Your search found 55 records
1 Netherlands Water Partnership; WASTE Advisers on Urban Environment and Development; Practica Foundation; Simavi; IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre; Partners for Water. 2006. Smart sanitation solutions: examples of innovative, low-cost technologies for toilets, collection, transportation, treatment and use of sanitation products. Delft, Netherlands: NWP. 68p.
Sanitation ; Appropriate technology ; Hygiene ; Public health ; Excreta ; Collection ; Transport ; Waste treatment ; Fertilizers ; Composting ; Soil conditioners ; Dehydration ; Anaerobic treatment ; Biogas ; Costs ; Case studies / Philippines / Nepal
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 628 G000 NET Record No: H038806)
http://www.arcworld.org/downloads/smart%20sanitation%20solutions%202.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H038806.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H038806.pdf
(4.97 MB) (4.97MB)
2 WHO. 2006. Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater: Volume 1 - Policy and regulatory aspects. 3rd ed. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. 100p.
Wastewater ; Water reuse ; Excreta ; Water quality ; Guidelines ; Policy ; Governance ; Monitoring ; Assessment ; Water use ; Health hazards ; Risks ; Environmental effects ; Wastewater irrigation ; Aquaculture
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 363.7284 G000 WHO Record No: H040278)
http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241546824_eng.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H040278.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H040278.pdf
3 WHO. 2006. Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater: Volume 2 – Wastewater use in agriculture. 3rd ed. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. 196p.
Wastewater ; Water reuse ; Wastewater irrigation ; Water quality ; Guidelines ; Health hazards ; Risk analysis ; Excreta ; Diseases ; Waterborne diseases ; Bacteria ; Soils ; Vegetables ; Wastewater treatment ; Monitoring ; Assessment ; Risk management ; Water quality ; Cost benefit analysis ; Policy ; Planning
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 363.7284 G000 WHO Record No: H040279)
(15.48 MB)
4 WHO. 2006. Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater: Volume 3 – Wastewater and excreta use in aquaculture. 3rd ed. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. 140p.
Wastewater ; Water reuse ; Excreta ; Aquaculture ; Fish ponds ; Health hazards ; Risks ; Risk management ; Public health ; Waterborne diseases ; Health protection ; Water quality ; Monitoring ; Economic aspects ; Legislation ; Policy ; Planning
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 363.7284 G000 WHO Record No: H040280)
http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241546840_eng.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H040280.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H040280.pdf
5 WHO. 2006. Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater: Volume 4 – Excreta and greywater use in agriculture. 3rd ed. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. 182p.
Wastewater ; Water reuse ; Water quality ; Excreta ; Sanitation ; Water scarcity ; Population growth ; Food production ; Risk management ; Health hazards ; Monitoring ; Cost benefit analysis ; Policy ; Legislation ; Planning
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 363.7284 G000 WHO Record No: H040281)
http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241546859_eng.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H040281.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H040281.pdf
6 Kundsen, L. G.; Phuc, P. D.; Hiep, N. T.; Samuelsen, H.; Jensen, P. K.; Dalsgaard, A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Konradsen, F. 2008. The fear of awful smell: risk perceptions among farmers in Vietnam using wastewater and human excreta in agriculture. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 39(2):341-352.
Wastewater irrigation ; Health hazards ; Excreta ; Fertilizers ; Hygiene ; Women farmers ; Fisheries / Vietnam / Hanoi / Nghe An Province
(Location: IWMI HQ Record No: H041254)
Vietnamese farmers’ health-risk awareness, knowledge, and practices related to their use of wastewater and human excreta was investigated in an anthropological study by a multidisciplinary team in peri-urban Hanoi and Nghe An Province. Farmers identified health risks associated with their use of excreta and wastewater, but they viewed these as unavoidable risks related to production. They perceived the health risks as different for the use of wastewater and human feces. They perceived health risks from wastewater as non-serious because it remained on the skin and only caused skin problems, but they considered health risks from non-composted smelly feces serious because it entered the body through ‘polluted’ air. Most farmers were more aware of threats to health from ‘dirt’ entering the domestic environment than of the health risks during their work. The concept of ‘dirt’ should be separated from understanding of germs, viruses, and parasites so that it is understood that things that carrying health risks cannot always be identified by their ‘dirtiness’ or smell. Farmers mainly considered hygiene and health as women’s issues. Men’s responsibility for the health and hygiene of the family should therefore be emphasized.
7 Seidu, R.; Drechsel, Pay; Amoah, Philip; Lofman, Owe; Heistad, Arve; Fodge, Madeliene; Jenssen, P.; Stenstrom, T. A. 2008. Quantitative microbial risk assessment of wastewater and faecal sludge reuse in Ghana. In Hazel, J. (Ed.). Proceedings of the 33rd WEDC International Conference on Access to Sanitation and Safe Water: Global Partnerships and Local Actions, Accra, Ghana, 7-11 April 2008. Leicestershire, UK: Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC). pp.90-97.
Wastewater irrigation ; Excreta ; Faeces ; Vegetables ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Assessment ; Ascaris ; Rotavirus / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G200 SEI Record No: H041285)
8 Cofie, Olufunke O.; Drechsel, Pay. 2008. The water, sanitation, agriculture nexus. Paper presented at the Workshop on Local Governance and Water and Sanitation Services: Challenges and Lessons in Rapidly Urbanizing Countries, University of Ghana, 3 July 2008. 11p.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 COF Record No: H041498)
9 Holmer, R. J.; Itchon, G. S. 2008. Reuse of ecological sanitation products in urban agriculture: experiences from the Philippines. Urban Agriculture Magazine, 20:44-46.
Urban agriculture ; Sanitation ; Poverty ; Composting ; Organic fertilizers ; Excreta ; Urine / Philippines / Cagayan de Oro
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H041628)
http://www.ruaf.org/sites/default/files/UAM%2020%20-%20pagina%2044-46.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H041628.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H041628.pdf
(0.24 MB) (244.23 KB)
10 Cofie, Olufunke; Abraham, Ernest Mensah; Olaleye, Adesola O.; Larbi, Theophilus Otchere. 2008. Recycling human excreta for urban and periurban agriculture in Ghana. In Parrot, L.; Njoya, A.; Temple, L.; Assogba-Komlan, F.; Kahane, R.; Ba Diao, M.; Havard, M. (Eds.). Agriculture and urban development in Sub-Saharan Africa: environment and health issues. Paris, France: L'Harmattan. pp.173-181. (Collection Ethique Economique)
Urban agriculture ; Excreta ; Composting ; Recycling ; Soil fertility ; Fertilizers ; Cereals ; Case studies ; Constraints ; Waste management / West Africa / Ghana / Nigeria / Guinea savanna zone / Tamale / Bolgatanga
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H041926)
http://excretause.wikispaces.com/file/view/Recovery+of+excreta-Cameroon+conf+proceeding.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/PDF/H041926.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/PDF/H041926.pdf
(0.07 MB) (74.76KB)
11 Narain, S. 2009. The water-sewage connection: changing ways to the future. In Chartres, Colin (Ed.). Words into action: delegate publication for the 5th World Water Forum, Istanbul, Turkey, 16-22 March 2009. London, UK: Faircount Media Group. pp.78-82.
Water scarcity ; Water pollution ; Effluents ; Farmers attitudes ; Rivers ; Water reuse ; Excreta ; Waste management / India
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 333.9162 G635 SAL Record No: H042188)
12 Adamtey, Noah; Cofie, Olufunke; Ofosu-Budu, G. K.; Danso, S. K. A.; Forster, D. 2009. Production and storage of N-enriched co-compost. Waste Management, 29:2429-2436. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2009.04.014]
Waste management ; Urban wastes ; Household wastes ; Solid wastes ; Composts ; Composting ; Production ; Techniques ; Fertilizers ; Excreta ; Urea ; Urban agriculture ; Inorganic fertilizers ; Nitrogen fertilizers ; Heavy metals ; Farmers ; Health hazards / Africa South of Sahara / West Africa / Ghana / Accra
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042259)
(0.62 MB)
Recovery of the organic fraction of municipal waste for peri-urban agriculture could contribute to the improvement of environmental sanitation and increase agricultural productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, municipal waste co-compost (Co) has low nitrogen (N) content. Therefore, this study investigated the type and form of inorganic N fertiliser that is capable of improving the nitrogen content of Co and monitored the changes in the properties of this N-enriched product under storage. To attain 30,000 mg kg1 (3%) N content, different amounts of urea or ammonium sulphate were applied in various forms (dry, paste and liquid) to enrich Co. The product termed comlizer was stored and its moisture, pH, total nitrogen, NHþ4 -N, NO3 –N, and C/N ratio were monitored under ambient conditions for two years. In the first four months of storage, total N content of 50 kg Co + 3.26 kg urea (CoUD) increased from 31,333 to 54,000 mg kg1, and 50 kg Co + 7.14 kg (NH4)2SO4 (CoASD) from 35,333 to 52,000 mg kg1. At the end of two years of storage, the initial N content of CoUD and CoASD decreased by 47% and 24%, respectively. Based on these results, it is recommended that dry (NH4)2SO4 should be used in N enrichment of Co, and that the comlizer should be stored in sealed bags but not more than four months.
13 Cofie, Olufunke O.; Drechsel, Pay; Agbottah, S.; van Veenhuizen, R. 2008. Resource recovery from urban waste: options and challenges for community based composting in Sub-Saharan Africa. Desalination, 248(1-3):256-261. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2008.05.063]
Sanitation ; Excreta ; Public health ; Sewage sludge ; Solid wastes ; Composting ; Waste management / Africa / Africa South of Sahara / Ghana / Kenya / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042369)
(0.33 MB)
Municipal authorities in developing countries are facing immense challenges in managing both solid and liquid waste in a sustainable way. Recycling is not yet high on their agenda although they appreciate the potential of composting for waste volume reduction. This offers an entry point to introduce organic waste recycling as a component of sustainable integrated sanitation which has the potential of a win-win situation by reducing waste flows, ensuring environmental health, supporting food production and creating livelihoods. However, due to several constraints recycling attempts have often a short life time. This paper tries to analyse related reasons by drawing from a larger study in Ghana and a survey of compost stations in different parts of Africa. It concludes with a framework for the analysis and the planning of recycling interventions in the context of sustainable sanitation, looking in particular at community-based options for solid waste and human excreta.
14 Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa. (Eds.) 2010. Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC). 404p.
Wastewater irrigation ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Risk assessment ; Epidemiology ; Sewage sludge ; Excreta ; Diseases ; Vegetables ; Leaf vegetables ; Economic impact ; Wastewater treatment ; Irrigation methods ; Developing countries
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 DRE Record No: H042600)
(5.45 MB)
In most developing countries wastewater treatment systems have very low coverage or function poorly, resulting in large-scale water pollution and the use of poor-quality water for crop irrigation, especially in the vicinity of urban centres. This can pose significant risks to public health, particularly where crops are eaten raw. Wastewater Irrigation and Health approaches this serious problem from a practical and realistic perspective, addressing the issues of health risk assessment and reduction in developing country settings. The book therefore complements other books on the topic of wastewater which focus on high-end treatment options and the use of treated wastewater. This book moves the debate forward by covering also the common reality of untreated wastewater, greywater and excreta use. It presents the state-of-the-art on quantitative risk assessment and low-cost options for health risk reduction, from treatment to on-farm and off-farm measures, in support of the multiple barrier approach of the 2006 guidelines for safe wastewater irrigation published by the World Health Organization. The 38 authors and co-authors are international key experts in the field of wastewater irrigation representing a mix of agronomists, engineers, social scientists and public health experts from Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and Australia. The chapters highlight experiences across the developing world with reference to various case studies from sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, Mexico and the Middle East. The book also addresses options for resource recovery and wastewater governance, thus clearly establishes a connection between agriculture, health and sanitation, which is often the missing link in the current discussion on ‘making wastewater an asset’.
15 Jimenez, B.; Drechsel, Pay; Kone, D.; Bahri, Akissa; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Qadir, Manzoor. 2010. Wastewater, sludge and excreta use in developing countries: an overview. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.3-27. (Also in French).
Wastewater ; Water reuse ; Sewage sludge ; Excreta ; Developing countries ; Diseases ; Agriculture ; Crop production
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 DRE Record No: H042601)
(0.23 MB)
After introducing terms and terminology of wastewater, sludge and excreta use, the chapter highlights their global drivers and significance using examples from different parts of the developing world. It is useful in the discussion to differentiate between unplanned use of wastewater resulting from poor sanitation, and planned use which tries to address matters such as economic or physical water scarcity. Both types of wastewater use can have significant socio-economic benefits but also institutional challenges and risks which require different management approaches and, ideally, different guidelines. This diversity makes the current WHO Guidelines, which try to be global in nature, complex to understand and apply. Whilst planned reuse will remain the norm in countries that can afford treatment, most countries in the developing world are likely to continue to use non- or only partially treated wastewater, for as long as sanitation and waste disposal are unable to keep pace with urban population growth. However, there are options to link urban faecal sludge and wastewater management with urban food demands or other forms of resource ecovery that provide opportunities to safely close the nutrient and water loops.
16 Kone, D.; Cofie, Olufunke O.; Nelson, K. 2010. Low-cost options for pathogen reduction and nutrient recovery from faecal sludge. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.171-188. (Also in French).
Biofertilizers ; Excreta ; Recycling ; Composting ; Pathogens ; Control methods ; Nutrients ; Sanitation ; Composting / West Africa / South East Asia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 DRE Record No: H042609)
(0.15 MB)
Recently, the application of excreta-based fertilizers has attracted attention due to the strongly increasing prices of chemically produced fertilizers. Faecal sludge from on-site sanitation systems is rich in nutrients and organic matter, constituents which contribute to replenishing the humus layer and soil nutrient reservoir and to improving soil structure and water-holding capacity. Hence, it represents an important resource for enhancing soil productivity on a sustainable basis. However, there is little in the scientific literature about the performance of treatment technology allowing recovery of nutrient resources from human waste. This paper reviews the state of knowledge of different processes that have been applied worldwide. Their pathogen removal efficiency as well as nutrient and biosolids recovery performances are assessed. The chapter outlines the gaps in research for further development.
17 Keraita, Bernard; Drechsel,Pay; Seidu, R.; Amerasinghe, Priyanie; Cofie, Olufunke O.; Konradsen, F. 2010. Harnessing farmers’ knowledge and perceptions for health-risk reduction in wastewater-irrigated agriculture. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.337-354. (Also in French).
Wastewater irrigation ; Excreta ; Health hazards ; Diseases ; Risk management ; Farmers ; Indigenous knowledge
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 DRE Record No: H042617)
(0.23 MB)
This chapter addresses the importance of understanding farmers’ knowledge and perceptions on health-risk and risk-reduction measures for the development of mutually acceptable risk-management strategies. Drawing on studies from different countries, the chapter shows that it is not realistic to expect high risk awareness. In cases where farmers are aware of health risks, they assess mitigation measures in view of their overall impact on work efficiency and crop yield rather than only the potential health benefits to be gained. The chapter asserts that for on-farm risk-reduction measures to be successful, it is pertinent that farmers’ needs and constraints are incorporated into the formulation of recommended practices. This might happen through indigenous processes but can be supported through farm-based participatory approaches where farmers and scientists work together in developing risk reduction measures. An important first step is the identification of mutually accepted problem indicators. Where health benefits for farmers and consumers are not sufficient reasons for the adoption of safer practices, other triggers have to be identified as well as appropriate communication channels for effective outreach.
18 Cofie, Olufunke; Kone, D.; Rothenberger, S.; Moser, D.; Zubruegg, C. 2009. Co-composting of faecal sludge and organic solid waste for agriculture: process dynamics. Water Research, 43(18):4665-4675.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042673)
(0.53 MB)
This paper presents the potentials and performance of combined treatment of faecal sludge (FS) and municipal solid waste (SW) through co-composting. The objectives were to investigate the appropriate SW type, SW/FS mixing ratio and the effect of turning frequency on compost maturity and quality. Solid waste (SW, as market waste, MW, or household waste, HW) was combined with dewatered FS in mixing ratios of 2:1 and 3:1 by volume and aerobically composted for 90 days. Four composting cycles were monitored and characterised to establish appropriate SW type and mixing ratio. Another set of five composting cycles were monitored to test two different turning frequencies: (i) once in 3–4 days during the thermophilic phase and 10 days during maturation phase and (ii) once in every 10 days throughout the composting period. Samples were taken at every turning and analysed for total solids (TS), total volatile solids (TVS), total organic carbon (TOC), electrical conductivity (EC), pH, ammonium and nitrate nitrogen (NH4–N and NO3–N) and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN). Temperature, C/N ratio, NO3–N/NH4–N ratio and cress planting trials were chosen as maturity indicators. Result showed a preference of MW over HW and mixing ratio of 2:1 over 3:1. There was no significant effect of different turning frequencies on the temperature changes and the quality of mature compost. The final product contained C/N ratio of 13 and NO3/NH4-ratio of about 7.8, while TVS was about 21% TS and the NH4–N content was reduced to 0.01%. A co-composting duration of 12 weeks was indicated by the cress test to achieve a mature and stable product. The turning frequency of 10 days is recommended as it saves labour and still reaches safe compost with fairly high nutrient content.
19 Cofie, Olufunke; Kone, D. 2009. Co-composting faecal sludge and organic solid waste, Kumasi, Ghana: case study of sustainable sanitation projects. In Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA). Compilation of 24 SuSanA case studies: pre-print for the 10th SuSanA meeting. Eschborn, Germany: Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) pp.21:1-7. (SuSanA Case Studies of Sustainable Sanitation Projects)
Sanitation ; Excreta ; Sewage sludge ; Solid wastes ; Composting ; Techniques ; Organic fertilizers ; Urban agriculture ; Operations ; Maintenance / Ghana / Kumasi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042721)
http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/book/case_study_book_complete.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042721.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042721.pdf
(0.29 MB)
20 Cofie, Olufunke; Adamtey, Noah. 2009. Nutrient recovery from human excreta for urban and peri-urban agriculture. Paper contributed to the SuSanA Food Security Working Group Meeting during the WEDC International Conference held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 15 April 2009. 12p.
Urban agriculture ; Organic fertilizers ; Excreta ; Recycling ; Nutrients ; Composting ; Maize ; Cabbages ; Vegetables / Ghana / Accra / Tamale
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042722)
(0.09 MB)
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