Your search found 4 records
1 Bryan, E.; Hagos, Fitsum; Mekonnen, D.; Gemeda, D. A.; Yimam, S.. 2020. The diffusion of small-scale irrigation technologies in Ethiopia: stakeholder analysis using Net-Map. Washington, DC, USA: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). 42p. (IFPRI Discussion Paper 01950) [doi: https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.133847]
Irrigation ; Small scale systems ; Technology ; Stakeholders ; Participatory approaches ; Institutions ; Government agencies ; Private sector ; Nongovernmental organizations ; Donors ; International organizations ; Funding ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Financing ; Policies / Ethiopia / Oromia / Addis Ababa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050169)
https://ebrary.ifpri.org/utils/getfile/collection/p15738coll2/id/133847/filename/134058.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050169.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050169.pdf
(1.62 MB) (1.62 MB)
Small-scale irrigation (SSI) provides great benefits to farmers in terms of increased yields and profits, better food and nutrition security and greater resilience to climate shocks. Ethiopia has high potential for expanding SSI and has invested considerably in this area in recent years. Despite these investments, several challenges to further expansion of irrigation technologies remain. Different stakeholders in the country play important roles in overcoming these barriers to further scale technologies for SSI. This paper explores institutional arrangements for the diffusion of small-scale irrigation technologies by mapping the landscape of key actors involved, their interconnections, and their influence. This paper draws on an analysis of stakeholder data collected through two participatory workshops in Ethiopia, one at the national level and one at the Oromia regional level, using the Net-Map approach. Results show the dominance of government actors in the diffusion of SSI at both the national and regional levels, while most private sector and NGO actors remain in the periphery. Participants in both workshops highlighted the need for increased financing services to support the adoption of SSI and measures aimed at increasing the supply of high-quality irrigation equipment, such as modern water lifting technologies. One notable difference between the national and regional results was that at the regional level, farmers, and to some extent traders and input suppliers, were considered to be more influential in the diffusion of irrigation technologies, while they were considered marginal actors at the national level.
2 Balana, B.; Mekonnen, D.; Haile, B.; Hagos, Fitsum; Yimam, S.; Ringler, C. 2020. Are smallholder farmers credit constrained? evidence on demand and supply constraints of credit in Ethiopia and Tanzania. Washington, DC, USA: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). 28p. (IFPRI Discussion Paper 01974) [doi: https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.134152]
Agricultural credit ; Loans ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Supply balance ; Constraints ; Households ; Gender ; Women ; Socioeconomic environment ; Technology transfer ; Adoption ; Microfinance ; Financial institutions ; Risk factors ; Policies ; Small scale systems ; Irrigation ; Econometric models / Ethiopia / United Republic of Tanzania
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050170)
https://ebrary.ifpri.org/utils/getfile/collection/p15738coll2/id/134152/filename/134363.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050170.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050170.pdf
(1.02 MB) (1.02 MB)
Credit constraint is considered by many as one of the key barriers to adoption of modern agricultural technologies, such as chemical fertilizer, improved seeds, and irrigation technologies, among smallholders. Past research and much policy discourse associates agricultural credit constraints with supply-side factors, such as limited access to credit sources or high costs of borrowing. However, demand-side factors, such as risk-aversion and financial illiteracy among borrowers, as well as high transaction costs, can also play important roles in credit-rationing for smallholders. Using primary survey data from Ethiopia and Tanzania, this study examines the nature of credit constraints facing smallholders and the factors that affect credit constraints. In addition, we assess whether credit constraints are gender-differentiated. Results show that demand-side credit constraints are at least as important as supply-side factors in both countries. Women are more likely to be credit constrained (from both the supply and demand sides) than men. Based on these findings, we suggest that policies should focus on addressing both supply- and demand-side credit constraints, including through targeted interventions to reduce risk, such as crop insurance and gender-sensitive policies to improve women’s access to credit.
3 Balana, B. B.; Mekonnen, D.; Haile, B.; Hagos, Fitsum; Yimam, S.; Ringler, C. 2022. Demand and supply constraints of credit in smallholder farming: evidence from Ethiopia and Tanzania. World Development, 159:106033. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.106033]
Small-scale farming ; Agricultural credit ; Constraints ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Small-scale irrigation ; Technology ; Farm inputs ; Fertilizers ; Seeds ; Social capital ; Loans ; Access to information ; Gender ; Women ; Households ; Policies ; Econometric models / Africa South of Sahara / Ethiopia / United Republic of Tanzania
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051370)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X22002236/pdfft?md5=ddde6b5c9938f033ed7af7bb061e70f7&pid=1-s2.0-S0305750X22002236-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051370.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051370.pdf
(0.43 MB) (435 KB)
Credit constraint is often considered as one of the key barriers to the adoption of modern agricultural technologies and low agricultural productivity in low- and middle-income countries. Past research and much of the policy discourse associate agricultural credit constraints with supply-side factors, such as limited access to credit sources or high costs of borrowing. However, demand-side factors, such as risk-aversion and financial illiteracy among borrowers could also affect credit-rationing of smallholder agricultural households. This study investigates the nature of credit constraints, factors affecting credit constraint status, and the effects of credit constraints on adoption and intensity of use of three modern agricultural technologies – small-scale irrigation, chemical fertilizer, and improved seeds. The paper also assesses whether credit constraints are gender-differentiated. Primary survey data were collected from sample farmers in Ethiopia and Tanzania, and Tobit and two-step hurdle econometric models were used to analyze these data. Results show that demand-side credit constraints are as important as supply-side factors in conditioning smallholders’ access to credit in both countries. We also find that credit is a binding constraint for the decision to adopt technologies and input use intensity in Tanzania but not statistically significant in Ethiopia. Results suggest that women are more likely to be credit constrained (from both the supply and demand sides) than men in both study countries. Based on these findings, we suggest that policies should focus on addressing both supply- and demand-side credit constraints to credit access, including through targeted interventions to reduce risk, such as crop insurance, and to strengthen the gender sensitivity of credit policies.
4 Mekonnen, D. K.; Yimam, S.; Arega, T.; Matheswaran, Karthikeyan; Schmitter, P. M. V. 2022. Relatives, neighbors, or friends: information exchanges among irrigators on new on-farm water management tools. Agricultural Systems, 203:103492. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2022.103492]
Water management ; On-farm research ; Information exchange ; Diffusion of information ; Irrigation schemes ; Field size ; Seeds ; Technology ; Water user groups ; Farmers ; Social aspects ; Households ; Indicators / Ethiopia / Koga Irrigation Scheme
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051432)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308521X22001287/pdfft?md5=4bd55686ca5a0ec71449baae7e1dfd6a&pid=1-s2.0-S0308521X22001287-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051432.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051432.pdf
(1.72 MB) (1.72 MB)
CONTEXT: On-farm water application in Ethiopia, as in much of Sub-Saharan Africa, is dominated by furrow irrigation, which resulted in inefficient water uses and related economic and environmental problems. A recent project introduced two on-farm water management tools, called wetting front detectors and Chameleon sensors, to some farmers in Koga irrigation scheme and facilitated for other farmers in the quaternary canal, who did not receive the technology, to learn from farmers who installed the tools on their plots.
OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to investigate the role of different social ties on information exchanges among farmers when some farmers have the signal on how long to irrigate a field during an irrigation event from on-farm water management tools. The study explored the relative importance of being neighbors, friends, spatial proximity of farms, and project induced pairings.
METHODS: The study used a household survey data from all members of quaternary canals in the project that were in the technology, information, and control groups, as well as detailed network modules on how farmers with plots in the quaternary canal are associated with each other. A fixed effects econometric approach is used to control for time invariant household level and quaternary canal characteristics, while teasing out how the different social ties affect the information flow.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The results show that being in purposeful friendships as indicated by knowing each other’s decision on the use of agricultural inputs and its outcome, as well as being spatially proximate as indicated by having farm plots next to each other or usually passing by each other’s plots play a significant role in determining whether information-recipient farmers received information from the technology-recipient farmers as expected. Being relatives or neighbors played a minor role to facilitate information exchanges on how long to irrigate. In addition, ad-hoc pairs of farmers between technology-recipient and information-recipient created through the project within the quaternary canal did not play a significant role above and beyond the existing social ties of friendships and spatial proximity.
SIGNIFICANCE: The findings have implications for effective ways of targeting in future scale up of such technologies as it informs that the roll out of such type of technologies and the extension services around it can better help technology diffusion and learning if they use friends and spatial proximates as anchors of information. That is, at times of over-subscription to such on-farm water management tools, information about the technology and the recommended duration of one irrigation turn can diffuse faster if the limited number of tools are distributed in such a way that friends and spatial proximates have access to a tool, rather than distributing the tools based on being neighbors or relatives.
OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to investigate the role of different social ties on information exchanges among farmers when some farmers have the signal on how long to irrigate a field during an irrigation event from on-farm water management tools. The study explored the relative importance of being neighbors, friends, spatial proximity of farms, and project induced pairings.
METHODS: The study used a household survey data from all members of quaternary canals in the project that were in the technology, information, and control groups, as well as detailed network modules on how farmers with plots in the quaternary canal are associated with each other. A fixed effects econometric approach is used to control for time invariant household level and quaternary canal characteristics, while teasing out how the different social ties affect the information flow.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The results show that being in purposeful friendships as indicated by knowing each other’s decision on the use of agricultural inputs and its outcome, as well as being spatially proximate as indicated by having farm plots next to each other or usually passing by each other’s plots play a significant role in determining whether information-recipient farmers received information from the technology-recipient farmers as expected. Being relatives or neighbors played a minor role to facilitate information exchanges on how long to irrigate. In addition, ad-hoc pairs of farmers between technology-recipient and information-recipient created through the project within the quaternary canal did not play a significant role above and beyond the existing social ties of friendships and spatial proximity.
SIGNIFICANCE: The findings have implications for effective ways of targeting in future scale up of such technologies as it informs that the roll out of such type of technologies and the extension services around it can better help technology diffusion and learning if they use friends and spatial proximates as anchors of information. That is, at times of over-subscription to such on-farm water management tools, information about the technology and the recommended duration of one irrigation turn can diffuse faster if the limited number of tools are distributed in such a way that friends and spatial proximates have access to a tool, rather than distributing the tools based on being neighbors or relatives.
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