Your search found 9 records
1 Paranavitana, K. D.; de Silva, R. K. 2002. Maps and plans of Dutch Ceylon: A representative collection of cartography from the Dutch period. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Central Cultural Fund; Sri Lanka - Netherlands Association. viii, 187p. (A garland of seven buds)
Maps ; Geography ; History ; Canals ; Watercourses / Sri Lanka / Colombo / Negombo / Chilaw / Puttalam / Kalpitiya / Kalutara / Galle / Matara / Jaffna / Trincomalee / Batticaloa / Mannar / Kandy
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 912 G744 PAR Record No: H031091)
2 Kikuchi, M.; Weligamage, P.; Barker, R.; Samad, M.; Kono, H.; Somaratne, H. M. 2003. Agro-well and pump diffusion in the dry zone of Sri Lanka: past trends, present status and future prospects. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). v, 48p. (IWMI Research Report 066) [doi: https://doi.org/10.3910/2009.021]
Wells ; Construction technology ; Pumps ; Arid zones ; Investment ; Irrigation systems ; Irrigation programs ; Rice ; Estimation ; Farmer-led irrigation ; Investment / Sri Lanka / Kalpitiya
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.1 G744 KIK Record No: H032520)
(822KB)
The use of shallow wells, equipped with small pumps, to lift groundwater has spread rapidly in many agricultural regions of tropical monsoonal Asia. In Sri Lanka, the rapid and pervasive invasion of agro-wells and pumps drew the attention of policymakers and researchers, but many questions were left unanswered due to lack of research in the area. This study aims to fill this gap in knowledge, based on observations and data obtained in field surveys conducted in major and minor irrigation schemes in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. This report gives the key findings of this study into the pattern, extent and causes of the spread and use of agro-wells and pumps in traditional villages and irrigated settlement schemes. It investigates farmer investments in agro-wells and pumps, the private internal rate of return to these investments, the economic viability of investments and incentives for farmers to make investments
3 2004. Water quality Sri Lanka. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Net Wwater. 1 CD.
Water quality ; Water resources ; Rivers ; Groundwater ; Water pollution ; Effluents ; Reservoirs ; Flood water ; Women ; Diseases ; Public health ; Water supply ; Drinking water ; Fish farming ; Groundwater ; Wells ; Pollution control ; Legislation / Sri Lanka / Pinga Oya / Nanu Oya / Kirindi Oya / Kelani River / Pavithra Ganga / Katawala Anicut / Mahaweli River / Deduru Oya / Mundel Lake / Kalpitiya
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: CD Col Record No: H037092)
A net Wwater Production supported by GWP, through Lanka Jalani
4 Gunawardena, E. R. N. 2001? Pollution of water resources in Sri Lanka with special reference to agricultural pollution. In University of Peradeniya. Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture (PGIA). Silver Jubilee commemorative volume, Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, 1975-2000. Peradeniya, Sri Lanka: University of Peradeniya. PGIA. pp.116-126.
Water pollution ; Irrigation water ; Water resources ; Water quality ; Fertilizers ; Farm size ; Rain-fed farming ; Irrigated farming ; Vegetables ; Soil properties / Sri Lanka / Nuwara Eliya / Black Pool / Pattipola / Jaffna / Killinochchi / Kalpitiya / Kotmale Reservoir
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 378.155 G744 UNI Record No: H038585)
(0.69 MB)
5 Melvani, K.; Chandrasekera, K.; Mudannayake, R. 2006. The role of trees in the bioremediation of drinking water: a research experiment in Nawakkaduwa, Kalpitiya. In Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC). Sustainable development of water resources, water supply and environmental sanitation: 32nd WEDC International Conference, Bandaranaike Memorial International Conference Hall, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 13th - 17th November 2006. Preprints. Leicestershire, UK: Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC) pp.608-616.
Trees ; Bioremediation ; Pollution control ; Drinking water ; Water quality ; Public health / Sri Lanka / Kalpitiya / Nawakkaduwa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 WAT Record No: H041053)
6 Gunawardena, J.; Muthuwatta, Lal; Fernando, M. J. J.; Rathnayake, S.; Rodrigo, T. M. A. S. K.; Gunawardena, A. (Eds.) 2015. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Environment Management and Planning, Battaramulla, Sri Lanka, 23-24 February 2015. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Central Environmental Authority (CEA). 55p.
Environmental management ; Forest plantations ; Drug plants ; Tea ; Rubber industry ; Agroforestry ; Biodiversity ; Wildlife ; Freshwater ; Water quality ; Groundwater pollution ; Water deficit ; Land use ; Paddy fields ; Constructed wetlands ; Carbon ; Meteorology ; Models ; Satellite surveys ; GIS ; Remote sensing ; Maps ; Soil salinity ; Erosion ; Sand ; Solar radiation ; Watersheds ; Aquifers ; River basins ; Tanks ; Energy generation ; Bioremediation ; Waste management ; Performance evaluation ; Toxic substances ; Pollutant load ; Noise pollution ; Denitrification ; Leachates ; Biofertilizers ; Aquatic insects ; Food production ; Fishing ; Farmers ; Vegetable growing ; Vermicomposting ; Health hazards ; Malaria ; Case studies ; Arid zones ; Coastal area ; Coral reefs / Sri Lanka / India / Tangalle / Vavuniya / Jaffna / Killinochchi / Mullaitivu / Mannar / Kalpitiya / Colombo / Kalutara / Matara / Weligama / Badulla / Upper Mahaweli Catchment / Paraviwella Reef / Vairavapuliyankulam Tank / Kelani River / Himalayan Region
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H046899)
(1.32 MB)
7 Aheeyar, Mohamed; Manthrithilake, Herath; Pathmarajah, S. 2016. Drivers of the adoption of farmer-innovated sprinkler irrigation systems: evidence from Kalpitiya, Sri Lanka. Paper presented at the 8th International Perspective on Water Resources and the Environment, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 4-6 January 2016. 14p.
Irrigation systems ; Microirrigation ; Sprinkler irrigation ; Drip irrigation ; Groundwater irrigation ; Farmers ; Crops ; Cultivation ; Labour ; Costs ; Water conservation ; Pumps ; Farmers ; Farming systems ; Energy ; Policy making / Sri Lanka / Kalpitiya
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047399)
(0.83 MB)
Since the 1980s, along with many other countries, Sri Lanka rapidly embraced groundwater irrigation. At the same time, the government, externally funded projects and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) made bold efforts to promote water-saving technologies, such as drip and sprinkler irrigation systems, among farmers, but achieved little or no success. Despite the continuous failure in the promotion of 'professionally designed', micro-irrigation systems across the country, grassroots innovations have emerged. These locally initiated endeavors, mainly in sprinkler irrigation, have been adopted comfortably and competently by the farmers themselves without any external assistance. Farmers in the Kalpitiya Peninsula have adopted this technology within a few years. This paper presents the 'drivers' behind this spontaneous 'irrigation revolution' that has occurred in the peninsula. The findings indicate that the adoption of sprinkler irrigation in this groundwater-based agricultural ecosystem has brought in tremendous changes to agricultural practices, and also to the lifestyles and livelihoods of the people living in the area. These positive and desirable results have been obtained with zero subsidy provision, and without any external inputs from the government or NGOs. Adoption of this sprinkler system for irrigation has increased the net sown area, net irrigated area and cropping intensity, resulting in significant economic returns and welfare gains. The low-cost sprinkler innovations are considered as an input cost that is recoverable within a year or two, rather than a long-term capital investment. The main drivers of this technological shift are (i) significant reduction in the cost of irrigation due to lower expenditure on labor and energy; (ii) user-friendly and affordable technology; (iii) easy to assemble, install and manage (operation and maintenance); (iv) easy access to components and spare parts (locally available); (v) potential to cultivate high-value cash crops; (vi) environmental context of the area (high number of rainless days, year-round availability of groundwater resources, low water-holding capacity of sandy soil); and (vii) immediate connection to markets through mobile phones and improved road networks. Promotion of micro-irrigation exclusively as a water-saving technology, as done in the past, is not a motive for farmers to adopt micro-irrigation systems. This is particularly the case where farmers do not recognize water scarcity as a 'real constraint'. Conserving water and sustainable management of the resource, at least for the time being, is not factored in farmers decision making.
8 Aheeyar, Mohamed; Manthrithilake, Herath; Pathmarajah, S.; Makin, Ian W. 2016. Groundwater development through sprinkler irrigation: consequences of a lack of a governance structure in Kalpitiya, Sri Lanka. In Pathmarajah, S. (Ed.). Symposium Proceedings of Groundwater Availability and Use in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 22 July 2016. Peradeniya, Sri Lanka: Cap-Net Lanka; University of Peradeniya. Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture (PGIA). pp.115-127.
Groundwater development ; Groundwater depletion ; Groundwater irrigation ; Water resources ; Water use efficiency ; Water demand ; Water scarcity ; Sprinkler irrigation ; Irrigation efficiency ; Irrigation water ; Governance ; Farmers ; Farming systems ; Cropping systems ; Intensification ; Living standards ; Arid zones ; Cultivated land ; Aquifers / Sri Lanka / Kalpitiya
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048018)
Groundwater provides nearly 100 % of the water supplies in some districts of Sri Lanka and is a major source of domestic water in all other districts. However, the resource remains largely neglected and invisible to society and policymakers. Groundwater offers the advantage of being a more reliable and readily available resource for agriculture, and offers the basis for a ‘silent revolution’ in many areas. A groundwater-supported agricultural boom has, while imparting a large number of benefits, created its own set of obstinate problems, including over-exploitation and depletion of groundwater resources. In some districts, over-exploitation is putting the livelihoods of farmers that have come to depend on groundwater resources in jeopardy.
Micro-irrigation technologies have been widely promoted as a means of reducing water demand by enhancing farm-level water-use efficiency. These technologies are proven to improve irrigation uniformity; increase irrigation application efficiency, by reducing soil evaporation and seepage losses; and increase crop productivity. It is assumed that using these technologies will enable water to be reallocated for other uses. The Government of Sri Lanka has made repeated attempts to promote micro-irrigation as a means of improving irrigation performance to minimize water scarcity in areas of the Dry Zone. These attempts have involved providing substantial heavy subsidies, but have met with little success in terms of adoption of ‘professionally designed’ installations. However, in Kalpitiya, farmers have adopted a locally designed sprinkler technology within a short period of time without subsidies and professional design inputs.
This paper reviews the evolving agricultural boom as a result of groundwater and sprinkler irrigation that has occurred on the Kalpitiya peninsula. The development of a farmer-led sprinkler technology is assessed with reference to improving livelihoods of the people, and the potential consequences on sustainable management of groundwater resources. The experiences in Kalpitiya show that, in the absence of effective groundwater governance and policies, supported with appropriate institutions, micro-irrigation has enabled the expansion of the cultivated area and crop intensification. This has increased, rather than decreased, net water use on the peninsula. The estimated increase in water withdrawals is 14,490 m3/ha /y. This indicates that promoting efficient technologies alone is not sufficient to achieve water savings, which requires control of overall abstractions and recharge levels to stabilize aquifer storage. In the absence of an appropriate regulatory framework and lack of political will to manage groundwater, it is recommended that the social framework and community governance arrangements are developed and strengthened to enable sustainable use of groundwater resources.
Micro-irrigation technologies have been widely promoted as a means of reducing water demand by enhancing farm-level water-use efficiency. These technologies are proven to improve irrigation uniformity; increase irrigation application efficiency, by reducing soil evaporation and seepage losses; and increase crop productivity. It is assumed that using these technologies will enable water to be reallocated for other uses. The Government of Sri Lanka has made repeated attempts to promote micro-irrigation as a means of improving irrigation performance to minimize water scarcity in areas of the Dry Zone. These attempts have involved providing substantial heavy subsidies, but have met with little success in terms of adoption of ‘professionally designed’ installations. However, in Kalpitiya, farmers have adopted a locally designed sprinkler technology within a short period of time without subsidies and professional design inputs.
This paper reviews the evolving agricultural boom as a result of groundwater and sprinkler irrigation that has occurred on the Kalpitiya peninsula. The development of a farmer-led sprinkler technology is assessed with reference to improving livelihoods of the people, and the potential consequences on sustainable management of groundwater resources. The experiences in Kalpitiya show that, in the absence of effective groundwater governance and policies, supported with appropriate institutions, micro-irrigation has enabled the expansion of the cultivated area and crop intensification. This has increased, rather than decreased, net water use on the peninsula. The estimated increase in water withdrawals is 14,490 m3/ha /y. This indicates that promoting efficient technologies alone is not sufficient to achieve water savings, which requires control of overall abstractions and recharge levels to stabilize aquifer storage. In the absence of an appropriate regulatory framework and lack of political will to manage groundwater, it is recommended that the social framework and community governance arrangements are developed and strengthened to enable sustainable use of groundwater resources.
9 Pathmarajah, S. (Ed.) 2016. Symposium Proceedings of Groundwater Availability and Use in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 22 July 2016. Peradeniya, Sri Lanka: Cap-Net Lanka; University of Peradeniya. Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture (PGIA). 161p.
Groundwater management ; Groundwater development ; Water availability ; Water use ; Water quality ; Water policy ; Water governance ; Arid zones ; Cultivation ; Monitoring ; Community management ; Surface water ; Irrigation schemes ; Sprinkler irrigation ; Case studies / Sri Lanka / North Central Province / Anuradhapura District / Kalpitiya / Huruluwewa Irrigation Scheme
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 553.79 G744 PAT Record No: H049046)
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