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1 Merrey, D. J. 1983. Irrigation, poverty and social change in a village of Pakistani Punjab: an historical and cultural ecological analysis. Thesis, vol. I: part I-IV, vol. II: part V-VI. Dissertation in anthropology presented to the University of Pennsylvania for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. v.1:pp.1-469; v2: pp.470-861.
Irrigation systems ; History ; Irrigation canals ; Villages ; Social structure ; Settlement ; Land ownership ; Tenancy ; Farm size ; Poverty / Pakistan / Punjab / Gujarat / Gondalpur village / Chaj Doab / Lower Jehlum Canal
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: D 631.7.3 G730 MER Record No: H000884)
(0.48 MB)
The dissertation examines the roots of poverty in rural Pakistan by attempting to explain why there has been little "development" in a village that was a direct "beneficiary" of a large development project, the irrigation system of Punjab. Utilizing both detailed land records and data gathered through standard anthropological techniques, the dissertation analyzes how and why the community changed between 1857 and 1977. In 1857, "Gondalpur" had 67 inhabitants cultivating 64 acres of land, and dependent mainly on cattle for subsistence. By 1901 Gondalpur had nearly 570 inhabitants cultivating over 300 acres and pursuing a mixed cultivation and cattle-raising strategy. A clear division developed between land owners and non-owners, accompanied by a system of exchanges between cultivators and occupational specialists. Over half the land had been acquired by absentee landlords. In 1904, when canal irrigation was introduced, there was a rapid expansion of cultivation, especially cash cropping; an increase in tenancy; and kinship groups called biraderi emerged as important components of the social structure. By 1977 the population reached 1,450, and most land is irrigated and double-cropped. There has been a drastic decline in size of ownership and farm units. After the initial expansion of cultivation, per capita agricultural productivity has declined. Most villagers are quite poor. The community is fragmented by conflict and unable to resist interference from outsiders. The dissertation tries to explain these changes from an historical and cultural ecological perspective. The major factors identified are the irrigation system's design and organization; certain policies of the British government; and the large "fund of rent" siphoned from the community through taxes, rent, and illegal extractions by officials. These and other factors interacted with the community patterns of land tenure and organization and production which had developed before canal irrigation. The result is low productivity, large inequalities in land holding, no investment in improved technologies, and an inability to cooperate on self-help projects. The dissertation concludes by discussing the implications of the findings for cultural ecological theory and the future development of the Indus Basin.
2 Tiffen, M.; Glaser, M. 1990. Socio-economic parameters in designing small irrigation schemes for small scale farmers: Nyanyadzi case study report 2 - Net agricultural incomes and plot size. Wallingford, UK: ODI; Hydraulics Research Ltd.; Agritex. 41p. (Report OD 115)
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.4 G176 TIF Record No: H06637)
3 Sampath, R. K. 1989. Inequity in irrigation development in India. In Rydzewski, J. R.; Ward, C. F. (Eds.) Irrigation theory and practice: Proceedings of the International Conference, University of Southampton, 12-15 September. London: Pentech Press. pp.26-40.
Equity ; Development ; Land tenure ; Irrigable land ; Farm size ; Households ; Water distribution / India
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7 G000 RYD Record No: H07507)
4 Arya, Y. C. 1990. Large irrigation canal system design for small farms. In Tyagi, N. K.; Joshi, P. K.; Gupta, R. K.; Singh. N. T. (Eds.) Management of irrigation system: Papers from the National Symposium on Management of Irrigation System, Karnal, India February 24-27 1988. Karnal, India: Central Soil Salinity Research Institute. pp.15-32.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7 G635 TYA Record No: H08190)
5 Dyer, G. 1991. Farm size-farm productivity re-examined: Evidence from rural Egypt. Journal of Peasant Studies, 19(1):59-92.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: PER Record No: H09961)
6 Sampath, R. K. 1992. A farm-sizewise analysis of irrigation distribution in India. Journal of Development Studies, 29(1):121-147.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 2546 Record No: H011793)
7 Sampath, R. K. 1992. Farm size and land use intensity in Indian agriculture. Oxford Economic Papers, 44:494-501.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 2755 Record No: H01705)
8 Ahmad, M.; Sampath, R. K. 199x. Irrigation inequalities in Pakistan over time 1960-1980: A district level analysis. Unpublished paper. 20p.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 2760 Record No: H012666)
9 Gill, Z. A.; Sampath, R. K. 1992. Inequality in irrigation distribution in Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review, 31(1):75-100.
Equity ; Land development ; Water distribution ; Farm size ; Canal irrigation ; Households / Pakistan
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 2761 Record No: H012667)
10 Jehangir, W. A.; Sampath, R. K. 1991. Farm size and land use efficiency in Pakistan's agriculture. The Pakistan Development Review, 30(3):263-274.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 2753 Record No: H012710)
(0.49 MB) (502.02 KB)
11 Thorat, S.; Desai, G. M. 1994. Emerging agrarian structure in India and its policy implications: 1953-54 to 1982-83. Paper prepared for IFPRI/ICAR Workshop on Agricultural Growth in India, New Delhi, India, 1-6 May 1994. 44p.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 3444 Record No: H014574)
12 Banik, A. 1994. Farm size, factor productivity and returns to scale under different types of water management. Economic and Political Weekly, December 31:A175-A182.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 3759 Record No: H016340)
13 Netting, R. M. 1993. Smallholders, householders: Farm families and the ecology of intensive, sustainable agriculture. Stanford, CA, USA: Stanford University Press. xxi, 389p.
Farm management ; Farm size ; Agricultural economics ; Small farms ; Households ; Labor ; Energy ; Land tenure ; Property
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 338.1 G000 NET Record No: H017100)
14 Chowdhury, M. K.; Gilbert, E. H. 1996. Reforming agricultural extension in Bangladesh: Blending greater participation and sustainability with institutional strengthening. London, UK: ODI. viii, 42p. (ODI Agricultural Research & Extension network paper no.61)
Agricultural extension ; Farmer participation ; Non-governmental organizations ; Farm size ; Agricultural research ; Irrigation equipment ; Training ; Public sector ; Sustainability / Bangladesh
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: ODI/96/61 Record No: H018204)
15 Allanson, P.; Murdoch, J.; Garrod, G.; Lowe, P. 1995. Sustainability and the rural economy: An evolutionary perspective. Environmental Planning, 27:1797-1814.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 4275 Record No: H018726)
16 Sagar, V. 1992. Rapporteur's report on input use efficiency in Indian agriculture. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 47(3):579-590.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 4308 Record No: H019031)
17 Sagar, V.; Reddy, V. R. 1994? Farm-sizewise analysis of irrigation distribution in India: A comment. Unpublished report. Institute of Development Studies, Jaipur, India. 20p.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 4324 Record No: H019075)
18 Singh, K.; Singh, N.; Singh, R. P. 1996. Utilisation and development of common property resources: A field study in Punjab. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 51(1/2):249-259.
Common property ; Watersheds ; Natural resources ; Villages ; Farm size ; Fuelwood ; Rural economy ; Households ; Social participation / India / Punjab
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: PER Record No: H019170)
19 Rinaudo, J. D. 1994. Development of a tool to assess the impact of water markets on agricultural production in Pakistan. Thesis submitted for obtaining the Diploma d'Etudes Approfondiesg Economie du Developpement Agricole, Agro-Alimentaire et Rural. 104p.
Water market ; Water costs ; Tube wells ; Irrigation water ; Irrigation canals ; Agricultural production ; Prices ; Economic aspects ; Models ; Farming systems ; Farm size ; Farm surveys ; Farm economics ; Farmers' attitudes ; Water allocation ; Water rights / Pakistan / Fordwah Eastern Sadiqia
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IIMI 631.7.4 G730 RIN Record No: H019257)
20 Hargreaves, G. H. 1996. Making irrigation more profitable and competitive in the developing countries. ICID Journal, 45(2):13-20.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: PER Record No: H020042)
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