Your search found 543 records
1 Johnson, S. H. III. 1984. Economic and technical operation of deep tubewells in Bangladesh. Dhaka, Bangladesh: BARC. 25p.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.6 G584 JOH Record No: H0432)
2 Hurst, C.; Rogers, P. 1984. The bullock powered tubewell: An economic analysis. Developing India, 1(1):19-33.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 1312 Record No: H0531)
3 Bowers, S. A.; Clyma, W.; Johnson, S. H.; Kemper, W. D.; Reuss, J. O. 1977. Watercourse improvement in Pakistan: Pilot study in cooperation with farmers at Tubewell 56L. Fort Collins, CO, USA: Colorado State University. xv, 93p. (Water management technical report no.45)
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.7 G730 BOW Record No: H0335)
Over half of the water supplied to the watercourse at Tubewell 56L was lost before it reached the farmer's fields. This loss was primarily through the upper porous portions of the banks and in the vicinity of junctions where banks were thin. The 35 farmers in the 900-acre area served by this watercourse were motivated to organize themselves to rebuild their own earthen watercourse, according to specifications drawn up by Pakistani engineers. Low cost concrete diversion structures were developed and installed at junctions to eliminate continued burrowing of soil and degradation of banks near the junctions. The improvements reduced losses to about one-half their previous values and increased deliveries to the fields by over 50 percent. This watercourse improvement appears to be an ideal component for a development program designed to increase crop production. However, farmers require further information on how to use this water and other inputs to optimize crop production if they are to obtain full benefits from this extra water.
4 Krishna, M. 1986. Evaluation of Pochampad Irrigation Project in India. In Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council and Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development, Methodologies to evaluate the performance of irrigation systems (pp. 102-122). Dhaka, Bangladesh: BARC and Winrock International.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.8 G584 BAN Record No: H01679)
This paper covers the evaluation of the Pochampad Irrigation Project located near the Godavari River in Nizambad District in the state of Andhra Pradesh in Southern India. The evaluation was carried out by the Programme Evaluation Organization (PEO) in the Planning Commission. The objectives of the evaluation were to study: (1) the financial aid mechanisms including organization and management; (2) cost and time over-runs in completion of works; (3) irrigation potential and its utilization; (4) the agricultural support program; and (5) the impact of the project. A survey approach was followed, collecting information from both functionaries and beneficiaries. Findings indicate that there was no time lag in disbursement of loans. However, cost over-runs and time over-runs were considerable. Maintenance of the water distribution system was found to be seriously neglected. This, coupled with inadequate capacity of key outlets resulted in uneven distribution of water throughout the command area. Finally, the economic rate of return from the investment was found to be lower than that foreseen by the project authorities.
5 Hamid, M. A. 1986. Socio-economic component of methodologies in the evaluation of minor irrigation systems: The case of shallow tubewells in Bangladesh. In Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council and Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development, Methodologies to evaluate the performance of irrigation systems (pp. 219-235). Dhaka, Bangladesh: BARC and Winrock International.
Evaluation ; Shallow tube wells ; Economic analysis ; Social impact ; Policy ; Methodology / Bangladesh
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.8 G584 BAN Record No: H01685)
The paper is based on experience gained by the author while evaluating the socio-economic impact of the International Development Agency (IDA) Shallow Tubewells (STW) Project in northwest Bangladesh. The objectives of the evaluation were to: (1) assess direct and indirect financial benefits; (2) examine the effectiveness of the improved repair and maintenance facilities provided under the project; and (3) identify socio-economic characteristics of the beneficiaries. However, during the course of the evaluation other objectives were added: (4) establish total STW installation and evolution of sales under IDA credit; (5) assess institutional and organizational development; (6) determine technical aspects of STW problems and remedial measures; and (7) examine policy implications arising out of the study. The methodology employed for the study included three phases: (1) a statistical survey by district to establish total STW installation, evolution of sales, cropped area, production, and production systems; (2) an interview questionnaire covering about 200 wells involving 4,000-6,000 farmers to establish a sample frame for detailed questioning; and (3) an in-depth questioning of about 500 farmers under 40 to 50 wells plus a number of farmers outside STW schemes.Simple statistical tools were used in the data analysis and financial and economic analyses were employed to calculate net incremental benefits for the individual crops as well as for the entire crop sector. The final section of the paper discusses the results of the evaluation and the implications for future decision making.
6 Chaudhary, M. A.; Ashraf, M. M. 1981. An economic analysis of level and structure of irrigation water charges. Islamabad, Pakistan: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics. xii, 286p.
Water distribution ; Benefits ; Economic analysis ; Water costs ; Tube wells ; Surface drainage ; Resource management ; Farm income / Pakistan
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.4 G730 CHA Record No: H0718)
7 Dhuyvetter, K. C.; Lamm, F. R.; Rogers, D. H. 1995. Subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) for field corn: An economic analysis. In Lamm, F. R. (Ed.), Microirrigation for a changing world: Conserving resources/preserving the environment: Proceedings of the Fifth International Microirrigation Congress, Hyatt Regency Orlando, Orlando, Florida, April 2-6, 1995. St. Joseph, MI, USA: ASAE. pp.395-401.
Economic analysis ; Subsurface irrigation ; Drip irrigation ; Sprinkler irrigation ; Maize / USA / Kansas
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7 G000 LAM Record No: H018878)
8 Gonzales, L. A. 1984. An economic perspective of crop diversification in rainfed areas: Implications to national and regional planning. Philippine Journal of Crop Science, 9(2):84-100. (IFPRI reprint no. 76)
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 1433 Record No: H0784)
9 Skogerboe, G. V.; Brewer, J. D.; Early, A. C.; Brown, F. B.; McConnen, R. J.; Fowler, D.; Henderson, C. 1984. Irrigation systems management project design report, Sri Lanka. Fort Collins, CO, USA: Colorado State University. 362p. (Water management synthesis report no.33)
Irrigation management ; Food production ; Financing ; Economic analysis ; Farmers' associations ; Water management ; Water user associations ; Training / Sri Lanka
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.1 G744 SKO Record No: H0794)
10 Johnson, S. H. III. 1980. The economics of water management to reduce waterlogging. In Y. Haimes (Ed.), Water and related land resource systems (pp. 235-241). Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press.
Water management ; Waterlogging ; Irrigation practices ; Groundwater extraction ; Simulation models ; Conjunctive use ; Policy ; Economic analysis / USA / Colorado
(Location: IWMI-India Call no: 631.7.4 G437 JOH Record No: H0806)
Drainage, groundwater withdrawals and altered irrigation practices are among the techniques for reducing waterlogging problems resulting from inefficient water use. However, these corrective measures are often not adopted since the private costs incurred by the individual operator quite often exceed the private benefits. Net social benefits are likely to be positive, so collective action may be appropriate. The overall objective of this paper is to develop an integrated approach combining both economic and physical considerations in order to evaluate possible collective alternative approaches to relieving waterlogging problems. Using survey data from the San Luis Valley, this paper presents a recursive linear programming model that includes both uncertainty and capital constraints. This model incorporates a weekly short-run water allocation model and a simplified water balance model of the groundwater to form a complete simulation model. The model was run using 20 years of historical climatological data to represent the long-run effects of policies which might be undertaken by the water users or by the Colorado State Engineer. Policy alternatives modeled include: Investment in canal lining, total conversion to sprinkler irrigation, various restrictions on groundwater pumpage, and a modified quota-market system. A comparison of the economic and physical results of these simulated alternatives is made and policy recommendations are suggested.
11 Johnson, S. H. III; Reuss, J. O. 1984. Economics of changes in irrigation management in Pakistan: An integrative modeling approach. Water International, 9:66-71.
(Location: IWMI-India Call no: 631.7.6 G730 JOH Record No: H0811)
Using a computer model, alternative irrigation management systems are simulated for the Punjab, the largest state in Pakistan. Economic results indicate that canal closure in February to April, rather than December and January, would increase per hectare returns by US $15-35. Due to the limited capacity of the present canals, changing from a continuous flow to a demand system does not appear to be economically feasible. However, if present allocation can be supplemented by private wells operated on demand, higher economic returns and more flexibility would be possible.
12 Johnson, S. H. III; Kemper, W. D.; Lowdermilk, M. K. 1979. Improving irrigation water management in the Indus Basin. Water Resources Bulletin, 15(2):473-495.
Maintenance ; Irrigation management ; Canals ; Economic analysis ; Water loss / Pakistan / Indus River
(Location: IWMI-India Call no: P 1309 Record No: H0808)
Over half of the water delivered from the canal system to the watercourses managed by the farmers is not made available to the farmers' crops in Pakistan. Most of this water loss is due to loss of water through the banks of the watercourses. Lack of maintaining these banks and lack of cleaning the watercourse is a result of inadequate organization of the 10 to 150 farmers who use the watercourse, and a deficiency of knowledge concerning the amount of their water which is being lost. Various methods of watercourse improvement have been evaluated including concrete and masonry linings and simple earthen improvements of the ditches with concrete control structures, junctions, and turnouts. With the cost of labor low in Pakistan, the earthen improvements with concrete structures appear to be the best investment. Farm water management improvement programs have been implemented in most of the provinces which include this type of watercourse improvement, land leveling and advice to the farmers on how and when to irrigate his crops to optimize his production. The rate at which personnel can be trained to help the farmers implement these improved water management practices is limiting the rate of implementation.
13 Johnson, S. H. III; Early, A. C.; Lowdermilk, M. K. 1977. Water problems in the Indus Food Machine. Water Resources Bulletin, 13(6):1253-1268.
Water management ; On farm research ; Extension ; Irrigation management ; Agricultural production ; Economic analysis / Pakistan / Indus River
(Location: IWMI-India Call no: P 1310 Record No: H0807)
Examples are drawn from the Indus Basin to explain why on-farm water management problems restrict the output of agricultural products in many LDCs. Data are presented to illustrate the low level of water management knowledge of both the farmers and the current extension agents. Examples of the level of corruption and its effect on the operating system are illustrated. Several requirements that must be met before a large-scale irrigation scheme will actually increase the welfare of LDC farmers are presented.
14 Johnson, S. H. III. 1986. Economic, social and technical considerations determining investments in groundwater in Bangladesh. In International Water Resources Association, Water resources for rural areas and their communities: Proceedings of the 5th World Congress on Water Resources, 9-15 June 1985, Brussels, Belgium. Brussels, Belgium: IWRA. pp.893-902.
Investment policy ; Groundwater ; Deep tube wells ; Shallow tube wells ; Water conveyance ; Water loss ; Water user associations ; Economic analysis / Bangladesh
(Location: IWMI-India Call no: 631.7.8 G584 JOH Record No: H0812)
With a total land area the size of the state of Illinois and a population exceeding 90 million, Bangladesh has one of the highest man-land ratios in the world. Blessed with vast river systems but having such a flat topography that large-scale reservoir and gravity surface irrigation systems are not feasible, Bangladesh has been forced to turn to groundwater as a source for dry season irrigation water. Initial investments were in low-lift pumps but now the Government of Bangladesh (GOB) is encouraging investment in hand pumps, shallow tubewells and deep tubewells as sources for additional water for irrigation. However, to date utilization rates have been far below those predicted by national planners. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the economics of alternative groundwater extraction devices in Bangladesh and to use their results to explain present low utilization rates. Using recent data, the analysis examines economic, social and technical characteristics of the alternative technologies and explains why shallow tubewells are to be encouraged over deep tubewells. Based on these results, suggestions for improving utilization rates are presented.
15 Johnson, S. H. III. 1982. Large-scale irrigation and drainage schemes in Pakistan: a study of rigidities in public decision making. Food Research Institute Studies, 18(2):149-180.
Irrigation programs ; Tube wells ; Drainage ; Economic analysis ; Decision making ; Policy ; Public sector ; Private sector / Pakistan / Indus River
(Location: IWMI India Call no: P 1356 Record No: H000809)
This paper records objectively the historical development, implementation, and management of Pakistan's Salinity Control and Reclamation Projects (SCARPs). Field and management data from SCARP-I, SCARP-II, and Khaipur SCARP are used in the analysis. Direct economic feasibility of the SCARPs is considered and compared with that of private tubewell development.
16 Khanjani, M. J. 1980. Methodology for optimization of an irrigation system with storage reservoirs. xiii, 313p.
Irrigation systems ; Reservoirs ; Optimization ; Cost benefit analysis ; Probability analysis ; Economic analysis ; Computer software ; Water requirements ; Mathematical models ; Water distribution ; Evapotranspiration ; Rehabilitation
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.1 G000 KHA Record No: H0886)
A procedure was developed to specify optimal plans for an irrigation system with temporary internal storage. The procedure was used to develop plans for 1865 ha using farm service reservoirs. Daily potential and actual evapotranspiration for 25 years were computed. Probability distributions of potential and actual evapotranspiration for 1-30 days duration were estimated. A log-normal probability distribution was found to best fit the data, and probability equations for different durations were computed. These distributions were used to determine possible irrigation intervals for different crops growing in different soil types. Costs of different types of irrigation subsystem components such as canal sections, farm service reservoirs, pumps, and sprinkler and gravity application subsystems were computed. A marginal cost and benefit analysis was used to select the best irrigation intervals for all soil-crop combinations. The time of occurrence of maximum evapotranspiration for each crop was analyzed and found to follow a log-normal distribution. Water-use information was used to compute the volume of interval storage needed within the system. Fifteen farm service reservoirs were located at 15 specified sites by considering physical conditions and other restrictions. Costs and design capacities of farm service reservoirs and canal sections of the system were computed. By utilizing a mixed integer programming model, the locations of farm service reservoirs were optimized; and seven of the original 15 farm service reservoir sites were selected. A linear programming model was then used to compute the optimum capacity of each farm service reservoir, and parametric programming was used to examine the effects of varying water costs of system configuration. The cost and design capacity of the irrigation system with seven farm service reservoirs was computed.
17 Ciriacy-Wantrup, S. V. 1954. Cost allocation in relation to western water policies. Journal of Farm Economics, 36(1):108-129.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 1260 Record No: H0901)
18 Dandy, G. C.; McBean, E. A.; Hutchinson, B. G. 1984. A model for constrained optimum water pricing and capacity expansion. Water Resources Research, 20(5):511-520.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 1412 Record No: H0879)
Previous studies of optimum water pricing and capacity expansion have ignored the political administrative factors which limit the range of feasible decisions. A general model is presented for identifying the water price horizon so as to maximize the present value of net benefits. Constraints on the range of water price, the rate of price change, and financial cost recovery are included in the model. The model is applied to a hypothetical case study of an urban water supply system. The results indicate that optimum water pricing and capacity expansion policies are likely to achieve some increase in economic benefits when compared with average cost pricing. Administrative and political constraints tend to reduce these benefits but result in more acceptable pricing policies.
19 Veeman, T. S. 1977. Water policy and water institutions in northern India: The case of groundwater rights. Natural Resources Journal, 18:569-587.
Water policy ; Institutions ; Groundwater ; Water rights ; Economic analysis ; Wells ; Agricultural development / India
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.8 G635 VEE Record No: H0897)
This paper examines groundwater problems which are emerging in northern India as a consequence of the green revolution. These problems are intrinsically related to the nature of the existing system of groundwater rights and the lack of other groundwater institutions. The economic performance of groundwater rights is analyzed and policy suggestions for the revision of groundwater rights and the promulgation of groundwater regulations are made. In particular, the correlative rights doctrine (a common property-related institution) may be useful in the solution of emerging groundwater problems in northern India.
20 Campbell, G. 1983. The application of economic analysis to major irrigation schemes: A Sri Lankan case study. Unpublished M. Sc. thesis, University of Reading, Department of Agricultural Economics. iii, 67p.
Settlement ; Irrigation management ; Research ; Cultivation ; Benefits ; Economic analysis / Sri Lanka
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.4 G744 CAM Record No: H0950)
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