Your search found 14 records
1 International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI). 1997. Cascade reports with specific recommendations for minor tanks. [Report on the project] Identification of Hydrologically Endowed Small Tanks for Rehabilitation and Agrowell Development Potential in the Cascades of Anuradhapura District, North Central Province, Sri Lanka. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI). 82p.
Rehabilitation ; Tank irrigation ; Surveys / Sri Lanka / Anuradhapura District / Padawiya / Kebithigollewa / Medawachchiya / Nuwaragam Palatha / Maha Wilachchiya / Mihintale / Rambewa / Kahatagasdigiliya / Horowpathana / Galenbindunuwewa / Thirappane / Palugaswewa / Palagala
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IIMI 631.7.7 G744 IIM Record No: H021245)
(1.09 MB)
2 International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI). 1997. Cascade reports with specific recommendations for micro tanks. [Report on the project] Identification of Hydrologically Endowed Small Tanks for Rehabilitation and Agrowell Development Potential in the Cascades of Anuradhapura District, North Central Province, Sri Lanka. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI). 240p.
Rehabilitation ; Tank irrigation ; Surveys / Sri Lanka / Anuradhapura / Padawiya / Kebithigollewa / Medawachchiya / Nuwaragam Palatha / Maha Wilachchiya / Rajanganaya / Mihintale / Rambewa / Kahatagasdigiliya / Horowpathana / Galenbindunuwewa / Thirappane / Palugaswewa / Palagala
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IIMI 631.7.7 G744 IIM Record No: H021247)
(4.43 MB)
3 International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI). 1997. Map coordinates of tanks in selected cascades. Volume IV. [Report on the project] Identification of Hydrologically Endowed Small Tanks for Rehabilitation and Agrowell Development Potential in the Cascades of Anuradhapura District, North Central Province, Sri Lanka. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI). 63p.
Rehabilitation ; Tanks ; Maps ; Surveys / Sri Lanka / Anuradhapura / Padawiya / Kebithigollewa / Medawachchiya / Nuwaragam Palatha / Maha Wilachchiya / Rajanganaya / Mihintale / Rambewa / Kahatagasdigiliya / Horowpathana / Galenbindunuwewa / Thirappane / Palugaswewa / Palagala
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IIMI 631.7.7 G744 IIM Record No: H021251)
(2.02 MB)
4 Senaratne, A. 1997. Ground water study maps of 50 cascades. Volume III. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI) Report on the project "Identification of Hydrologically Endowed Small Tanks for Rehabilitation and Agrowell Development Potential in the Cascades of Anuradhapura District, North Central Province, Sri Lanka" 22p.
Hydrology ; Geology ; Tanks ; Maps ; Surveys / Sri Lanka / Anuradhapura / Padawiya / Kebithigollewa / Medawachchiya / Nuwaragam Palatha / Maha Wilachchiya / Rajanganaya / Mihintale / Rambewa / Kahatagasdigiliya / Horowpathana / Galenbindunuwewa / Thirappane / Palugaswewa / Palagala
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IIMI 631.7.7 G744 IIM Record No: H021252)
5 Panabokke, C. R.; Sakthivadivel, R.; Weerasinghe, A. D. 2002. Evolution, present status and issues concerning small tank systems in Sri Lanka [Small tanks in Sri Lanka: evolution, present status and issues] Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 73p.
Tank irrigation ; Hydrology ; Water quality ; Irrigation management ; Water management ; Water distribution ; Watersheds ; Irrigation design ; Maintenance ; Farming systems ; Governmental interrelations ; Small scale systems ; Villages ; History / Sri Lanka / Pihimbiyagollawa / Mahakanumulla / Thirappane / Maha Nanneriya / Maha Girilla / Olupeliyawa / Bodagama
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.1 G744 PAN c2 Record No: H029980)
The core of this study involved an examination and analysis of certain key features of the traditional small tank cascade systems: a) the location and design of the systems in the past b) the hydro-system which considers the overall hydrological balance and groundwater conditions c) maintenance and tank use d) tank management and integration with local farming systems
6 Panabokke, Christopher Rajendra; Sakthivadivel, Ramaswamy; Dias Weerasinghe, A. 2002. Evolution, present status and issues concerning small tank systems in Sri Lanka. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 73p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2011.0050]
Tank irrigation ; Hydrology ; Water quality ; Irrigation management ; Water management ; Water distribution ; Watersheds ; Irrigation design ; Maintenance ; Farming systems ; Governmental interrelations ; Small scale systems ; Villages ; History / Sri Lanka / Pihimbiyagollawa / Mahakanumulla / Thirappane / Maha Nanneriya / Maha Girilla / Olupeliyawa / Bodagama
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7 G744 PAN Record No: H036586)
(1.21 MB)
7 Yoshiyuki, Shinogi. 2004. Optimal water management under tank cascade system of Sri Lanka. Tsukuba, Japan: JIRCAS. iv, 85p. (JIRCAS working report no.38)
Tank irrigation ; Climate ; Topography ; Soil properties ; Hydrology ; Models ; Calibration ; Groundwater ; Cropping systems / Sri Lanka / Meegassagama / Thirappane
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.1 G744 YOS, 631.7.1 G744 YOS Record No: H037606)
A collaborative research effort of IWMI and Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), with funding from JIRCAS. Consultant services by Dept. of Agrarian Services and the Open University of Sri Lanka
8 Itakura, J.; Abernethy, C. L. 1993. Water management in a tank cascade irrigation system in Sri Lanka: first seasonal report of TARC-IIMI Joint Project 1991/1992 Maha Season. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI). ix, 47p. (IIMI Working Paper 024)
Water management ; Tank irrigation ; Small scale systems ; Irrigation management ; Crop-based irrigation ; Water balance ; Water conveyance / Sri Lanka / Thirappane
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IIMI 631.7.1 G744 ITA Record No: H013356)
IRRIGATION Management Institute (IIMI) and the Tropical Agriculture Research Center (TARC), Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan, initiated a collaborative study in August 1991. This joint study is focused on small-scale tank irrigation systems which are spread over the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka, and is conducted with the assistance of Sri Lanka's Department of Agrarian Services.
9 Itakura, J. 1995. Water balance model for planning rehabilitation of a tank cascade irrigation system in Sri Lanka. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI). 62p. (IIMI Working Paper 037) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2013.036]
Irrigation management ; Irrigation systems ; Water balance ; Simulation models ; Rehabilitation ; Agricultural production ; Watershed management ; Reservoirs ; Tank irrigation / Sri Lanka / Thirappane / Nachchaduwa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IIMI 631.7.7 G744 ITA Record No: H018427)
Since time immemorial, people in South Asia have collected rainfall runoff in small storage reservoirs (called tanks) for later use in agricultural production, for domestic use and watering of livestock. A unique feature of the tanks in Sri Lanka is that often several of the tanks are linked together through a canal. The resulting cascade of tanks should then be managed as one system. The Thirappane cascade, which is the topic of this study, falls within the catchment area of a much bigger reservoir, Nachchaduwa. The latter was built around 900 AD, and restored in 1906, when many of the tanks still in use now were surveyed and restored to use. Cascade management, however, was not always carried out properly and restoration work not done, that the skills to do so were lost. The management of these interconnected tanks presents many interesting questions, the answers to which hitherto have not been fully explored. The effectiveness of storage-based irrigation systems was such that over time more and more people were attracted to the command areas of the tanks and many of the systems became unsustainable due to overcrowding. The objective of this study was a limited one, i.e., to explore through simple water balance modelling several improved management options for a particular set of tanks in the Thirappane Cascade and to examine how the tank cascade can be stabilized through structural modifications. The water balance model developed for this purpose has deliberately been kept simple, requiring only data that can be easily collected in the field.
10 International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI). 1997. Cascade reports with specific recommendations for medium tanks. [Report on the project] Identification of Hydrologically Endowed Small Tanks for Rehabilitation and Agrowell Development Potential in the Cascades of Anuradhapura District, North Central Province, Sri Lanka. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI). 44p.
Rehabilitation ; Tank irrigation ; Surveys / Sri Lanka / Anuradhapura / Kebithigollewa / Medawachchiya / Nuwaragam Palatha / Maha Wilachchiya / Mihintale / Rambewa / Kahatagasdigiliya / Horowpathana / Galenbindunuwewa / Thirappane / Palugaswewa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IIMI 631.7.7 G744 IIM Record No: H021246)
11 International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI). 1997. Cascade reports with specific recommendations - Volume II: Master report - Tanks in priority order of endowment. [Report on the project] Identification of Hydrologically Endowed Small Tanks for Rehabilitation and Agrowell Development Potential in the Cascades of Anuradhapura District, North Central Province, Sri Lanka. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI). 304p.
Rehabilitation ; Tank irrigation ; Farmer participation ; Surveys / Sri Lanka / Anuradhapura / Padawiya / Kebithigollewa / Medawachchiya / Nuwaragam Palatha / Maha Wilachchiya / Rajanganaya / Mihintale / Rambewa / Kahatagasdigiliya / Horowpathana / Galenbindunuwewa / Thirappane / Palugaswewa / Palagala
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IIMI 631.7.7 G744 IIM Record No: H021249)
(6.06 MB)
12 Munasinghe, J. U.; Dilhan, M. A. A. B.; Sundarabarathy, T. V. 2010. Utilization of aquatic plants: a method to enhance the productivity of water in seasonal tanks in the Anuradhapura District. In Weligamage, Parakrama; Godaliyadda, G. G. A.; Jinapala, K. (Eds.). Proceedings of the National Conference on Water, Food Security and Climate Change in Sri Lanka, BMICH, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 9- 11 June 2009. Vol. 1. Irrigation for food security. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.23-32.
Aquatic plants ; Tanks / Sri Lanka / Anuradhapura District / Galkulama / Thirappane / Maradankadawala / Thibbatuwewa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7 G744 WEL Record No: H042891)
Heavy infestations of aquatic plants in a water body cause considerable economic and ecological losses. Many seasonal tanks in the Anuradhapura District suffer from this problem and cannot be neglected in water resource development and management schemes. This study was focused on the uses of aquatic plants and the problems caused by huge manifestations of aquatic plants in the selected seasonal tanks in the Anuradhapura District. The study was conducted in four seasonal tanks viz., Galkulama, Thirappane Maradankadawala and Thibbatuwewa in the Anuradhapura District. Information on the utilization of aquatic plants, exploitation level and harmful effects were gathered by using a structured questionnaire to interview people who were residing close to the study sites. The attitudes of the public towards the aquatic plants i.e., conservation of aquatic plants, the potential uses of native plants and harmful effects of invasive aquatic plants were collected. Twelve species were identified as economically important aquatic plants through the questionnaire survey. Among the 50 respondents, 92 % utilized aquatic plants for food, 58 % utilized flowers for offerings and decorations, 52 % utilized aquatic plants for medicinal purposes, 42 % utilized them as ornamental plants, 30 % used them as bio-fertilizers and 28 % utilized them for weaving. The edible aquatic plants consumed by the rural community in the Anuradhapura District are Ipomoea aquatica (72 %), Alternanthera sessilis (66 %), Nelumbo nucifera (64 %), Nymphaea pubescens (60 %) and Aponogeton spp. (52 %). Some edible aquatic plants, namely Neptunia oleracea, Ottelia alismoides and Ceratopteris thalictriodes, which are present in the Anuradhapura District, are not consumed, although these are consumed in many other countries. N. nucifera is the most commonly used flower for offerings in the temples and for decorations. In addition, N. pubescens, Nymphaea nouchali are also used for flowers. Bacopa monnieri, N. nucifera, Acanthus illicifolia, N. nouchali and Aponogeton spp. have been recorded as medicinally important plants. Though there are many ornamentally important aquatic plants, only N. pubescens, N. nouchali, B. monnieri, Nymphoides hydrophylla are used. Salvinia molesta and Eichhornia crassipes are the two aquatic plants commonly used as bio fertilizers. With reference to the questionnaire survey, there were seven major problems that were discovered to exist due to heavy infestations of aquatic weeds in the water bodies viz., sedimentation and unsuitability for domestic use, interference with navigation, effects on fisheries, blocking irrigation canals and evapotranspiration. The most problematic plants in the Anuradhapura District include E. crassipes, N. nucifera, S. molesta, Pistia stratiotes and Ceratophyllum demersum. Economically important aquatic plants available in the shallow water bodies of the Anuradhapura District, are marginally utilized, when compared with the utilization of aquatic plants in the global scenario. There appears to be a lack of a well organized action plan to cope with this situation. The public suffer a lot from the problems created by the heavy mass of aquatic plants, which covered the village tanks. The public are, however, willing to get organized and to engage in a participatory approach to restore their water bodies. There is a need for research and development of management strategies for the sustainable utilization of these valuable resources. Awareness programs should be conducted to promote sustainable utilization of aquatic plants. Creating awareness among the people about the nutritional and economic benefits of these natural resources will be useful for Sri Lanka, as a developing nation.
13 Aheeyar, Mohamed; Manthrithilake, Herath; Ranasinghe, Chathuranga; Rengaraj, Manooj; Gamagedara, Yasas; Barron, Jennie. 2019. Mechanizing water lifting through pumps: a case study in Sri Lanka. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 61p. (IWMI Working Paper 188) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2019.206]
Water lifting ; Water supply ; Water management ; Water quality ; Water scarcity ; Pumps ; Agricultural credit ; Small scale farming ; Market prices ; Hydrological factors ; Farmers ; Investment ; Taxes ; Tariffs ; Wells ; Irrigation programs ; Microirrigation ; State intervention ; Groundwater extraction ; Groundwater irrigation ; Cultivated land ; Seasonal cropping ; Intensification ; Women’s participation ; Case studies / Sri Lanka / Mahaweli H System / Thirappane / Medawachchiya / Karadiyan Aru
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H049141)
(2.20 MB)
A reliable supply of water is critical for agricultural intensification and yield improvement. Technological devices that lift, transport and apply water contribute to increased yield from improved crop varieties and high input cultivation. The increasing use of motor pumps is a significant contribution to the development of small-scale irrigation. The objective of this study was to identify and analyze the trajectories of technological innovations and uptake for agricultural water management in farming systems in Sri Lanka, with a special focus on identifying impacts, emerging issues and potential responses to the rapid proliferation of motor pumps in the intensification of agriculture in the country. The Government of Sri Lanka promoted the rapid adoption of water pumps through interventions such as the development of groundwater wells for agriculture; provision of subsidies and credit facilities for purchasing micro-irrigation equipment; and government policies on tax, tariffs and extension support. At the same time, the high profit margin realized from cash crop cultivation motivated farmers to invest in water lifting and related technologies. Finally, water scarcity and restrictions on the use of surface water, i.e., canals, prompted a shift to using water-lifting technologies to pump groundwater. The use of water pumps in agriculture has expanded the area under cultivation; increased cropping intensity, especially during the dry seasons; changed the cropping pattern from low-return rice cultivation to high-return cash crop cultivation; and enhanced household incomes. Expanded and intensified cultivation has provided more opportunities for women to participate in agriculture, generating additional income, and enhancing their purchasing power and decision-making at the household level. Some farmers do not have groundwater wells and water pumps because they lack the necessary capital to make the initial investment. Smallholder farmers, in particular, are reluctant to risk their limited income on new technologies. This may lead to the further marginalization of poor farmers. Inclusive intensification will require helping farmers to access irrigation technology, for example, through carefully targeted subsidies and access to credit. Using water pumps can provide benefits to both users and non-users, but uncontrolled groundwater extraction may also create new problems by putting enormous pressure on common property resources. The government will need to take on a dual role to both promote the inclusive growth of small-scale irrigation, and to prevent and mitigate its negative environmental impacts. This second role may include establishing a regulatory system, setting standards for well construction, and monitoring and enforcing standards on extraction and water quality. There is an urgent need for institutional measures and governance arrangements to guide and regulate groundwater irrigation, especially in the context of intensive cultivation using shallow aquifers.
14 Ranasinghe, R. D. A. K.; Korale-Gedara, P. M.; Weerasooriya, S. A. 2023. Climate change adaptation and adaptive capacities of dairy farmers: evidence from village tank cascade systems in Sri Lanka. Agricultural Systems, 206:103609. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2023.103609]
Climate change adaptation ; Dairy farming ; Farming systems ; Farmers ; Villages ; Tanks ; Natural resources ; Socioeconomic aspects ; Livelihoods ; Livestock ; Watersheds ; Indicators ; Gender ; Females ; Households ; Vulnerability / Sri Lanka / North Central Province / Anuradhapura / Nachchaduwa / Malwathu Oya River Basin / Siwalakulama / Thirappane
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051716)
(2.05 MB)
CONTEXT: Dairy farmers are affected by climate change (CC). To reduce the negative effects of CC, farmers need to take numerous adaptive measures. The ability to adapt is context-specific and there is a dearth of research on the adaptation and adaptive capacity (AC) of dairy farmers in village tank cascade systems (VTCS).
OBJECTIVE: The study investigates dairy farmers' perception of CC, their AC, adaptation, and the social and institutional drivers of AC and adaptation in the two selected VTCS in Sri Lanka. The knowledge of this is vital in planning specific interventions to enhance the climate resilience of farmers.
METHODS: The level of CC adaptation and AC was measured using the Activity-based Adaptation Index and Adaptive Capacity Index. Using an ordered logistic regression model, the determinants of the CC adaptation were examined. Social dimensions of AC are studied by comparing AC scores across social groups differentiated by income and gender. Data were collected from 200 dairy farmers in two VTCS in the Anuradhapura District, North Central Province of Sri Lanka, where dairy farming is predominantly practiced. Pre-tested structured questionnaires were used for data collection.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Pasture shortage, reduction in milk yield, and growth retardation of animals are reported as perceived CC effects by a majority of dairy farmers. The adaptation strategies mostly implemented by dairy farmers are aimed at reducing the effects of CC on animal physiology. A lesser number of farmers implement adaptation strategies that address pasture shortages. Farmer's perception of CC, socioeconomic characteristics and resource endowment determine the level of adaptation, while the AC moderates the relationship between perception and response to CC. The institutional and social context in which dairy farmers operate differentiates the AC of farmers. Women and poorer farmers tend to have a lower AC. The difference in AC across these social groups is explained by access to resources. The study recommends interventions to address social gaps in AC and highlights the importance of strengthening and expanding extension services and rural credit facilities.
SIGNIFICANCE: Globally, fewer studies have been conducted on the impacts of climate-related risks on dairy farming systems and adaptation in comparison with such risks and adaptation in crop farming. This study provides insights into resource-poor dairy farmers' responses to CC and potential solutions in using common resources in VTCS to reduce vulnerability to CC.
OBJECTIVE: The study investigates dairy farmers' perception of CC, their AC, adaptation, and the social and institutional drivers of AC and adaptation in the two selected VTCS in Sri Lanka. The knowledge of this is vital in planning specific interventions to enhance the climate resilience of farmers.
METHODS: The level of CC adaptation and AC was measured using the Activity-based Adaptation Index and Adaptive Capacity Index. Using an ordered logistic regression model, the determinants of the CC adaptation were examined. Social dimensions of AC are studied by comparing AC scores across social groups differentiated by income and gender. Data were collected from 200 dairy farmers in two VTCS in the Anuradhapura District, North Central Province of Sri Lanka, where dairy farming is predominantly practiced. Pre-tested structured questionnaires were used for data collection.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Pasture shortage, reduction in milk yield, and growth retardation of animals are reported as perceived CC effects by a majority of dairy farmers. The adaptation strategies mostly implemented by dairy farmers are aimed at reducing the effects of CC on animal physiology. A lesser number of farmers implement adaptation strategies that address pasture shortages. Farmer's perception of CC, socioeconomic characteristics and resource endowment determine the level of adaptation, while the AC moderates the relationship between perception and response to CC. The institutional and social context in which dairy farmers operate differentiates the AC of farmers. Women and poorer farmers tend to have a lower AC. The difference in AC across these social groups is explained by access to resources. The study recommends interventions to address social gaps in AC and highlights the importance of strengthening and expanding extension services and rural credit facilities.
SIGNIFICANCE: Globally, fewer studies have been conducted on the impacts of climate-related risks on dairy farming systems and adaptation in comparison with such risks and adaptation in crop farming. This study provides insights into resource-poor dairy farmers' responses to CC and potential solutions in using common resources in VTCS to reduce vulnerability to CC.
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