Your search found 19 records
1 Zhi, M. 1993. Study on evaluation of performance on irrigation systems in China. In HR Wallingford. Maintenance and operation of irrigation/drainage schemes for improved performance: papers presented to the Asian Regional Symposium held in Beijing, People's Republic of China, 24-27 May 1993. Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK: HR Wallingford. pp.6:35-49.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 631.7.1 G570 MAI Record No: H044542)
2 Loeve, R.; Dong, B.; Molden, D. 2002. Filed-level water savings in the Zhanghe Irrigation System and the impact at the system level. In Bouman, B. A. M.; Hengsdijk, H.; Hardy, B.; Bindraban, P. S.; Tuong, T. P.; Ladha, J. K. (Eds.), Water-wise rice production. Los Baños, Philippines: International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). pp.287-305.
Rice ; Irrigation systems ; Productivity ; Irrigation canals ; Water conservation ; Remote sensing ; Measurement ; Paddy fields ; Evapotranspiration / China / Zhanghe Irrigation System
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.2 G000 BOU Record No: H032435)
(0.12 MB) (3 MB)
3 Moya, P.; Hong, L.; Dawe, D.; Chongde, C. 2004. The impact of on-farm water saving irrigation techniques on rice productivity and profitability in Zhanghe Irrigation System, Hubei, China. Paddy and Water Environment, 2:207-215.
Rice ; Paddy fields ; Production costs ; Irrigation systems ; Water conservation ; Irrigation practices / China / Hubei / Zhanghe Irrigation System
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 7107 Record No: H035935)
4 Loeve, R.; Dong, B.; Molden, David; Li, Y. H.; Chen, C. D.; Wang, J. Z. 2004. Issues of scale in water productivity in the Zhanghe Irrigatin system: implications for irrigation in the basin context. Paddy and Water Environment, 2:227-236.
Rice ; Paddy fields ; Water conservation ; Irrigation systems ; Productivity ; Land use ; Evapotranspiration ; Measurement ; Rain ; Water storage / China / Hubei / Zhanghe Irrigation System
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.2 G592 LOE Record No: H035937)
5 Dong, B.; Molden, David; Loeve, R.; Li, Y. H.; Chen, C. D.; Wang, J. Z. 2004. Farm level practices and water productivity in Zhanghe Irrigation System. Paddy and Water Environment, 2:217-226.
Rice ; Paddy fields ; Crop-based irrigation ; Productivity ; Irrigation practices ; Water conservation / China / Hubei / Zhanghe Irrigation System
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.2 G592 DON Record No: H035936)
6 Molden, David; Bin, D.; Loeve, R.; Barker, Randolph; Tuong, T. P. 2006. Implications of environment and institutions for water productivity and water savings: lessons from two research sites in China. In Willett, I. R.; Gao, Z. (Eds.). Agricultural water management in China: proceedings of a workshop held in Beijing, China, 14 September 2005. Canberra, Australia: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) pp.76-90. (ACIAR Proceedings No.123)
Irrigation programs ; River basins ; Groundwater ; Water conservation ; Water allocation ; Irrigation canals ; Rice ; Farm ponds ; Institutions ; Irrigation management / China / Zhanghe Irrigation System / Yangtze River / Liuyuankou Irrigation System / Yellow River Basin
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7 G592 MOL Record No: H039155)
(0.31 MB)
7 George, B. A.; Huang, J.; Malano, H.M. 2006. Improving quality and sustainability of irrigation delivery services in China: The case of the Zhanghe Irrigation System. In Willett, I. R.; Gao, Z. (Eds.) Agricultural water management in China: Proceedings of a workshop held in Beijing, China, 14 September 2005. Canberra, Australia: ACIAR. pp.111-124.
Irrigation systems ; Irrigation canals ; Water delivery ; Reservoirs ; Simulation models ; Water rates ; Price policy / China / Hubei Province / Zhanghe Irrigation System
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7 G592 WIL Record No: H039225)
8 Molden, David; Bin, D.; Loeve, R.; Barker, Randolph; Tuong, T. P. 2007. Agricultural water productivity and savings: Policy lessons from two diverse sites in China. Water Policy, 9(Supplement 1):29-44.
Irrigation water ; Productivity ; Irrigation programs ; Water conservation ; Policy / China / Yangtze River / Zhanghe Irrigation System / Yellow River / Liuyuankou Irrigation System
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: PER Record No: H040296)
(1.18 MB)
9 Roost Nicolas; Cai, Xueliang; Molden, David; Cui, Y. L. 2008. Adapting to intersectoral transfers in the Zhanghe Irrigation System, China: Part I - In-system storage characteristics. Agricultural Water Management, 95(6): 698-706.
Farm ponds ; Recharge ; Hydrology ; Water storage ; Water reuse ; Remote sensing ; Irrigation canals ; Irrigation systems ; Reservoirs ; Water allocation / China / Zhanghe Irrigation System / Yangtze River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 631.7.1 G592 ROO Record No: H040568)
The Zhanghe Irrigation System (ZIS), in Central China, has drawn attention internationally because it managed to sustain its rice production in the face of a dramatic reallocation of water to cities, industries and hydropower uses. Ponds, the small reservoirs ubiquitous in the area, are hypothesized to have been instrumental in this. Ponds are recharged by a combination of return flows from irrigation and runoff from catchment areas within the irrigated perimeter. They provide a flexible, local source of irrigation water to farmers. This paper assesses the storage capacity and some key hydrological properties of ponds in a major canal command within ZIS. Using remote sensing data (Landsat and IKONOS) and an area–volume relationship based on a field survey, we obtained an overall pond storage capacity of 96 mm (per unit irrigated area). A comparative analysis between 1978 and 2001reveals that part of this capacity results from a very significant development of ponds (particularly in the smaller range of sizes) in the time interval, probably as a response to rapidly declining canal supplies. We developed a high-resolution digital elevation model from 1:10,000 topographic maps to support a GIS-based hydrological analysis. Pond catchments were delineated and found to extensively overlap, forming hydrological cascades of up to 15 units. In a 76-km2 area within the irrigation system, we found an average of close to five ‘connected’ ponds downstream of each irrigated pixel. This high level of connectivity provides opportunities for multiple reuses of water as it flows along toposequences. A fundamental implication is that field ‘losses’ such as seepage and percolation do not necessarily represent losses at a larger scale. Such scale effects need to be adequately taken into account to avoid making wrong assumptions about water-saving interventions in irrigation.
10 Roost Nicolas; Cai, Xueliang; Turral, Hugh; Molden, David; Cui, Y. L. 2008. Adapting to intersectoral transfers in the Zhanghe Irrigation System, China: Part II – Impacts of in-system storage on water balance and productivity. Agricultural Water Management, 95(6): 685-697.
Farm ponds ; Irrigation systems ; Reservoirs ; Water balance ; Simulation models ; Rice ; Crop production ; Irrigation canals ; Groundwater ; Drainage ; Evapotranspiration ; Water distribution / China / Zhanghe Irrigation System / Yangtze River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 631.7.1 G592 ROO Record No: H040569)
This paper investigates the impacts of farm ponds in a context of declining supplies in a major canal command within the Zhanghe Irrigation System (ZIS), in Central China. As dam supplies have been diverted to higher-valued uses (hydropower, cities and industry), farmers have responded by constructing small storages within their fields. These farm ponds have given them sufficient flexibility in water supply to practice varying forms of alternate wetting and drying irrigation for rice without compromising yields and incomes. Ponds are recharged by a combination of return flows from irrigation and runoff from catchment areas within the irrigated perimeter. Various scenarios of water supply incorporating the main reservoir, in-system reservoirs, farm ponds and irrigation practices were simulated using the OASIS model. OASIS integrates surface and groundwater flows, and contains a crop growth module to aggregate the impacts of different water management regimes. The modelling and sensitivity analysis show that further reductions in main reservoir supplies will have a negative effect on rice production in dry and average years, and that ponds have played a crucial role in adapting agriculture to reduced canal supplies. The flexibility allowed by the ponds has resulted in increased water productivity, except in high rainfall years, but net depletion has not decreased, as local supplies have substituted for water from the main reservoir. The study demonstrates the importance of properly accounting for return flows and the necessity to understand crop production in relation to the actual depletion of water (as evapotranspiration) within an irrigation system.
11 Loeve, R.; Dong, B.; Hong, L.; Chen, C. D.; Zhang, S.; Barker, R. 2007. Transferring water from irrigation to higher valued uses: a case study of the Zhanghe Irrigation System in China. Paddy and Water Environment, 5(4): 263-269.
Water allocation ; Water transfer ; Irrigation water ; Water rates ; Prices ; Reservoirs ; Water supply ; Farm ponds / China / Hubei Province / Yangtze River Basin / Zhanghe Irrigation System
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7 G000 BAR Record No: H040998)
12 Cai, Xueliang; Cui, Y. 2009. Crop planting structure extraction in irrigated areas from multi-sensor and multi-temporal remote sensing data. In Chinese. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 25(8):124-130.
Remote sensing ; Irrigated land ; Crop management ; Rice ; Wheat / China / Zhanghe Irrigation System
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042411)
(1.13 MB)
Crop planting structure extraction in irrigated areas includes a range of dynamic parameters which require proper spatial and temporal resolution remotely sensed data. The paper seeks to extract crop planting structure by employing multi-temporal images from multi-sensors. Landsat enhanced thematic mapper plus (ETM+) images and moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) monthly data were res-merged to produce a mega data tube, which was then classified using ISO cluster algorithm. Spectral signature of each class was extracted and identified using spectral matching technique taking crop coefficient curve as reference. In the way Zhanghe Irrigation system in southern China was classified into four classes: rice-rapeseed rotation, rice-wheat rotation, single summer crops, and double economic crops. Accuracy assessment suggests good agreement with statistical data and 91% classification accuracy when using IKONOS high resolution images as Ground Truth data. The application demonstrates the method a cost-efficient and robust approach to extract crop planting structure at irrigation system scale.
13 Molle, Francois; Venot, Jean-Philippe; Lannerstad, M.; Hoogesteger, J. 2010. Villains or heroes?: farmers’ adjustments to water scarcity. Irrigation and Drainage, 59(4):419-431. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.500]
Water scarcity ; Drought ; Farmers ; Conjunctive use ; River basins ; Irrigation water ; Irrigation efficiency / Thailand / China / India / Jordan / Iran / Chao Phraya River Basin / Zhanghe Irrigation System / Bhavani River Basin / Krishna River Basin / Jordan Valley / Zayandeh Rud River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: PER Record No: H042656)
(0.16 MB)
Although farmers are often seen as wasting water and getting a disproportionate share of water, irrigation is losing out in the competition for water with other sectors. In cases of drought, water restrictions are overwhelmingly imposed on irrigation while other activities and domestic supply are only affected in cases of very severe shortage. All over the world, farmers have been responding to the challenge posed by both short- and long-term declining water allocations in many creative ways, but these responses have often been overlooked by policy makers. This paper examines how farmers have adapted to water scarcity in six different river basins of Asia and the Middle East. It inventories the different types of adjustments observed and shows not only their effectiveness in offsetting the drop in supply but also their costs to farmers and to the environment and their contribution to basin closure. The conclusion calls for a better recognition of the efforts made by the irrigation sector to respond to water challenges and of its implications in terms of reduced scope for efficiency gains in the irrigation sector.
14 International Rice Research Institute (IRRI); Wuhan University. 2009. International Forum on Water Resource and Sustainable Development, Wuhan University, China, 22-24 September 2009. Papers and abstracts for the session of Efficient and Sustainable Use of Water Resources in Agriculture. Abstracts in Chinese. Manila, Philippines: International Rice Research Institute (IRRI); Wuhan, China: University of Wuhan. 38p.
Agriculture ; Water use ; Irrigation systems ; Water productivity ; Water user groups ; Water accounting ; Water conservation ; Policy ; Irrigated rice ; Institutions / China / Hubei / Zhanghe Irrigation System
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G592 INT Record No: H043805)
(0.07 MB)
15 Cai, Xueliang; Cui, Y.; Roost, N. 2011. Modelling water flows in irrigated areas - a case study in Zhanghe Irrigation System, China. In Abesser, C.; Nutzmann, G.; Hill, M. C.; Bloschl, G.; Lakshmanan, E. (Eds.). Conceptual and modelling studies of integrated groundwater, surface water, and ecological systems: proceedings of the Symposium HS01 held during the IUGG GA, Melbourne, Australia, 28 June - 7 July 2011. Wallingford, UK: International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS). pp.265-268. (IAHS Publication 345)
Flow discharge ; Irrigation systems ; Irrigation water ; Tanks ; Waterfalls ; Case studies ; Water balance ; Models ; Calibration ; GIS ; Remote sensing / China / Zhanghe Irrigation System
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044568)
(0.08 MB) (80.26KB)
Hydrological modelling faces great difficulties in irrigated areas due to the highly dynamic water cycling processes caused by irrigation and drainage practices. This paper describes a study on process-based water balance modelling integrated with remote sensing/GIS spatial analysis in the Zhanghe Irrigation System, southern China. Irrigation water re-use through local water storage was analysed based on remote sensing interpretations and GIS spatial modelling. Time series evapotranspiration is estimated using a Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEB) algorithm with Landsat ETM+ imagery. The results are then fed into an irrigation diagnosis and planning tool OASIS to assess the water balance in the irrigated areas and the impacts on irrigation performance. The results revealed that the intensive canal system and local storage with irrigation management practices have significantly altered the hydrological processes of the region. Local storage, including farm ponds, contributed significantly to improve water productivity and sustain high yields at times of main canal failure. The study suggests that, to better model water flows in irrigated systems, a balanced modelling approach is required between simulating the complex hydrological processes and accounting water budget components.
16 Cai, Xueliang; Cui, Y.; Roost, N. 2011. Modelling water re-uses of a tank cascade irrigation system based on satellite and field observations. In Hafeez, M.; Van De Giesen, N.; Bardsley, E.; Seyler, F.; Pail, R.; Taniguchi, M. (Eds.). GRACE, remote sensing and ground-based methods in multi-scale hydrology: proceedings of the Symposium JHS01 held during the IUGG GA in Melbourne, Australia, 28 June - 7 July 2011. Wallingford, UK: International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS). pp.125-130. (IAHS Publication 343)
Tanks ; Waterfalls ; Models ; Irrigation systems ; Canals ; GIS ; Remote sensing ; Satellite surveys ; Water balance ; Water reuse ; Monitoring / China / Zhanghe Irrigation System
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044569)
(0.65 MB) (661.26KB)
Many canal irrigation systems in southern China are supplemented by numerous surface storages, which are often connected to one another, leading to improved flexibility in managing water. This study aims to examine the role of storage cascades in capturing and re-using return flows through water balance modelling based on satellite and field observations. The weather data, irrigation application, and pond water level have been monitored in two selected cascades, and a water balance model is developed to account for the dynamic water balance with inputs from remote sensing and GIS analysis. The results showed that, on average, each storage structure is connected to 4.8 others, facilitating intense water re-use in the region. The return flows captured by cascades account for up to 20% of irrigation diversions. However, there are significant losses during the redistribution processes. Remote sensing and GIS-based analysis have proved powerful techniques in parameterizing complex hydrological processes.
17 Cai, Xueliang; Cui, Y.; Dai, J.; Luo, Y. 2012. Local storages: the impact on hydrology and implications for policy making in irrigation systems. Water International, 37(4):395-407. (Special issue on "How hydrological models support informed decision making in developing countries" with contributions by IWMI authors). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2012.707380]
Hydrology ; Irrigation systems ; Irrigation development ; Reservoirs ; Water storage ; Water reuse ; Water balance ; Drainage ; Policy making ; Models ; Ponds ; Crop yield ; Remote sensing ; Rain / China / Zhanghe Irrigation System
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: PER Record No: H045026)
(0.61 MB)
OASIS, an irrigation diagnosis model, is applied to the Zhanghe Irrigation System in central China to investigate the contribution of smaller local storages (in “melons on the vine” configuration) as compared with the main reservoir. Results show that local storages are more important in normal-to-wet years, while the main reservoir is critical in dry years, which implies a strong policy correction relevant to many parts of the world. Balanced investment in various storage infrastructures with associated management practices is a cost-effective strategy for irrigation development.
18 Mushtaq, S.; Khan, S.; Dawe, D.; Hanjra, M. A.; Hafeez, M.; Asghar, M. N. 2008. Evaluating the impact of tax-for-fee reform (Fei Gai Shui) on water resources and agriculture production in the Zhanghe Irrigation System, China. Food Policy, 33(6):576-586. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.04.004]
Water resources ; Agricultural production ; Irrigation systems ; Costs ; Rural finance ; Taxes ; Crop production ; Ponds ; Water use ; Models ; Regression analysis / China / Zhanghe Irrigation System
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045626)
(0.54 MB)
This article questions the effectiveness and viability of rural Tax-for-Fee reform (Fei Gai Shui) on water resources and agriculture production, taking the Zhanghe Irrigation System of China as a case study example. The Fei Gai Shui reform has been heralded as a possible solution for reducing the excessive fiscal burden on peasants. While the reform may achieve in relieving peasant burdens significantly, the initial impact of Fei Gai Shui on water resources and agricultural production indicate least satisfactory trends. The policy shows significant impact on rice yield and area. It might also have profound impact on cropping pattern but it has yet to be seen. Dependence on local water resources such as ponds show significant increase after Fei Gai Shui as it discouraged farmers to rely on regional water sources. Although the lower regional water use under Fei Gai Shui reduced the water charges paid by farmers, the savings were mostly offset by increasing pumping costs in accessing water from local ponds. Without any adjustments, the Fei Gai Shui is likely to cause serious predicament in agricultural sector. It is visioned that local water resources such as water ponds will continue to play an important role in sustaining agricultural production.
19 Mushtaq, S.; Khan, S.; Hafeez, M.; Hanjra, M. A. 2009. Does reliability of water resources matter in the adoption of water-saving irrigation practices?: a case study in the Zhanghe Irrigation System, China. Water Policy, 11(6):661-679. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2009.033]
Water resources ; Water saving ; Water productivity ; Irrigation systems ; Case studies ; Ponds ; Reservoirs ; Farmers ; Models ; Soil moisture / China / Zhanghe Irrigation System
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: PER Record No: H046093)
(0.30 MB)
The aim of the study was to determine whether the reliability of water sources is important in the adoption of water-saving irrigation practices (WSI). It was hypothesized that access to reliable water sources such as water ponds would increase the likelihood of practicing alternate wetting and drying (AWD) for rice cultivation. While it seems intuitively reasonable to assume that farmer’s ability to access reliable water sources would reduce the risk involved in letting the paddy field dry temporarily, and therefore encourage the adoption of AWD, this study found no solid empirical evidence to support the proposition. However, weaker empirical evidence shows that access to reliable water supply from local ponds positively influences AWD practices. The results show that the adoption of AWD is not driven by farmer’s self choice but rather that they are adopting AWD to mitigate risk in the face of increasing water scarcity. The result suggests that water-saving irrigation training and farm size or land distribution system have an important role in the adoption of AWD practices. The policy implication of this research is that imposing institutional water scarcity could be a way to promote the adoption of water-saving irrigation practices.
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