Your search found 14 records
1 Humphreys, E.; Tuong, T. P.; Buisson, Marie-Charlotte; Pukinskis, I.; Phillips, M. (Eds.) 2015. Proceedings of the CPWF, GBDC, WLE Conference on Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone: Turning Science into Policy and Practices, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 21-23 October 2014. Colombo, Sri Lanka: CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF). 600p.
Coastal area ; Surface water ; Water resources ; Water requirements ; Water use ; Water governance ; Water management ; Climate change ; Crop production ; Cropping systems ; Rice ; Oil crops ; Wheat ; Mustard ; Seasonal cropping ; Farming systems ; Farmers ; Groundwater irrigation ; Irrigation water ; Soil salinity ; Salt water intrusion ; Aquifers ; Bacteriological analysis ; Ecosystems ; Community involvement ; Rural communities ; Women ; Food production ; Households ; Living standards ; Aquaculture ; Fisheries ; Shrimp culture ; Diversification ; Land productivity ; Watermelons ; Pumps ; Incentives / Bangladesh / Barisal / West Bengal / Khulna / Ganges Coastal Zone / Sundarbans Region
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H047106)
https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/66389/Revitalizing%20the%20Ganges%20Coastal%20Zone%20Book_Low%20Version.pdf?sequence=1
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047106.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047106.pdf
(10.00 MB) (11.91 MB)
2 Hasan, M. R.; Shamsuddin, M.; Masud, M. S.; Hossain, A. F. M. A. 2015. Groundwater salinity zoning for development plans: a case study of four sub-districts in the southwestern coastal region of Bangladesh. In Humphreys, E.; Tuong, T. P.; Buisson, Marie-Charlotte; Pukinskis, I.; Phillips, M. (Eds.). Proceedings of the CPWF, GBDC, WLE Conference on Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone: Turning Science into Policy and Practices, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 21-23 October 2014. Colombo, Sri Lanka: CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF). pp.53-60.
Groundwater ; Salinity ; Coastal area ; Aquifers ; Shallow tube wells ; Freshwater ; Drinking water ; Water quality ; Chlorides ; Models ; Case studies / Bangladesh / Khulna / Satkhira / Dumuria / Batiaghata / Paikgacha / Tala
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H047193)
https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/66389/Revitalizing%20the%20Ganges%20Coastal%20Zone%20Book_Low%20Version.pdf?sequence=1
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047193.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047193.pdf
(0.51 MB) (11.9 MB)
3 Kabir, M. P.; Islam, M. A.; Akber, M. A. 2015. Bacteriological assessment of managed aquifer recharge (MAR) water in southwest coastal areas of Bangladesh. In Humphreys, E.; Tuong, T. P.; Buisson, Marie-Charlotte; Pukinskis, I.; Phillips, M. (Eds.). Proceedings of the CPWF, GBDC, WLE Conference on Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone: Turning Science into Policy and Practices, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 21-23 October 2014. Colombo, Sri Lanka: CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF). pp.82-88.
Groundwater recharge ; Aquifers ; Coastal area ; Drinking water ; Water quality ; Domestic water ; Water storage ; Water purification ; Bacteriological analysis ; Biological contamination ; Chemicophysical properties ; Wells ; Ponds / Southwest Bangladesh / Khulna / Bagerhat / Dacope / Batiaghata / Mongla
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H047196)
https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/66389/Revitalizing%20the%20Ganges%20Coastal%20Zone%20Book_Low%20Version.pdf?sequence=1
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047196.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047196.pdf
(0.27 MB) (11.9 MB)
4 Mondal, M. K.; Humphreys, E.; Tuong, T. P.; Rahman, M. N.; Islam, M. K. 2015. Community water management and cropping system synchronization: the keys to unlocking the production potential of the polder ecosystems in Bangladesh. In Humphreys, E.; Tuong, T. P.; Buisson, Marie-Charlotte; Pukinskis, I.; Phillips, M. (Eds.). Proceedings of the CPWF, GBDC, WLE Conference on Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone: Turning Science into Policy and Practices, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 21-23 October 2014. Colombo, Sri Lanka: CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF). pp.119-130.
Water management ; Community involvement ; Cropping systems ; Reclaimed land ; Ecosystems ; Watersheds ; Salinity ; Rivers ; Drainage ; Sluices ; Crop management ; Rice ; Maize ; Helianthus annuus ; Wheat ; Farmers ; Rain ; Coastal area / Bangladesh / Khulna / Batiaghata / Kismatfultola
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H047198)
https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/66389/Revitalizing%20the%20Ganges%20Coastal%20Zone%20Book_Low%20Version.pdf?sequence=1
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047198.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047198.pdf
(0.48 MB) (11.9 MB)
5 Mondal, M. K.; Paul, P. L. C.; Humphreys, E.; Tuong, T. P.; Ritu, S. P.; Rashid, M. A. 2015. Opportunities for cropping system intensification in the coastal zone of Bangladesh. In Humphreys, E.; Tuong, T. P.; Buisson, Marie-Charlotte; Pukinskis, I.; Phillips, M. (Eds.). Proceedings of the CPWF, GBDC, WLE Conference on Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone: Turning Science into Policy and Practices, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 21-23 October 2014. Colombo, Sri Lanka: CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF). pp.449-476.
Cropping systems ; Crop management ; Seasonal cropping ; Intensification ; Coastal area ; High yielding varieties ; Crop yield ; Rice ; Sowing date ; Fertilizer application ; Harvesting ; Farmers ; Water levels ; Drainage ; Rain ; Salinity ; Temperature / Bangladesh / Khulna / Barguna / Barisal / Amtali / Batiaghata / Bazarkhali / Hatbati / Kismat Fultola
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H047210)
https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/66389/Revitalizing%20the%20Ganges%20Coastal%20Zone%20Book_Low%20Version.pdf?sequence=1
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047210.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047210.pdf
(0.73 MB) (11.9 MB)
6 Okwany, Romulus O.; Prathapar, Sanmugam; Bastakoti, Ram C.; Mondal, M. K. 2016. Shallow subsurface drainage for managing seasonal flooding in Ganges floodplain, Bangladesh. Irrigation and Drainage, 65(5):712-723. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.1990]
Subsurface drainage ; Flood control ; Water management ; Groundwater table ; Water levels ; Surface water ; Ponds ; Canals ; Monsoon climate ; Seasonal cropping ; Rice ; Winter crops ; Sunflowers ; Harvesting ; Soil moisture ; Precipitation ; Evaporation ; Monitoring ; Farmers ; Community involvement ; Floodplains / Bangladesh / Ganges Floodplain / Khulna / Batiaghata
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047979)
(2.02 MB) (2.02 MB)
The impact of shallow subsurface drainage was investigated as a pilot study on a 0.13 ha plot of a farmer’s field located in Batiaghata, Khulna District, Bangladesh, in the floodplain of the Bay of Bengal. The drainage design differed from traditional subsurface tile drains in two respects: (i) the depth of drains was shallow (30 cm); and (ii) the design did not include a sump and accessories such as pumps (drainage outlets were tidal).
A monsoonal paddy rice crop followed by a winter sunflower crop was evaluated. The experimental treatment was a shallow subsurface drainage system with a drain depth of 0.3 m and drain spacing of 8 m. Measurements of surface flooding depth and groundwater table depth were made weekly and subsurface drainage discharge during managed drainage of the field was measured to determine system responsiveness. The managed subsurface drainage enabled the establishment of the winter sunflower crop 1.5 months earlier than the usual local practice, increased the yield and facilitated safe harvest, avoiding pre-monsoonal rainfall damage. Farmers expressed increased interest in managed subsurface drainage for its potential for early establishment of rabi crops and increased yields in the study area. This study outlines the potential benefits resulting from subsurface drainage in Khulna District.
A monsoonal paddy rice crop followed by a winter sunflower crop was evaluated. The experimental treatment was a shallow subsurface drainage system with a drain depth of 0.3 m and drain spacing of 8 m. Measurements of surface flooding depth and groundwater table depth were made weekly and subsurface drainage discharge during managed drainage of the field was measured to determine system responsiveness. The managed subsurface drainage enabled the establishment of the winter sunflower crop 1.5 months earlier than the usual local practice, increased the yield and facilitated safe harvest, avoiding pre-monsoonal rainfall damage. Farmers expressed increased interest in managed subsurface drainage for its potential for early establishment of rabi crops and increased yields in the study area. This study outlines the potential benefits resulting from subsurface drainage in Khulna District.
7 Mutahara, M.; Warner, J. F.; Wals, A. E. J.; Khan, M. S. A.; Wester, P. 2018. Social learning for adaptive delta management: tidal river management in the Bangladesh Delta. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 34(6):923-943. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2017.1326880]
Natural resources management ; Deltas ; Water resources ; Water management ; Rivers ; Social aspects ; Participatory approaches ; Community involvement ; Stakeholders ; Institutional development ; State intervention ; Technology ; Coastal area / Bangladesh / Bangladesh Delta / Khulna / Jessore
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048945)
(1.53 MB)
The article analyzes Tidal River Management in Bangladesh from a social learning perspective. Four cases were investigated using participatory assessment. Knowledge acquisition through transformations in the Tidal River Management process was explored as an intended learning outcome. The study finds that social learning occurred more prominently at the individual stakeholder level and less at the collective level. For Tidal River Management to be responsive and sustainable, especially in times of increased uncertainty and climate vulnerability, more attention needs to be paid to coordination and facilitation of multi-level learning that includes all stakeholders.
8 Mink, A.; Hoque, B. A.; Khanam, S.; van Halem, D. 2019. Mobile crowd participation to root small-scale piped water supply systems in India and Bangladesh. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 9(1):139-151. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2019.117]
Water supply ; Pipes ; Small scale systems ; Participatory approaches ; Water quality ; Arsenic ; Contamination ; Sustainability ; Drinking water ; Tube wells ; Households ; Socioeconomic environment ; Smartphones ; Monitoring ; Deltas / India / Bangladesh / Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta / Bhojpur / Khulna / Chittagong
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049309)
https://iwaponline.com/washdev/article-pdf/9/1/139/583055/washdev0090139.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049309.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049309.pdf
(0.51 MB) (520 KB)
In the arsenic-contaminated Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta in India and Bangladesh, small-scale piped water supply seems a promising way to provide safe drinking water to households in the region. The use of smartphone applications can support monitoring of the system and enhance local engagement and empowerment. In this paper the scope for mobile crowd participation as a research and monitoring tool for piped water supply systems in Bihar, India and in Khulna and Chittagong, Bangladesh is investigated. In these areas, the use of smartphones and internet access are growing rapidly and smartphone applications would enable real-time water quality monitoring, payment of water bills, awareness creation, and a dialogue between the end-user and the water supplier. To identify the relevance and acceptability of piped water supply and smartphone monitoring, four surveys with potential end-users were conducted. Based on these surveys we conclude that in the investigated areas there is a desire for piped water systems, that households already own smartphones with internet access, and that there is an interest in smartphone monitoring. The enabling environment to deploy mobile crowd participation for piped water system monitoring stimulates further research towards an investigation of potential functionalities and the actual development of such an application.
9 Mukherjee, A. (Ed.) 2018. Groundwater of South Asia. Singapore: Springer. 799p. (Springer Hydrogeology) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3889-1]
Groundwater management ; Water resources ; Groundwater recharge ; Groundwater irrigation ; Water availability ; Water quality ; Freshwater ; Water governance ; Climate change ; Water storage ; Aquifers ; Hydrology ; Geology ; Water pollution ; Contamination ; Arsenic compounds ; Fluorides ; Coastal areas ; Salinity ; Arid zones ; Legal frameworks ; Surface water ; Water security ; Forecasting ; Investment ; Smallholders ; Socioeconomic impact / South Asia / Afghanistan / Bangladesh / Bhutan / India / Myanmar / Nepal / Pakistan / Sri Lanka / West Bengal / Bay of Bengal / Delhi / Kerala / Kashmir / Nadia / Khulna / Satkhira / Sundarbans / Bengal Basin / Kabul River Basin / Gangetic Basin / Ganges River Basin / Meghna River Basin / Indus River Basin / Brahmaputra River Basin / Farakka Barrage
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy SF Record No: H049987)
10 Haldar, K.; Kujawa-Roeleveld, K.; Schoenmakers, M.; Datta, D. K.; Rijnaarts, H.; Vos, J. 2021. Institutional challenges and stakeholder perception towards planned water reuse in peri-urban agriculture of the Bengal Delta. Journal of Environmental Management, 283:111974. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.111974]
Water reuse ; Peri-urban agriculture ; Institutions ; Stakeholders ; Governance ; Wastewater treatment ; Water supply ; Water management ; Drinking water ; Irrigation water ; Willingness to pay ; Farmers ; Households ; Policies ; Climate change ; Economic aspects ; Deltas / Bangladesh / Bengal Delta / Khulna
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050277)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479721000360/pdfft?md5=6b237a5238262749b353a854d4c2751a&pid=1-s2.0-S0301479721000360-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050277.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050277.pdf
(3.18 MB) (3.18 MB)
The indirect, unplanned use of urban wastewater by peri-urban farmers in developing countries poses a severe risk to the environment and the farmers. Planned water reuse could contribute substantially to the irrigation water demand in peri-urban agriculture and minimize the risk. However, implementing such practice requires a thorough evaluation of stakeholder's perception and the scope within the existing organizational structures. This paper aims to assess the level of awareness, perception, and willingness of different stakeholders toward current practices and the prospect of urban water reuse in Khulna City - one of the most vulnerable cities located in the southwest of Bangladesh due to the consequences of rapid climate changes in the Bengal delta. Also, institutional arrangements and their functioning were analyzed to understand the current sectoral performance. One questionnaire with 385 respondents from the urban area, 32 in-depth interviews and one focus group discussion with farmers in the peri-urban area, and ten interviews with key informants from the government and non-government organization was conducted. Results indicate an overall positive attitude among major stakeholder groups toward planned water reuse for peri-urban agriculture. More than half of the citizens (53%) are willing to pay for the treatment of wastewater and majority of the farmers (66%) are willing to pay for the supply of better-quality irrigation water. However, the public sector responsible for wastewater collection and treatment requires adjustment in rules and regulations to implement planned water reuse. Interrelated factors such as lack of transparency and coordination, shifting responsibilities to other organizations, lack of required resources need to be addressed in the updated rules and regulations. Strategies to enforce current regulations and align all stakeholders are also crucial for collection and treatment of wastewater and its subsequent use for crop production.
11 Paparrizos, S.; Kumar, U.; Amjath-Babu, T. S.; Ludwig, F. 2021. Are farmers willing to pay for participatory climate information services? Insights from a case study in peri-urban Khulna, Bangladesh. Climate Services, 23:100241. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cliser.2021.100241]
Farmers ; Willingness to pay ; Climate change ; Information services ; Participatory approaches ; Peri-urban agriculture ; Smallholders ; Resilience ; Valuation ; Decision making ; Communities ; Agricultural extension ; Households ; Case studies / Bangladesh / Khulna
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050754)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405880721000297/pdfft?md5=eef7e0da5266ec867be5028a1d33705d&pid=1-s2.0-S2405880721000297-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050754.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050754.pdf
(6.40 MB) (6.40 MB)
Among technological adaptation options, climate information services (CIS) offers high potential as a means to offset climate change impacts and build resilience in farming areas of developing countries. This study explores the potential of CIS, by investigating the case of participatory CIS development in the Lower Ganges Delta of Bangladesh. Specifically, we examined the value farmers attached to a co-developed CIS as decision support tool and the price farmers were willing to pay for CIS subscriptions. Based on a hypothetical market for CIS, we used contingent valuation with a double-bounded dichotomous choice format to determine farmers willingness to pay (WTP) for CIS. Two samples were included: an experiment group of farmers exposed to and trained in CIS use for farm decision-making and a control group of farmers without prior exposure to CIS. More than 90% of farmers in the experiment group expressed willingness to pay for CIS, compared to 75% of the control group. The annual subscription fees farmers were willing to pay ranged from 970.92 taka (US $11.45) to 1387.20 taka ($16.36). WTP was greater among farmers who had participated in CIS co-development. The main factors influencing farmers’ willingness to pay were CIS cost and prior exposure and training to CIS. Given that Bangladesh has more than 16.5 million farm households, these findings suggest huge market potential for CIS. Based on the high potential of participatory CIS, governmental institutions, the private sector and social entrepreneurs are called upon to develop CIS for smallholders, to unlock smallholders’ agriculture potential.
12 Hasan, Md. M.; Shuvho, Md. B. A.; Chowdhury, M. A.; Alam, A. K. M. M.; Hassan, M.; Hossain, N. 2022. Water criteria evaluation for drinking and irrigation purposes: a case study in one of the largest rivers of Sundarbans World Heritage Region. Water Supply, 22(6):5800-5817. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2022.198]
Drinking water ; Irrigation water ; Water quality ; Hydrochemistry ; Surface water ; Water supply ; River water ; Salinity ; Case studies / Bangladesh / Sundarbans / Pasur River / Khulna
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051256)
https://iwaponline.com/ws/article-pdf/22/6/5800/1070921/ws022065800.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051256.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051256.pdf
(0.64 MB) (654 KB)
Pasur river is one of the largest rivers in the World Heritage Sundarbans mangrove forest region of the southwestern part of Bangladesh. Due to lack of alternative sources, more than 1 million inhabitants living in the Pasur river basin area rely heavily on the river water for domestic, irrigation, and industrial purposes without proper and reliable information on the water qualities and contamination types. The study aimed at evaluating the suitability and sustainability for irrigation and consumption practices, and suitable hydrogeochemical techniques and quality of Pasur river water of Sundarbon region of Bangladesh were investigated. Water samples were collected from six locations during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons and assessed for suitability for drinking and irrigation application. The water quality index (WQI) was calculated to evaluate the suitability for drinking. WQI indicates that the river water samples during both the seasons are safe for drinking in the good category. Sodium percentage (Na%), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), magnesium hazard (MH), residual sodium carbonate (RSC) were investigated to assess the feasibility for agricultural applications. Most of the indices, such as SAR, Na%, and RSC results recommend that the river water is safe for irrigation. A suggestion is made that MH in river water should be controlled for the use of water in irrigation. United States Salinity Laboratory (USSL) diagram and Wilcox diagram analysis also identified that river water as a usable category for irrigation purposes is feasible during both seasons.
13 Islam, M. R. 2023. Factors influencing economic benefit of rainwater harvesting: an empirical analysis. AQUA - Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society, 72(1):32-48. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2022.040]
Rainwater harvesting ; Economic benefits ; Household surveys ; Poverty reduction ; Poverty alleviation ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Socioeconomic aspects ; Climate change ; Water supply ; Water use ; Infrastructure ; Water management / Bangladesh / Khulna / Bagerhat / Mongla
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051623)
https://iwaponline.com/aqua/article-pdf/72/1/32/1163987/jws0720032.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051623.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051623.pdf
(0.46 MB) (472 KB)
This study examines key factors influencing the economic benefit of rainwater harvesting on the household at the Mongla Upazila in the Bagerhat district of coastal Bangladesh. The household survey questionnaire was used to collect primary data from 1040 households. The Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression analysis was applied to understand the relationship between economic benefit and factors that can affect economic benefit in the household. The empirical result shows that income (1.103**), storage capacity (0.574***), water price (32708.9***), age of rainwater harvesting (100.083***), and total cost (1.627***) positively impact economic benefit while the number of children (35.531**) has a negative relationship. The finding confirms the validity of statistical hypotheses. In addition, heterogeneity analysis was employed to test the model's strength and robustness check to validate the structural function and efficiency of the regression model. The finding concludes with policy recommendations, especially for rain-intensive countries that focus on (i) formulating and implementing rainwater harvesting policy; (ii) integrating rainwater harvesting as a tool for poverty reduction and achieving sustainable development goals; (iii) minimizing mismanagement of (rain) water that causes floods; (iv) initiating programmes and taking the necessary steps for providing financial and non-financial incentives for rainwater harvesting in commercial, and non-commercial buildings.
14 Clech, L.; Sierra, J. P.; Mannan, M. A.; Kabir, M. M. S.; Barua, M.; Espinoza, J.-C.; Ridde, V. 2024. Local social-ecological context explains seasonal rural-rural migration of the poorest in South-West Bangladesh. PLOS Climate, 3(3):e0000239. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000239]
Migration ; Social-ecological resilience ; Environmental degradation ; Waterlogging ; Rainfall ; Livelihoods ; Shrimp culture ; Labour market ; Households ; Brackish water ; Ecosystem services ; Sustainability / Bangladesh / Khulna / Satkhira / Tala Upazila
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052755)
https://journals.plos.org/climate/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pclm.0000239&type=printable
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052755.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052755.pdf
(2.00 MB) (2.00 MB)
Bangladesh is one of the countries most affected by climate change. Internal migration is often presented as a response to environmental degradation. Here, using a people-centred perspective, we explore the complexity of the links between climate-induced change, environmental degradation caused by waterlogging and seasonal rural migration. We used an inductive qualitative approach in social sciences, conducting fourteen semi-directed interviews and six focus group discussions in March-April 2022. We related those results to a rainfall analysis on CHIRPS data for 1981-2021and we represented interactions and feedback between changes and livelihoods in a model. A complex picture of the situation is emerging, showing the interweaving effects of non-climatic and climatic changes, their interplay at different scales, their cumulative effects, the interactions between livelihood types and feedback between social and natural systems. Most of the climate-induced changes gradually become noticeable over the past 25 years. Climate data confirm these changes in recent decades, with July being wetter and January being dryer. Villagers reported waterlogging as the most significant change in their community, pointing to its multiple causes, originating in non-local and local, non-climatic anthropic changes, exacerbated by shrimp farm enclosures and worsened by climate-induced changes such as heavier rains, wetter monsoons and cyclones. Tiger prawn farms, reported as a lucrative and local adaptation to waterlogging and salinisation for the ones who can afford it, worsen the situation for the less wealthy, causing waterlogging and salinisation of the adjacent agricultural lands and buildings, the disappearance of traditional fishing and a reduction of the local job market. In addition, erratic rain patterns, droughts and cyclones affect local production and labour markets. COVID-19 lockdowns, by impacting markets and mobilities, further aggravated the situation. Inequality has increased as the range of adaptations of the less wealthy appears limited in this context of multiple crises.
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