Your search found 16 records
1 Tsinda, A.; Abbott, P.; Chenoweth, J.; Pedley, S.; Kwizera, M. 2018. Improving sanitation in informal settlements of East African cities: hybrid of market and state-led approaches. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 34(2):229-244. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2017.1310090]
Sanitation ; Urban areas ; Informal settlements ; Market access ; State intervention ; Technology ; Environmental impact ; Maintenance ; Public health ; Defaecation ; Awareness raising / East Africa / Rwanda / Uganda / Kenya / Kigali / Kampala / Kisumu
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048505)
(1.23 MB)
This paper analyzes how sanitation can be improved in the informal settlements of East African cities through a hybrid model. Qualitative research was carried out in eight settlements in three cities. Findings show that all cities apply a hybrid model (with some variation) when providing improved sanitation to their residents. Sanitation services were available in all cities, but there was no evidence of the state actively organizing a functioning sanitation market in Kampala or Kisumu. This implies that a hybrid model with a strong and committed developmental state is the right choice in the context of the informal settlements of East African cities.
2 Horne, J.; Tortajada, C.; Harrington, L. 2018. Achieving the sustainable development goals: improving water services in cities affected by extreme weather events. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 34(4):475-489. (Special issue: Urban Resilience to Droughts and Floods: Policies and Governance). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2018.1464902]
Sustainable Development Goals ; Water supply ; Towns ; Extreme weather events ; Climate change ; Water governance ; Water policy ; Financing ; Tariffs ; Disaster risk management ; Informal settlements ; Slums
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048812)
(1.19 MB)
This article discusses how key risks from extreme weather events might affect progress towards meeting Sustainable Development Goals 6 and 11 in cities in developing countries. It outlines the magnitude of the existing shortfall in safe water and sanitation services, and how climate change will exacerbate existing problems. It argues that the performance of many governments thus far has lacked urgency and purpose. Unless governments in particular become more committed, with redoubled effort, the goals are unlikely to be achieved.
3 Adams, E. A. 2018. Thirsty slums in African cities: household water insecurity in urban informal settlements of Lilongwe, Malawi. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 34(6):869-887. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2017.1322941]
Water insecurity ; Informal settlements ; Slums ; Urban areas ; Households ; Drinking water ; Water availability ; Water supply ; Water institutions ; Water policy ; Water use ; Periurban areas ; Socioeconomic environment / Africa South of Sahara / Malawi / Lilongwe
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048943)
(1.04 MB)
Over 70% of Malawi’s urban population lives in informal settlements, where households regularly face chronic water insecurity. This article utilizes mixed methods – household surveys (N = 645), field observations, focus groups and interviews – to examine household water insecurity in three urban informal settlements of Lilongwe, Malawi’s capital and largest city. The study finds that water insecurity arises from overdependence on communal water kiosks which are insufficient in number, have high nonfunctional rates, are prone to vandalism, and provide water irregularly; lack of alternative improved water sources; and a significant time burden due to long waiting times and multiple trips to water sources. The findings underscore why water insecurity in Africa’s urban informal settlements deserves urgent policy attention.
4 Karahalios, T.; Berner, C.; Njenga, M. 2018. Human waste-to-fuel briquettes as a sanitation and energy solution for refugee camps and informal urban settlements. In Njenga, M.; Mendum, R. (Eds.). Recovering bioenergy in Sub-Saharan Africa: gender dimensions, lessons and challenges. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). pp.7-14. (Resource Recovery and Reuse: Special Issue)
Urban areas ; Human wastes ; Excreta ; Fuels ; Briquettes ; Sanitation ; Refugees ; Informal settlements ; Energy generation / Kenya / Naivasha
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049003)
(558 KB)
5 Mendum, R.; Njenga, M. 2018. Take-home messages on gender and resource recovery and reuse (RRR) for energy. In Njenga, M.; Mendum, R. (Eds.). Recovering bioenergy in Sub-Saharan Africa: gender dimensions, lessons and challenges. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). pp.81-82. (Resource Recovery and Reuse: Special Issue)
Resource recovery ; Reuse ; Gender ; Energy recovery ; Energy resources ; Organic wastes ; Cooking ; Heating ; Women's participation ; Fuels ; Informal settlements ; Business management ; Case studies
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049010)
(639 KB)
6 Gimelli, F. M.; Rogers, B. C.; Bos, J. J. 2019. Linking water services and human well-being through the fundamental human needs framework: the case of India. Water Alternatives, 12(2):715-733.
Water supply ; Living standards ; Basic needs ; Frameworks ; Informal settlements ; Urban areas ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Water resources development ; Social aspects ; Case studies / India / Faridabad / Delhi / Mumbai
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049243)
http://www.water-alternatives.org/index.php/alldoc/articles/volume-12/v12issue2/524-a12-2-7/file
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049243.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049243.pdf
(0.34 MB) (340 KB)
Although the focus of water development in urban informal settlements has traditionally been on improving public health, development scholarship increasingly emphasises the relationship between water services and multiple dimensions of human well-being. Nevertheless, how well-being is defined in the literature remains unclear, leaving questions about what dimensions of it are to be fostered through water service development. In this paper, we argue that prominent interpretations of well-being in the water sector do not adequately represent the range of impacts of water services on the ability of informal settlers to meet their needs beyond survival. To address this gap, we make the case for the adoption of Max-Neef’s (1992) Fundamental Human Needs (FHN) framework in the water sector, which we show to present a clear, holistic and dynamic understanding of well-being. Through a case study of water service arrangements across six informal settlements in the Indian cities of Faridabad, Delhi and Mumbai, we illustrate how using the FHN framework uncovers potential pathways by which water service development can satisfy a broad range of fundamental human needs. Applying the FHN framework to these settings leads us to argue that: 1) water services should be linked to people’s aspirations as well as to their basic physical needs; 2) cultivating well-being has both intrinsic and instrumental benefits that enable individuals to become more resilient; 3) water services should be better linked with other development sectors; and 4) non-traditional water service arrangements should be re-evaluated according to their capacity to contribute to people’s well-being.
7 Jamwal, P.; Brown, R.; Kookana, R.; Drechsel, Pay; McDonald, R.; Vorosmarty, C. J.; van Vliet, M. T. H.; Bhaduri, A. 2019. The future of urban clean water and sanitation. One Earth, 1(1):10-12. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2019.08.010]
Water quality ; Sanitation ; Urban areas ; Drinking water ; Water management ; Technology ; Wastewater ; Water reuse ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Population growth ; Informal settlements
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049378)
https://www.cell.com/action/showPdf?pii=S2590-3322%2819%2930016-8
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049378.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049378.pdf
(0.69 MB) (700 KB)
Billions of people currently lack clean water and sanitation. By 2050 the global population will have grown to nearly 10 billion, over two-thirds of whom will live in urban areas. This Voices asks: what are the research and water-management priorities to ensure clean water and sanitation in the world’s cities?
8 Sultana, F.; Loftus, A. (Eds.) 2020. Water politics: governance, justice and the right to water. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. 209p. (Earthscan Water Text)
Water resources ; Political aspects ; Human rights ; Right to water ; Right to food ; Water policy ; Water security ; Resilience ; Water allocation ; Freshwater ; Water governance ; Bottled water ; Water use ; Public water ; Informal settlements ; Social classes ; Mobilization ; Ethics ; Sanitation ; Latrines / Europe / USA / Mexico / Bolivia / Greece / South Africa / Thessaloniki / Michigan / Detroit / Flint / Durban
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 SUL Record No: H049396)
(0.34 MB)
9 Sarkar, A. 2019. Can shared standpipes fulfil the sustainable development goal of universal access to safe water for urban poor in Kenya? Water Policy, 21(5):1034-1049. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2019.047]
Water supply ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Water availability ; Urban areas ; Pipes ; Water management ; Infrastructure ; Households ; Informal settlements ; Willingness to pay ; State intervention ; Economic aspects ; Socioeconomic environment / Kenya / Nairobi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049451)
(0.27 MB)
With the analyses of secondary data, the study finds that there has been a consistent increase in safe water coverage in Kenya over the years, mostly through paid common standpipes. However, primary data collected through in-depth field investigations in the Mathare slums of Nairobi reveal that the paid standpipes are overstressed and are prone to unreliable services, neglected operation and maintenance, illegal connections, water theft, unregulated and high tariffs and client favouritism on the basis of tribal affiliations. Thus, the most effective way to serve the urban poor is to increase the number of working standpipes with fixed operating schedules per day, along with strict enforcement of water tariff regulations.
10 Manga, M.; Bartram, J.; Evans, B. E. 2020. Economic cost analysis of low-cost sanitation technology options in informal settlement areas (case study: Soweto, Johannesburg) International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 223(1):289-298. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.06.012]
Sanitation ; Appropriate technology ; Informal settlements ; Cost analysis ; Financing ; Operating costs ; Maintenance ; Waste treatment ; Sewerage ; Latrines ; Population density ; Households ; Case studies / South Africa / Johannesburg / Soweto
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049490)
(0.51 MB)
In Urban Africa, water and sanitation utility companies are facing a huge backlog of sanitation provision in the informal settlement areas. In order to clear this backlog, new investment is required. However, to select appropriate sanitation technologies, lifecycle costs need to be assessed. The aim of this research was to establish lifecycle costs for appropriate sanitation technologies in informal settlement areas. Three sanitation options were compared: simplified sewerage, urine diversion dry toilet (UDDT) and Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) latrine. Three scenarios for simplified sewerage were considered; gravity flow into existing conventional sewers with treatment; new-build with pumping and treatment; and new-build gravity flow with treatment. The study revealed that simplified sewerage is the cheapest option for Soweto informal settlement, even when the costs of pumping and treatment are included. Gravity simplified sewerage with treatment is cheaper than the UDDT system and VIP latrine at all population densities above 158 and 172 persons/ha, respectively. The total annual cost per household of simplified sewerage and treatment was US$142 compared to US$156 and US$144 for UDDT and VIP latrine respectively. The costs of simplified sewerage could be recovered through a monthly household surcharge and cross-subsidy summing US$5.3 The study concluded that simplified sewerage system was the first choice for Soweto informal settlement areas, given the current population density.
11 Dakyaga, F.; Ahmed, A.; Sillim, M. L. 2021. Governing ourselves for sustainability: everyday ingenuities in the governance of water infrastructure in the informal settlements of Dar es Salaam. Urban Forum, 32(1):111-129. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12132-020-09412-6]
Water governance ; Sustainability ; Infrastructure ; Informal settlements ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Water supply ; Public water ; Urban areas ; Water access ; Political aspects ; Households / Africa South of Sahara / United Republic of Tanzania / Dar es Salaam
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050222)
(0.46 MB)
Everyday ingenuities have gained hegemony in urban governance scholarship in the Global South, especially regarding the informal settlements of sub-Saharan Africa, where public water services are limited. Within the global commitment to sustainability, through the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), this article explores how non-state actors (water service providers) develop and sustain water infrastructure (provide, manage water systems for continued availability) in the informal settlements, through the lens of the everyday ingenuities and governance for sustainability framework, and a qualitative research approach. The study realized the involvement of individuals and group of actors in water infrastructure governance. The actors self-mobilized resources and develop low-cost water infrastructure systems. The actors engaged in a gamut of actions, transactions, clientelist (broker and clients’ relationships), and interactions (buying and selling of water, networking, production, cooperation, partnerships) to manage water infrastructure, the practices were guided by unwritten rules and regulations, and not independent of state actors’ interactions, but formed and developed through the relations between state and non-state water service providers. The findings suggest that water infrastructures in the informal settlements are developed and sustained through the everyday act of inventing, repetitive self-actions, ordering and disordering of the rules and mechanisms, among the inter-depending actors (producers and resellers of water), and their interactional relationship with the state water utility provider (DAWASA).
12 Lizarralde, G.; Bornstein, L.; Robertson, M.; Gould, K.; Herazo, B.; Petter, A.-M.; Paez, H.; Diaz, J. H.; Olivera, A.; Gonzalez, G.; Lopez, O.; Lopez, A.; Ascui, H.; Burdiles, R.; Bouchereau, K. 2021. Does climate change cause disasters? how citizens, academics, and leaders explain climate-related risk and disasters in Latin America and the Caribbean. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 58:102173. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102173]
Climate change ; Disaster risk reduction ; Vulnerability ; Weather hazards ; Ecosystems ; Pollution ; Political aspects ; Social aspects ; Government ; Informal settlements ; Case studies / Latin America / Caribbean / Haiti / Cuba / Chile / Colombia / Concepcion / Carahatas / Canaan / Yumbo / Salgar / San Andres
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050300)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212420921001394/pdfft?md5=47b5bde08c41ebc7a06d43edd8d34131&pid=1-s2.0-S2212420921001394-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050300.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050300.pdf
(1.02 MB) (1.02 MB)
For decades, social scientists have attempted to reveal the real causes behind disasters. While some scholars have recently focused almost exclusively on people’s vulnerabilities, the majority recognize that disasters result from a combination of people’s choices and hazards. Agencies and government officials, on the other hand, have often downplayed the political component of disasters (particularly those linked to global warming), preferring to focus on the technical and managerial aspects of climate response. This study explores how activists in informal settlements, academics, and governments in the Global South explain climate-related risk and disasters. The study is based on interviews, workshops, and group meetings in Haiti, Cuba, Chile, and Colombia, and on a four-year analysis of implementation activities where community leaders were given financial resources to create risk reduction initiatives. Results show that there are significant mismatches between understandings of climate effects by people in informal settlements and decision-makers. Besides, whereas some scholars tend to focus on an anthropocentric view of risk and consider climate a component of “the hazard,” residents perceive it as a factor of their vulnerability and a threat to their territories and ecosystems. These results challenge some popular definitions of climate risk and suggest that modern epistemologies of disasters are inappropriate to set up effective risk reduction in the Global South. Understanding local narratives of risk is crucial for the integration of climate and social agendas in the region.
13 Moulds, S.; Buytaert, W.; Templeton, M. R.; Kanu, I. 2021. Modelling the impacts of urban flood risk management on social inequality. Water Resources Research, 32p. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2020WR029024]
Disaster risk management ; Flooding ; Disaster risk reduction ; Social aspects ; Equity ; Urbanization ; Vulnerability ; Communities ; Informal settlements ; Poverty ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Economic growth ; Governance ; Policies ; Hydrology ; Modelling
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050409)
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2020WR029024
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050409.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050409.pdf
(3.95 MB) (3.95 MB)
The exposure of urban populations to flooding is highly heterogeneous, with the negative impacts of flooding experienced disproportionately by the poor. In developing countries experiencing rapid urbanisation and population growth a key distinction in the urban landscape is between planned development and unplanned, informal development, which often occurs on marginal, flood-prone land. Flood risk management in the context of informality is challenging, and may exacerbate existing social inequalities and entrench poverty. Here, we adapt an existing socio-hydrological model of human-flood interactions to account for a stratified urban society consisting of planned and informal settlements. In the first instance, we use the model to construct four system archetypes based on idealised scenarios of risk reduction and disaster recovery. We then perform a sensitivity analysis to examine the relative importance of the differential values of vulnerability, risk-aversion, and flood awareness in determining the relationship between flood risk management and social inequality. The model results suggest that reducing the vulnerability of informal communities to flooding plays an important role in reducing social inequality and enabling sustainable economic growth, even when the exposure to the flood hazard remains high. Conversely, our model shows that increasing risk aversion may accelerate the decline of informal communities by suppressing economic growth. On this basis, we argue for urban flood risk management which is rooted in pro-poor urban governance and planning agendas which recognise the legitimacy and permanence of informal communities in cities.
14 Muheirwe, F.; Kombe, W.; Kihila, J. M. 2022. The paradox of solid waste management: a regulatory discourse from Sub-Saharan Africa. Habitat International, 119:102491. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2021.102491]
Solid wastes ; Waste management ; Regulations ; Policies ; Waste collection ; Governance ; Developing countries ; Informal settlements ; Awareness ; Political aspects ; Towns / Africa South of Sahara
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050864)
(0.60 MB)
Solid waste management remains a challenge globally attributed to several factors including inadequacies and ineffectiveness of policies. Presumably, good policies should translate to better solid waste management practices. However, other underlying factors and implementation challenges may determine the waste management status. Thus the debate in the literature on solid waste management policy and practice remains inconclusive. Based on literature review, this paper examines the discourse on solid waste management regulation and status in Sub-Saharan Africa. A paradox of policy outcomes is revealed at global and national level. Global policies have not been holistically contextualised and integrated in national policies. While national policies have not improved the solid waste management status of some countries, in others, it has, albeit unsustainably. Notably, inherent weaknesses such as insufficiency, homogeneity and ambiguity of policies affects implementation. This is exacerbated by poor enforcement strategies, lack of participatory mechanisms, inadequate sensitisation, influence of power and politics, as well as weak political commitment, among others. To ensure smart and clean cities, it is crucial for initiatives of solid waste management not only to be legally supported, but also contextualised and co-generated. For effective policy implementation, there is need for sensitisation of urban dwellers to enable comprehension of policies. Participatory strategies and governments’ commitment towards solid waste management should be paramount. Due to rapid changes in urban areas, periodic studies on content and context inferences such as solid waste collection practices and participation of actors in the informal settlements are required to dispel the practice of homogenising policies in order to enhance relevancy and suitability.
15 Tom, R. O.; George, K. O.; Joanes, A. O.; Haron, A. 2022. Review of flood modelling and models in developing cities and informal settlements: a case of Nairobi City. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 43:101188. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2022.101188]
Flooding ; Models ; Towns ; Informal settlements ; Urban areas ; Hydrological modelling ; Hydrodynamics ; Calibration ; Risk management ; Land use ; Land cover ; Rain / Kenya / Nairobi / Mukuru
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051366)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214581822002014/pdfft?md5=dc97ed13fe781be9589ed989f335823f&pid=1-s2.0-S2214581822002014-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051366.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051366.pdf
(1.19 MB) (1.19 MB)
Study region: This study focuses on urban flood modeling in developing cities with a special focus on informal settlements giving a specific case study of Mukuru slums in Nairobi city of Kenya. Informal settlements refer to unplanned settlements and areas where the housing doesn’t comply with the current housing codes and regulations and is thus characterized by a lack of legal settlement and housing plan approvals resulting in poor physical infrastructures and social services. Urban flood risks have been given less attention compared to rural riverine flooding in developing cities yet they cause more havoc. Using the appropriate set of models, flood modeling in urban settings is critical in integrated flood risk management.
Study focus: This study uses a desk review format to promote urban flood modeling knowledge and practice in integrated flood risk management in developing cities. In this regard, the study presents the review of various flood models highlighting their strengths and weaknesses and the significant role of model calibrations in addressing uncertainties while capturing the local scenarios. The paper further presents the role of model stacking where different models are used to understand the same hazard evolution at various scales.
New hydrological insights for the region: As developing cities grow, so do the flood risks, especially in the informal settlement. This study reveals the importance of comprehensively understanding the flood dynamics at various scales. The study points out the important role of model stacking and calibrations which allows the understanding of flood risks at various city scales for an integrated city flood risk management.
Study focus: This study uses a desk review format to promote urban flood modeling knowledge and practice in integrated flood risk management in developing cities. In this regard, the study presents the review of various flood models highlighting their strengths and weaknesses and the significant role of model calibrations in addressing uncertainties while capturing the local scenarios. The paper further presents the role of model stacking where different models are used to understand the same hazard evolution at various scales.
New hydrological insights for the region: As developing cities grow, so do the flood risks, especially in the informal settlement. This study reveals the importance of comprehensively understanding the flood dynamics at various scales. The study points out the important role of model stacking and calibrations which allows the understanding of flood risks at various city scales for an integrated city flood risk management.
16 Khawaja, S. Z.; Gul, A. A.; Tariq, M. A. Ur. R.; Vink, K.; Jafri, S. H. A.; Gujree, I. 2024. Investigating the flood risk perception of residents in informal settlements around the floodplains of River Ravi in Lahore, Pakistan. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 103:104334. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104334]
Floodplains ; Risk management ; Informal settlements ; Models ; Policies ; Decision making ; Stakeholders / Pakistan / Lahore / Ravi River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052764)
(9.95 MB)
With a rapid rate of urbanization in Lahore, Pakistan, many vulnerable residents of the city are forced to settle in katchi abadis or informal settlements at the outskirts along River Ravi. These people living within Ravi's embankments, are often slow to respond or heed flood disaster warnings and evacuation messages. This article studies the flood risk perception of River Ravi's residents to better understand their choices and evacuation behaviour during floods. Surveys were conducted with the sample population utilizing dominant worldviews of Douglas and Wildavsky's Cultural Theory and qualitative risk variables from Slovic, Fischhoff, and Lichtenstein's Psychometric Paradigm to form major questionnaire items. This was further combined with Lindell and Perry's Protective Action Decision Model (PADM) for the analysis. An egalitarian worldview was found to dominate within the population where most residents were socially well bonded but had a weak authority subjection. Results further described the PADM outcome as mostly delayed or no evacuation based on the residents' worldview and result of their pre-decisional processes. Effect of threat, hazard adjustment, and stakeholders' perceptions on PADM's outcome was not definitive. For better flood risk management in Pakistan, policies need to shift towards improving stakeholders' perception as key to changing flood risk perception.
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