF Record No: H046520)
19 Reimer, J. J. 2014. Virtual water trade means ‘trade in water services’ In Grafton, R. Q.; Wyrwoll, P.; White, C.; Allendes, D. (Eds.). Global water: issues and insights. Canberra, Australia: Australian National University (ANU Press). pp.187-191.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046563)
http://press.anu.edu.au/apps/bookworm/view/Global+Water%3A+Issues+and+Insights/11041/ch06.6.xhtml#toc_marker-42
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046563.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046563.pdf
(0.09 MB)
20 Lebel, L.; Naruchaikusol, S.; Juntopas, M. 2014. Transboundary flows of resources, people, goods, and services in the Mekong region. In Lebel, L.; Hoanh, Chu Thai; Krittasudthacheewa, C.; Daniel, R. (Eds.). Climate risks, regional integration and sustainability in the Mekong region. Petaling Jaya, Malaysia: Strategic Information and Research Development Centre (SIRDC); Stockholm, Sweden: Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI). pp.54-71.
International trade ; Foreign investment ; Economic aspects ; Financing ; Natural resources ; Agricultural products ; Exports ; Imports ; Tourism ; Migrant labour ; Infrastructure ; Energy resources ; Information technology / Southeast Asia / Cambodia / Lao People's Democratic Republic / Myanmar / Thailand / Vietnam / China / Mekong Region / Yunnan
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI, e-copy SF Record No: H046912)
(1.87 MB)
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