Your search found 47 records
1 Finlayson, Max; Cowie, I. D.; Bailey, B. J. 1990. Sediment seedbanks in grassland on the Majela Creek floodplain, northern Australia. Aquatic Botany, 38: 163-176.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 7738 Record No: H039688)
2 Senaratna Sellamuttu, Sonali; de Silva, Sanjiv; Nguyen Khoa, Sophie; Samarakoon, Jayampathy. 2009. Lessons from elsewhere: seven cases from around the world. In Wetlands International. Planting trees to eat fish: field experiences in wetlands and poverty reduction. Wageningen, Netherlands: Wetlands International. pp.65-77.
Wetlands ; Case studies ; Project management ; Development projects ; Poverty ; Social aspects ; Credit ; Income ; Ecology ; Grasslands ; Lagoons ; Conflict ; Food security / South Africa / Vietnam / China / Sri Lanka / Brazil / Nigeria / India / Lake Fundudzi / Phu My wetland / Cao Hai wetland / Negombo Lagoon / Muthurajawela Marsh / Mamiraua wetlands / Hadejia Nguru wetlands / Bhoj wetlands
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.918 G000 WET Record No: H042244)
http://global.wetlands.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=9UjRTWaCmoI%3d&tabid=56
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042244.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042244.pdf
(0.10 MB)
3 World Bank. 2009. Convenient solutions to an inconvenient truth: ecosystem based approaches to climate change. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank, Environment Department. 91p.
Ecosystems ; Climate change ; Biodiversity ; Habitats ; Afforestation ; Forest management ; Watershed Management ; Wetlands ; Grasslands ; Energy resources ; Water power ; Biofuels ; Renewable energy ; Coastal area ; Mangroves ; Coral reefs ; Fisheries ; Food Security ; Tanks ; Highlands ; Land Management ; Water Supply / Africa / South Africa / Namibia / Madagascar / Asia / Mongolia / China / Latin America / Caribbean / Colombia / Mexico / Kenya / Mali / Trinidad / Tobago / Yemen / India / Indonesia / Philippines / Laos / Sumatra / Middle East / Costa Rica / Peru / Andes / Pearl River / Bokkeveld Plateau / Danube Wetlands / Yangtze River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H034804)
http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2009/07/08/000333037_20090708013334/Rendered/PDF/493130ESW0whit10Box338946B01PUBLIC1.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H034804.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H034804.pdf
(2.34 MB)
4 World Bank. 2009. Convenient solutions to an inconvenient truth: ecosystem based approaches to climate change. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank, Environment Department. 91p. (World Bank Report 49313)
Climate change ; Ecosystems ; Adaptation ; Biodiversity ; Case studies ; Afforestation ; Wetlands ; Grasslands ; Coral reefs ; Biofuels ; Land management ; Water management
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042531)
http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2009/07/08/000333037_20090708013334/Rendered/PDF/493130ESW0whit10Box338946B01PUBLIC1.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042531.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042531.pdf
(2.34 MB)
The World Bank's mission is to alleviate poverty and support sustainable development. Climate change is a serious environmental challenge that could undermine these goals. Since the industrial revolution, the mean surface temperature of earth has increased an average 2 degree Celsius due to the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Most of this change has occurred in the past 30 to 40 years, and the rate of increase is accelerating. These rising temperatures will have significant impacts at a global scale and at local and regional levels. While it remains important to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and reverse climate change in the long run, many of the impacts of climate change are already in evidence. As a result, governments, communities, and civil society are increasingly concerned with anticipating the future effects of climate change while searching for strategies to mitigate, and adapt to, its current and future effects. Global warming and changes in climate have already had observed impacts on natural ecosystems and species. Natural systems such as wetlands, mangroves, coral reefs, cloud forests, arctic and high latitude ecosystems are especially vulnerable to climate-induced disturbances. Current efforts to address climate change focus mainly on reducing emissions of greenhouse gases, mainly through cleaner energy strategies, and on attempting to reduce vulnerability of communities at risk by improving infrastructure to meet new energy and water needs. This report attempts to set out a compelling argument for including ecosystem-based approaches to mitigation and adaptation as a third and essential pillar in national strategies to address climate change. The report is targeted at both Bank task teams and country clients. Such ecosystem-based strategies can offer cost-effective, proven and sustainable solutions contributing to, and complementing, other national and regional adaptation strategies.
5 World Bank. 2010. Convenient solutions to an inconvenient truth: ecosystem-based approaches to climate change. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank. 114p. (Environment and Development)
Climate change ; Ecosystems ; Biodiversity ; Habitats ; Wetlands ; Grasslands ; Natural resources management ; Biofuels ; Coastal area
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042794)
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/ENVIRONMENT/Resources/ESW_EcosystemBasedApp.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042794.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042794.pdf
(1.13 MB)
Convenient Solutions to an Inconvenient Truth sets out a compelling argument that biodiversity conservation and protection of natural habitats and ecosystems can contribute to effective mitigation and adaptation strategies to address climate change.
6 Bossio, Deborah; van der Zaag, P.; Jewitt, G.; Mahoo, H. (Eds.) 2011. Smallholder system innovation for integrated watershed management in Sub-Saharan Africa. Agricultural Water Management, 98(11):1683-1773. (Special issue on "Smallholder systems innovations for integrated watershed management in Sub-Saharan Africa" with contributions by IWMI authors).
Watershed management ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Yields ; Tillage ; Farming systems ; Dry farming ; Rainfed farming ; Case studies ; Water productivity ; Water allocation ; Water use ; Simulation models ; Grasslands ; Sloping land ; Land degradation ; Spate irrigation ; Satellite imagery ; River basins / Africa South of Sahara / South Africa / Tanzania / KwaZulu-Natal / Makanya catchment / Thukela River Basin / Pangani River Basin / South Pare Mountains
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: PER Record No: H044307)
7 Pavlinov, I. Y. (Ed.). 2011. Research in biodiversity - models and applications. Rijeka, Croatia: InTech. 364p.
Biodiversity conservation ; Regression analysis ; Mathematical models ; Ecosystems ; History ; Land cover change ; Research networks ; Forests ; Grasslands ; Environmental impact assessment ; Species ; Coleoptera ; Breeding ; Climate change ; Legal aspects ; Environmental legislation ; GIS ; Mapping ; Case studies ; Morphology / South Africa / Africa South of Sahara / Europe / India / Costa Rica / Brazil / Mexico / Japan / China / Austria / Ntumbuloko / Limpopo Province / Boreal Forest / Western Ghats / Marajo Island / Amazonian Savannas
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044388)
http://www.intechopen.com/books/show/title/research-in-biodiversity-models-and-applications
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044388.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044388.pdf
(33.45 MB) (31.8MB)
8 Yalew, S.; Pilz, T.; Schweitzer, C.; Liersch, S.; van der Kwast, J.; Mul, Marloes L.; van Griensven, A.; van der Zaag, P. 2014. Dynamic feedback between land-use and hydrology for ecosystem services assessment. In Ames, D.P., Quinn, N.W.T., Rizzoli, A.E. (Eds.). Proceedings of the 7th International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software, San Diego, California, USA, 15-19 June 2014. Manno, Switzerland: International Environmental Modelling and Software Society (iEMSs). 8p.
Hydrology ; Ecosystem services ; Land use ; Catchment areas ; Grasslands ; Biomass ; Soils ; Case studies / South Africa / uThukela Catchment
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046491)
http://www.iemss.org/sites/iemss2014/papers/iemss2014_submission_255.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046491.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046491.pdf
(0.48 MB) (495.82 KB)
Ecosystem services assessment requires an integrated approach, as it is influenced by elements such as climate, hydrology and socio-economics, which in turn influence each other. However, there are few studies that integrate these elements in order to assess ecosystem services. Absence of integrated approach to modelling hydrological and land-use changes, for instance, often oversights the dynamic feedback between the two processes. Dynamic changes in land-use should be fed into hydrological models and vice-versa at each time-step for a more realistic representation. In this study, this approach is demonstrated with a case study of the uThukela catchment, South Africa. There is an increasing pressure on grasslands in the catchment. The grassland supports livestock grazing, one of the main economic and social service for the communal farmers. High livestock population causes degradation of the grasslands, and increasing demand for agricultural lands decreases the extent of the grazing lands. In addition, this is further influenced by changes in climate, and has multiple impacts, such as increased erosion and changing flow regime. The SITE (SImulation of Terrestrial Environments) land-use change model and the SWIM (Soil and Water Integrated Model) hydrological model were coupled at code level to account for these processes. The two models exchange land-use maps (from SITE) and biomass production (from SWIM). SWIM was modified to produce biomass output. Grassland capacity for grazing service is determined through biomass coming from SWIM. Likewise, the simulated land-use change is passed back to the hydrological model to determine effects of land-use change on hydrological components. Preliminary result of the interactions between the two models and its use for estimating grazing capacity show that through the coupled models, sustainable level of grassland grazing locations were easily identifiable.
9 Roy, P. S.; Behera, M. D.; Murthy, M. S. R.; Roy, A.; Singh, S.; Kushwaha, S. P. S.; Jha, C. S.; Sudhakar, S.; Joshi, P. K.; Reddy, S.; Gupta, S.; Pujar, G.; Dutt, C. B. S.; Srivastava, V. K.; Porwal, M. C.; Tripathi, P.; Singh, J. S.; Chitale, V.; Skidmore, A. K.; Rajshekhar, G.; Kushwaha, D.; Karnatak, H.; Saran, S.; Amarnath, Giriraj; Padalia, H.; Kale, M.; Nandy, S.; Jeganathan, C.; Singh, C. P.; Biradar, C. M.; Pattanaik, C.; Singh, D. K.; Devagiri, G. M.; Talukdar, G.; Panigrahy, R. K.; Singh, H.; Sharma, J. R.; Haridasan, K.; Trivedi, S.; Singh, K. P.; Kannan, L.; Daniel, M.; Misra, M. K.; Niphadkar, M.; Nagabhatla, N.; Prasad, N.; Tripathi, O. P.; Prasad, P. R. C.; Dash, P.; Qureshi, Q.; Tripathi, S. K.; Ramesh, B. R.; Gowda, B.; Tomar, S.; Romshoo, S.; Giriraj, S.; Ravan, S. A.; Behera, S. K.; Paul, S.; Das, A. K.; Ranganath, B. K.; Singh, T. P.; Sahu, T. R.; Shankar, U.; Menon, A. R. R.; Srivastava, G.; Sharma, N. S.; Mohapatra, U. B.; Peddi, A.; Rashid, H.; Salroo, I.; Krishna, P. H.; Hajra, P. K.; Vergheese, A. O.; Matin, S.; Chaudhary, S. A.; Ghosh, S.; Lakshmi, U.; Rawat, D.; Ambastha, K.; Malik, A. H.; Devi, B. S. S.; Gowda, B.; Sharma, K. C.; Mukharjee, P.; Sharma, A.; Davidar, P.; Raju, R. R. V.; Katewa, S. S.; Kant, S.; Raju, V. S.; Uniyal, B. P.; Debnath, B.; Rout, D. K.; Thapa, R.; Joseph, S.; Chhetri, P.; Ramachandran, R. M. 2015. New vegetation type map of India prepared using satellite remote sensing: comparison with global vegetation maps and utilities. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 39:142-159. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2015.03.003]
Satellite imagery ; Remote sensing ; Vegetation ; Climate change ; Temperature ; Precipitation ; Scrublands ; Grasslands ; Ecology ; Global positioning systems ; Land cover ; Assessment ; Cultivation / India
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047008)
(2.48 MB)
A seamless vegetation type map of India (scale 1: 50,000) prepared using medium-resolution IRS LISS-III images is presented. The map was created using an on-screen visual interpretation technique and has an accuracy of 90%, as assessed using 15,565 ground control points. India has hitherto been using potential vegetation/forest type map prepared by Champion and Seth in 1968. We characterized and mapped further the vegetation type distribution in the country in terms of occurrence and distribution, area occupancy, percentage of protected area (PA) covered by each vegetation type, range of elevation, mean annual temperature and precipitation over the past 100 years. A remote sensing-amenable hierarchical classification scheme that accommodates natural and semi-natural systems was conceptualized, and the natural vegetation was classified into forests, scrub/shrub lands and grasslands on the basis of extent of vegetation cover. We discuss the distribution and potential utility of the vegetation type map in a broad range of ecological, climatic and conservation applications from global, national and local perspectives. Weused 15,565 ground control points to assess the accuracy of products available globally (i.e., GlobCover, Holdridge’s life zone map and potential natural vegetation (PNV) maps). Hence we recommend that the map prepared herein be used widely. This vegetation type map is the most comprehensive one developed for India so far. It was prepared using 23.5m seasonal satellite remote sensing data, field samples and information relating to the biogeography, climate and soil. The digital map is now available through a web portal (http://bis.iirs.gov.in).
10 Yalew, S. G.; Mul, Marloes L.; van Griensven, A.; Teferi, E.; Priess, J.; Schweitzer, C.; van Der Zaag, P. 2016. Land-use change modelling in the Upper Blue Nile Basin. Environments, 3(3):1-16. [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/environments3030021]
Land use ; Land cover change ; Environmental modelling ; Environmental factors ; River basins ; Catchment areas ; Socioeconomic environment ; Plantations ; Forest management ; Erosion ; Vegetation ; Grasslands / Ethiopia / Upper Blue Nile Basin / Abbay Basin / Jedeb Catchment
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047679)
(1.24 MB)
Land-use and land-cover changes are driving unprecedented changes in ecosystems and environmental processes at different scales. This study was aimed at identifying the potential land-use drivers in the Jedeb catchment of the Abbay basin by combining statistical analysis, field investigation and remote sensing. To do so, a land-use change model was calibrated and evaluated using the SITE (SImulation of Terrestrial Environment) modelling framework. SITE is cellular automata based multi-criteria decision analysis framework for simulating land-use conversion based on socio-economic and environmental factors. Past land-use trajectories (1986–2009) were evaluated using a reference Landsat-derived map (agreement of 84%). Results show that major land-use change drivers in the study area were population, slope, livestock and distances from various infrastructures (roads, markets and water). It was also found that farmers seem to increasingly prefer plantations of trees such as Eucalyptus by replacing croplands perhaps mainly due to declining crop yield, soil fertility and climate variability. Potential future trajectory of land-use change was also predicted under a business-as-usual scenario (2009–2025). Results show that agricultural land will continue to expand from 69.5% in 2009 to 77.5% in 2025 in the catchment albeit at a declining rate when compared with the period from 1986 to 2009. Plantation forest will also increase at a much higher rate, mainly at the expense of natural vegetation, agricultural land and grasslands. This study provides critical information to land-use planners and policy makers for a more effective and proactive management in this highland catchment.
11 Getnet, Kindie; Haileslasseie, Amare; Dessalegne, Y.; Hagos, Fitsum; Gebregziabher, Gebrehaweria. 2016. On the profitability of irrigated fodder production: comparative evidence from smallholders in Koga irrigation scheme, Ethiopia. Animal Production Science, 57(9):1962-1974. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1071/AN15651]
Irrigation schemes ; Irrigated farming ; Farm income ; Profitability ; Investment ; Smallholders ; Stochastic processes ; Livestock ; Risk management ; Grasslands ; Chloris gayana ; Crop production ; Feed crops ; Onions ; Tomatoes ; Wheat ; Barley / Ethiopia / Koga Irrigation Scheme
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047709)
Irrigated fodder production can be vitalised as a useful strategy to sustainably intensify subsistence livestock production owned and managed by smallholders and to diversify farm income through linkages to commercial livestock systems. However, uncertainty about the production and market environment of such a non-traditional commodity can be a major hindrance against commercialisation and scaling out of irrigated fodder production. This makes ex-ante analysis of profit portfolio and its determinants necessary in order to improve farmers’ investment and risk management decisions. Using a stochastic approach to farm profit analysis to account for business uncertainty, this paper simulated and compared the level and distribution of profit that smallholders in Koga irrigation scheme (Ethiopia) can generate from irrigated Rhodes grass seed and from traditional irrigated crops. The finding shows the absolute and comparative profitability of irrigated Rhodes grass seed. Though 0.19 times less profitable than irrigated onion, irrigated Rhodes grass seed is 4 times, 1.27 times, and 1.25 times more profitable than irrigated barley, irrigated wheat, and irrigated tomato, respectively. Profit from the commodity is robust to adverse business conditions such as yield reduction, cost increase, and price reduction, assuring optimism about positive financial returns from investments to expand production. Long-term business viability can be improved and farm income further stabilised through interventions targeted at fodder agronomy to enhance crop yield and at value chain development to improve market linkages and output price.
12 Pande, S.; Savenije, H. H. G. 2016. A sociohydrological model for smallholder farmers in Maharashtra, India. Water Resources Research, 52(3):1923-1947. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017841]
Smallholders ; Farmers ; Social aspects ; Hydrology ; Models ; Water storage ; Capital allocation ; Income ; Living standards ; Labour costs ; Remuneration ; Expenditure ; Agricultural prices ; Cotton ; Sugarcane ; Soil fertility ; Fertilizer application ; Irrigation ; Livestock production ; Grasslands ; Fodder / India / Maharashtra / Marathwada
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047760)
(1.81 MB)
We present a sociohydrological model that can help us to better understand the system dynamics of a smallholder farmer. It couples the dynamics of the six main assets of a typical smallholder farmer: water storage capacity, capital, livestock, soil fertility, grazing access, and labor. The hydroclimatic variability, which is a main driver and source of uncertainty of the smallholder system, is accounted for at subannual scale. The model incorporates rule-based adaptation mechanisms of smallholders (for example, adjusting expenditures on food and fertilizers and selling livestocks) when farmers face adverse sociohydrological conditions, such as low annual rainfall, occurrence of dry spells, or variability of input or commodity prices. We have applied the model to analyze the sociohydrology of a cash crop producing smallholder in Maharashtra, India, in a semisynthetic case study setting. Of late, this region has witnessed many suicides of farmers who could not extricate themselves out of the debt trap. These farmers lacked irrigation and were susceptible to fluctuating commodity prices and climatic variability. We studied the sensitivity of a smallholder’s capital, an indicator of smallholder well-being, to two types of cash crops (cotton and sugarcane), water storage capacity, availability of irrigation, initial capital that a smallholder starts with, prevalent wage rates, and access to grazing. We found that (i) smallholders with low water storage capacities and no irrigation are most susceptible to distress, (ii) a smallholder’s well-being is low at low wage rates, (iii) wage rate is more important than absolution of debt, (iv) well-being is sensitive to water storage capacity up to a certain level, and (v) well-being increases with increasing area available for livestock grazing. Our results indicate that government intervention to absolve the debt of farmers or to invest in local storage to buffer rainfall variability may not be enough. In addition, alternative sources of income may need to be provided, for instance by ensuring minimum wages or by providing more access to grazing areas.
13 Anwar A. A.; Aynalem, D. W.; Tilahun, S. A.; Mekuria, Wolde; Azeze, M.; Steenhuis, T. S. 2016. Effectiveness of land and water management interventions in reducing runoff and soil erosion in the northwestern highlands of Ethiopian [Abstract only] Paper presented at the First African ESP [Ecosystem Services Partnership] Conference, Nairobi, Kenya, 21-25 November 2016. 1p.
Ecosystem services ; Land management ; Landscape ; Land degradation ; Water management ; Soil fertility ; Nutrients ; Erosion ; Gully erosion ; Runoff ; Highlands ; Watersheds ; Downstream ; Upstream ; Cultivated land ; Grasslands ; Sediment / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047882)
(64.9 KB)
14 Tadesse, L.; Suryabhagavan, K. V.; Sridhar, G.; Legesse, G. 2017. Land use and land cover changes and soil erosion in Yezat Watershed, North western Ethiopia. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 5(2):85-94. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2017.05.004]
Land use ; Land cover change ; Watersheds ; Soil erosion models ; GIS ; Remote sensing ; Satellite imagery ; Landsat ; Vegetation ; Grasslands ; Farmland ; Woodlands ; Shrubs ; Biomass ; Spatial distribution / Ethiopia / Yezat Watershed
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048161)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095633916301393/pdfft?md5=db1a36ec40258ace455dc8bd1f7f2b25&pid=1-s2.0-S2095633916301393-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048161.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048161.pdf
(4.19 MB) (4.19 MB)
Soil erosion affects land qualities and water resources. This problem is severe in Ethiopia due to its topographic features. The present research was aimed to estimate spatiotemporal changes in land-use/land-cover pattern and soil erosion in the Yezat watershed in Ethiopia. This study was carried out by using landsat imageries of 2001, 2010 and 2015. Images were classified into categories using supervised classification by maximum likelihood algorithm. They were also classified into different biomass levels by using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) analysis. Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation modeling was applied in a GIS environment to quantify the potential soil erosion risk. The area under grassland, woodland and homesteads have increased by 610.69 (4%), 101.69 (0.67%) and 126.6 ha (0.83%) during 2001–2015. The extent of cultivated land and shrub/bushland was reduced by 323.43(0.02%) and 515.44 ha (3.41%), respectively, during the same period. The vegetation cover in the watershed decreased by 91% during 2001–2010, and increased by 88% during 2010–2015. Increase of NDVI values indicates better ground cover due to implementation of integrated watershed development program in the region. The estimated annual soil losses were 7.2 t ha-1 yr-1 in 2001, 7.7 t ha-1 yr-1 in 2010 and 4.8 t ha-1 yr-1 in 2015. Management interventions are necessary to improve the status and utilization of watershed resources in response to sustainable land management practices for sustainable livelihood of the local people.
15 Krause, M. S.; Nkonya, E.; Griess, V. C. 2017. An economic valuation of ecosystem services based on perceptions of rural Ethiopian communities. Ecosystem Services, 26(Part A):37-44. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.06.002]
Ecosystem services ; Economic evaluation ; Rural communities ; Living standards ; Land degradation ; Land use ; Farmland ; Forests ; Grasslands / Ethiopia / Oromia Region
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048251)
(1.31 MB)
Ethiopia is facing severe land degradation resulting in a growing need to better understand ecosystem services (ES) and their importance for rural communities. We conducted focus group discussions in six rural communities in Ethiopia’s Oromia region to gather data on land use and livelihood trends over a timespan of three decades. We assessed the perception of local communities regarding the relevance of ES and economically quantified the perceived ES values that community members derive from forests, grasslands and croplands.
Results show that between 2000 and 2013 the area under cropland increased by 12%, whereas forests and grasslands decreased by 8% and 7%, respectively. Between 1982 and 2013 the perceived loss of ES values summed up to 280 US$/ha/y for forests, 79 US$/ha/y for cropland, and 12 US$/ha/y for grasslands.
We assessed the total economic value (TEV) of each land-use type, with forests ranking the highest, followed by croplands and grasslands respectively. While community members value forests the highest with respect to intangible ES, forests also experienced the strongest decline in the perceived contribution to livelihood. High population growth rates are a strong indirect cause of deforestation driving the need for more farmland.
We conclude that efforts for trans-sectoral policy development have to be made to harmonise land use policies, leading to long term sustainability.
Results show that between 2000 and 2013 the area under cropland increased by 12%, whereas forests and grasslands decreased by 8% and 7%, respectively. Between 1982 and 2013 the perceived loss of ES values summed up to 280 US$/ha/y for forests, 79 US$/ha/y for cropland, and 12 US$/ha/y for grasslands.
We assessed the total economic value (TEV) of each land-use type, with forests ranking the highest, followed by croplands and grasslands respectively. While community members value forests the highest with respect to intangible ES, forests also experienced the strongest decline in the perceived contribution to livelihood. High population growth rates are a strong indirect cause of deforestation driving the need for more farmland.
We conclude that efforts for trans-sectoral policy development have to be made to harmonise land use policies, leading to long term sustainability.
16 Dagnew, D. C.; Guzman, C. D.; Akale, A. T.; Tebebu, T. Y.; Zegeye, A. D.; Mekuria, Wolde; Tilahun, S. A.; Steenhuis, T. S. 2017. Effects of land use on catchment runoff and soil loss in the sub-humid Ethiopian highlands. Ecohydrology and Hydrobiology, 17:274-282. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecohyd.2017.07.004]
Land use ; Land management ; Catchment areas ; Runoff ; Soil properties ; Soil organic matter ; Soil disturbance ; Erosion ; Subhumid zones ; Hydrology ; Highlands ; Sedimentation ; Grasslands ; Cultivated land ; Tillage ; Watersheds / Ethiopia / Ethiopian Highlands
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048463)
Land use and management affects runoff and soil loss from a catchment. The present study investigated the effects of land use on runoff and suspended sediment concentration and yield in the northwestern Ethiopia. We selected two small catchments: cultivated land and grassland dominated catchments within the 95 ha Debre Mawi catchment. Hydrometric and sediment concentration data were collected for five years (i.e., 2010–2014). Significant (p < 0.05) differences in daily, monthly and annual runoff, as well as suspended sediment concentrations were observed between cultivated land and grassland dominated catchments. The greater runoff, suspended sediment concentration and yield in the cultivated catchment could be attributed to repeated tillage and low soil organic matter. Repeated tillage in the cultivated land lead to soil disturbance and the low organic matter lead to aggregate instability, both of which consequently increase the detachment of soil particles and transport by generated runoff. Our results support that land management practices that involve lower soil disturbance and increase ground cover on degraded highland areas such as the Ethiopian highlands could help reduce runoff and soil loss.
17 Gashaw, T.; Tulu, T.; Argaw, M.; Worqlul, A. W.; Tolessa, T.; Kindu, M. 2018. Estimating the impacts of land use/land cover changes on ecosystem service values: the case of the Andassa Watershed in the Upper Blue Nile Basin of Ethiopia. Ecosystem Services, 31(Part A):219-228. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2018.05.001]
Ecosystem services ; Economic value ; Land use ; Land cover change ; Estimation ; Watersheds ; Cultivated land ; Forest land ; Scrublands ; Grasslands ; River basins ; Models / Ethiopia / Upper Blue Nile Basin / Andassa Watershed
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048818)
(1.40 MB)
Estimating the impacts of land use/land cover (LULC) changes in Ecosystem Service Values (ESV) is indispensable to provide public awareness about the status of ESV, and to help in policy-making processes. This study was intended to estimate the impacts of LULC changes on ESV in the Andassa watershed of the Upper Blue Nile basin over the last three decades (1985–2015), and to predict the ESV changes in 2045. The hybrid land use classification technique for classifying Landsat images, the Cellular-Automata Markov (CA-Markov) model for LULC prediction, and the modified ecosystem service value coefficients for estimating ESV were employed. Our findings revealed that there was a continues expansions of cultivated land and built-up area, and withdrawing of forest, shrubland and grassland during the 1985–2015 periods, which are expected to continue for the next three decades. Consequently, the total ESV of the watershed has declined from US$26.83 106 in 1985 to US$22.58 106 in 2000 and to US $21.00 106 in 2015 and is expected to further reduce to US$17.94 106 in 2030 and to US$15.25 106 in 2045. The impacts of LULC changes on the specific ecosystem services are also tremendous.
18 Yalew, S. G.; Pilz, T.; Schweitzer, C.; Liersch, S.; van der Kwast, J.; van Griensven, A.; Mul, Marloes L.; Dickens, Chris; van der Zaag, P. 2018. Coupling land-use change and hydrologic models for quantification of catchment ecosystem services. Environmental Modelling and Software, 109: 315-328. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2018.08.029]
Ecosystem services ; Catchment areas ; Land use ; Hydrological factors ; Models ; Couplings ; Calibration ; Environmental assessment ; Stream flow ; Biomass ; Grasslands ; Grazing lands
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048890)
Representation of land-use and hydrologic interactions in respective models has traditionally been problematic. The use of static land-use in most hydrologic models or that of the use of simple hydrologic proxies in land-use change models call for more integrated approaches. The objective of this study is to assess whether dynamic feedback between land-use change and hydrology can (1) improve model performances, and/or (2) produce a more realistic quantification of ecosystem services. To test this, we coupled a land-use change model and a hydrologic mode. First, the land-use change and the hydrologic models were separately developed and calibrated. Then, the two models were dynamically coupled to exchange data at yearly time-steps. The approach is applied to a catchment in South Africa. Performance of coupled models when compared to the uncoupled models were marginal, but the coupled models excelled at the quantification of catchment ecosystem services more robustly.
19 Karki, M.; Gasparatos, A.; Senaratna Sellamuttu, Sonali; Kohsaka, R.; Thaman, R.; Leimona, B.; Opgenoorth, L.; Han, K. H.; Magni, P.; Saito, O.; Talukdar, G.; Zadegan, S. S.; Pandit, R.; Hyakumura, K.; Isa, S. S.; Lasmana, F. (Eds.) 2018. Setting the scene. In Karki, M.; Senaratna Sellamuttu, Sonali [IWMI]; Okayasu, S.; Suzuki, W. (Eds.); 2018. The regional assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services for Asia and the Pacific. Bonn, Germany: Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES). 616p. pp.1-64.
Biodiversity conservation ; Ecosystem services ; Geographical distribution ; Socioeconomic environment ; Assessment ; Environmental policy ; Governance ; Urbanization ; Local communities ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Landscape ; Land allocation ; Wetlands ; Forest management ; Grasslands ; Mangroves ; Coral reefs / Asia and the Pacific
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049097)
https://www.ipbes.net/system/tdf/2018_asia_pacific_full_report_book_v3_pages.pdf?file=1&type=node&id=29507
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049097.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049097.pdf
(12.4 MB)
20 Ma, X.; Lacombe, Guillaume; Harrison, R.; Xu, J.; van Noordwijk, M. 2019. Expanding rubber plantations in southern China: evidence for hydrological impacts. Water, 11(4): 1-15. [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/w11040651]
Rubber industry ; Hydrological factors ; Agroforestry ; Catchment areas ; Humid tropics ; Impact assessment ; Land cover change ; Water balance ; Watershed management ; Rainfall ; Farmland ; Grasslands ; Slope / Southeast Asia / Southern China
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049180)
(2.26 MB) (2.26 MB)
While there is increasing evidence concerning the detrimental effects of expanding rubber plantations on biodiversity and local water balances, their implications on regional hydrology remain uncertain. We studied a mesoscale watershed (100 km2) in the Xishuangbanna prefecture, Yunnan Province, China. The influence of land-cover change on streamflow recorded since 1992 was isolated from that of rainfall variability using cross-simulation matrices produced with the monthly lumped conceptual water balance model GR2M. Our results indicate a statistically significant reduction in wet and dry season streamflow from 1992 to 2002, followed by an insignificant increase until 2006. Analysis of satellite images from 1992, 2002, 2007, and 2010 shows a gradual increase in the areal percentage of rubber tree plantations at the watershed scale. However, there were marked heterogeneities in land conversions (between forest, farmland, grassland, and rubber tree plantations), and in their distribution across elevations and slopes, among the studied periods. Possible effects of this heterogeneity on hydrological processes, controlled mainly by infiltration and evapotranspiration, are discussed in light of the hydrological changes observed over the study period. We suggest pathways to improve the eco-hydrological functionalities of rubber tree plantations, particularly those enhancing dry-season base flow, and recommend how to monitor them.
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