Your search found 51 records
1 de Fraiture, Charlotte; Wichelns, D.; Rockstrom, J.; Kemp-Benedict, E.; Eriyagama, Nishadi; Gordon, L. J.; Hanjra, M. A.; Hoogeveen, J.; Huber-Lee, A.; Karlberg, L. 2007. Looking ahead to 2050: scenarios of alternative investment approaches. In Molden, David (Ed.). Water for food, water for life: a Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture. London, UK: Earthscan; Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.91-145.
Food supply ; Food production ; Fisheries ; Water use ; Rainfed farming ; Irrigated farming ; Ecosystems ; Poverty
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 630.7 G000 IWM Record No: H040196)
(2.97 MB)
2 Bharati, Luna; Eriyagama, Nishadi; Smakhtin, Vladimir. 2008. Environmental flows: moving from concepts to application. In Japanese. Journal of the Japanese Society of Irrigation, Drainage and Rural Engineering, 76(5): 413-416.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: P 8010 Record No: H041335)
3 Smakhtin, Vladimir U.; Eriyagama, Nishadi. 2008. Developing a software package for global desktop assessment of environmental flows. Environmental Modelling and Software, 23(12):1396-1406. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2008.04.002]
River basins ; Ecology ; Ecosystems ; Time series ; Simulation ; Computer software ; Hydrology ; Environmental protection
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 551.483 G000 SMA Record No: H041447)
The paper describes a method and software package for desktop assessment of environmental flows - a hydrological regime designed to maintain a river in some agreed ecological condition. The method uses monthly flow data and is built around a flow duration curve, which ensures that elements of natural flow variability are preserved in the estimated environmental flow time series. The curve is calculated for several categories of aquatic ecosystem protection - from ‘largely natural’ to ‘severely modified’. The corresponding environmental flows progressively reduce with the decreasing level of ecosystem protection. A non-linear data transformation procedure subsequently converts the calculated environmental flow duration curve into a continuous time series of environmental flows. The software has facilities to zoom on a river basin, calculate a variety of hydrological characteristics, define or select any category of ecosystem protection, calculate the associated environmental flow duration curves and time series and display both. The analyses can be carried out either using default (simulated) global flow data, with a spatial resolution of 0.5 degree, or a user- defined file. The package is seen as a training tool for water practitioners, policymakers and students, and as a tool for rapid preliminary environmental flow assessment.
4 Bharati, Luna; Eriyagama, Nishadi. 2008. Calculation of environmental flows within the major tributaries of the Volta Basin, West Africa. Consultancy report prepared for the Glowa Volta Project, Center for Development Research, University of Bonn (ZEF), Bonn, Germany. 12p.
River basin management ; Hydrology ; Ecology ; Flow ; Assessment ; Water allocation ; Environmental management ; Development Projects / West Africa / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H041704)
Water allocation to cities, industries and agriculture is a common part of river basin management. However, allocation of water to the environment is receiving progressively more recognition. The term environmental flows is generally used to refer to a flow regime designed to maintain a river in some agreed ecological condition. This report examines a desktop hydrology-based environmental flow assessment method and it’s applicability in river basin management. The method and its corresponding software package are first described. This is followed by a case study from Volta River Basin, Ghana, where this method was used to calculate environmental flows. The environmental flows calculations are being proposed to be integrated into the water allocation framework, which is being developed under the Glowa Volta Project.
5 Eriyagama, Nishadi; Smakhtin, Vladimir. 2009. How prepared are water and agricultural sectors in Sri Lanka for climate change?: a review. Paper presented at the Water for Food Conference: national conference addressing water management issues, food security, environment and climate change in Sri Lanka, organized by the International Water Management Institute, Irrigation Department (Sri Lanka), Department of Agriculture (Sri Lanka), Hector Kobbekaduwa Agrarian Research and Training Institute, held at the Bandaranaike Memorial International Conference Hall, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 9 - 11 June 2009. 25p.
Climate ; Rain ; Climate change ; Adaptation ; Water resources ; Energy ; Air temperature ; Agricultural production ; Coconuts ; Rice ; Crops ; Diversification ; Research priorities / Sri Lanka
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042329)
(0.39 MB)
Climate is changing world wide, and the science community in Sri Lanka have come up with ample evidence to suggest that the country’s climate has already changed. During 1961- 1990 it’s mean air temperature has increased by 0.016 0C per year (higher than the global average of 0.013 0C), and mean annual rainfall- decreased by 144 mm (7%) compared to the period 1931-1960. In addition, mean annual daytime maximum and mean annual night-time minimum air temperatures increased. However, the bigger question of national importance is what Sri Lanka’s climate will look like in 50 or 100 years and how prepared is the country to face it. Apart from the IPCC projections at the coarse global scale, few studies attempted to project future climate scenarios for Sri Lanka and to identify climate change impacts on agriculture, water resources, the sea level, the plantation sector, the economy and health. Vulnerability and adaptation to climate change are the least studied areas. The paper reviews the status of climate change research/activities in Sri Lanka with respect to future climate predictions, impacts, mitigation and adaptation, and identifies existing knowledge gaps. Messages emerging from this review suggest that Sri Lanka’s mean temperature during the North-East (December-February) and South-West (May-September) monsoon seasons will increase by about 2.9 0C and 2.5 0C respectively, over the baseline (1961-1990), by the year 2100 with accompanying changes in the quantity and spatial distribution of rainfall. Extreme climate events are expected to increase in frequency. These changes will bring about widespread impacts on the country’s agriculture and economy. For example, a 0.5 0C increase in temperature can reduce rice yield by approximately 5.9%; extended dry spells and excessive cloudiness during the wet season can reduce coconut yield so that annual losses can range between $32 and $73 million. Pilot studies in the Galle District suggest that sea level rise could inundate about 20% of the land area of coastal district secretariat divisions. Adaptation measures already undertaken in the agricultural sector include development of low water consuming rice varieties and use of micro-irrigation technologies. Tools have been developed for predicting seasonal water availability within the Mahaweli Scheme and for predicting annual national coconut production. However, Sri Lanka is yet to undertake a comprehensive national study on the vulnerability of its water resources and agriculture to climate change. Formulation of detailed and reliable future climate scenarios for the country is and urgent need in this regard.
6 Eriyagama, Nishadi; Smakhtin, Vladimir; Gamage, Nilantha. 2009. Mapping drought patterns and impacts: a global perspective. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 23p. (IWMI Research Report 133) [doi: https://doi.org/10.3910/2009.132]
Drought ; Impact assessment ; Indicators ; Hydrology ; Mapping ; Climate change ; River basins ; Dams ; Water scarcity ; Disasters ; Risks ; Precipitation ; Runoff ; Soil degradation
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 551.523 G000 ERI Record No: H042368)
(1.40MB)
The study examines the global pattern and impacts of droughts through mapping several drought-related characteristics - either at a country level or at regular grid scales. It appears that arid and semi-arid areas also tend to have a higher probability of drought occurrence. It is illustrated that the African continent is lagging behind the rest of the world on many indicators related to drought-preparedness and that agricultural economies, overall, are much more vulnerable to adverse societal impacts of meteorological droughts. The study also examines the ability of various countries to satisfy their water needs during droughts using storage-related indices.
7 Eriyagama, Nishadi; Clayton, Terry. 2009. Environmental journalists have important role to play in helping Sri Lanka’s water sector meet the coming challenges of climate change. Media release. Invited paper presented at the 18 th APFEJ World Congress of Environmental Journalists, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 19-21 October 2009. 3p.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042627)
(0.06 MB) (70 KB)
8 Eriyagama, Nishadi; Smakhtin, Vladimir; Gamage, Nilantha. 2010. A global picture of drought occurrence, magnitude and preparedness. Paper presented at the Second International Drought Conference on Economics of Drought and Drought Preparedness in a Climate Change Context, Istanbul, Turkey, 4-6 March 2010. 9p.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042774)
(2.20 MB)
This study examines the global patterns and impacts of droughts through the mapping of several drought-related characteristics – either at a grid or a country scale. Characteristics cover various aspects of droughts from global distribution of meteorological and hydrological drought risks to social vulnerability and indices related to water infrastructure. The maps are produced by integrating a number of publicly available global datasets. The subsequent discussion of maps allows a number of policy relevant messages to be extracted. It appears that arid and semi-arid areas also tend to have a higher probability of drought occurrence. In drought years, the highest per capita loss of river flow occurs in areas that do not normally experience climate–driven water scarcity. The study illustrates that the African continent is lagging behind the rest of the world on many indicators related to drought preparedness and that agricultural economies, overall, are much more vulnerable to adverse societal impacts of meteorological droughts. Also highlighted are regions having the largest drought deficits and durations. The ability of various countries to satisfy their water needs during drought conditions is examined using storage-related indices.
9 Eriyagama, Nishadi. 2010. Climate change impacts on water resources and agriculture in Sri Lanka: a review and preliminary vulnerability mapping. Contribution to the Asia Pacific Regional Human Development Network e-discussion on Human Development and Climate Change, 24 March 2010. 4p.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042872)
http://www2.undprcc.lk/ext/HDRU/files/climet_change/drr/Nishadi_Eriyagama_contribution_SubTheme3_24March2010.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042872.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042872.pdf
(0.10 MB)
Nishadi Eriyagama highlights a number of important results on climate change in Sri Lanka based on a recent study by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), including the identification of the country’s agricultural vulnerability hotspots and existing knowledge gaps. A pilot level Climate Change Vulnerability Index consisting of three sub-indices (Exposure; Sensitivity; and Adaptive Capacity) was developed and mapped at district scale. Various “smart investments” and “no regrets” adaptation options in the water sector that “simultaneously deliver climate resilience and address current development needs” are being considered. These include rainwater harvesting in drought prone areas; restoration of the ancient tank system; development of sustainable groundwater; promotion and adoption of microirrigation technologies; wastewater reuse; increasing water use efficiency; and change of allocation practices, as well as research on crop adaptation (e.g., rice; field crops; horticultural crops; tea; rubber and coconut). Sea-level rise is also being considered. However, “a comprehensive national study on river basin or district scale on vulnerability of Sri Lanka’s water resources and agriculture sectors to climate change”, using reliable methodologies and tools, is “urgently needed” for better “strategic” adaptation planning. She stresses the importance of “creating awareness among different stakeholders on vulnerabilities, impacts and adaptation options”, as well as encouraging “farmers to take individual or communal action to prepare for climate change.”
10 Eriyagama, Nishadi; Smakhtin, Vladimir. 2010. Observed and projected climatic changes, their impacts and adaptation options for Sri Lanka: a review. In Evans, Alexandra; Jinapala, K. (Eds). Proceedings of the National Conference on Water, Food Security and Climate Change in Sri Lanka, BMICH, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 9-11 June 2009. Vol. 2. Water quality, environment and climate change. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.99-117.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7 G744 EVA Record No: H042863)
Climate is changing world-wide, and the science community in Sri Lanka has come up with ample evidence to suggest that the country’s climate has already changed. During 1961-1990 the country’s mean air temperature increased by 0.016 0C per year, and the mean annual rainfall decreased by 144 mm (7 %) compared to the period 1931-1960. In addition, mean annual daytime maximum and mean annual night-time minimum air temperatures increased. However, the bigger question of national importance is what Sri Lanka’s climate will look like in 50 or 100 years and how prepared is the country to face it. Apart from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projections at the coarse global scale, few studies have attempted to project future climate scenarios for Sri Lanka and to identify climate change impacts on agriculture, water resources, the sea level, the plantation sector, the economy and health. Vulnerability and adaptation to climate change are the least studied areas. This paper reviews the status of climate change research and activities in Sri Lanka with respect to future climate projections, impacts, climate change mitigation and the country’s ability to adapt, and identifies existing knowledge gaps. Messages emerging from this review suggest that Sri Lanka’s mean temperature during the North-East (December-February) and South-West (May-September) monsoon seasons will increase by about 2.9 0C and 2.5 0C, respectively, over the baseline (1961-1990), by the year 2100 with accompanying changes in the quantity and spatial distribution of rainfall. Extreme climate events are expected to increase in frequency. These changes will bring about widespread impacts on the country’s agriculture and economy For example, an increase of 0.5 0C in temperature can reduce rice yield by approximately 6%; extended dry spells and excessive cloudiness during the wet season can reduce coconut yield resulting in annual losses between $32 and $73 million to the economy. Pilot studies in the Galle District suggest that sea level rise could inundate about 20 % of the land area of Galle’s coastal District Secretariat Divisions. Adaptation measures already undertaken in the agriculture sector include the development of low water consuming rice varieties and the use of micro-irrigation technologies. Tools have been developed for predicting seasonal water availability within the Mahaweli Scheme and annual national coconut production. However, Sri Lanka is yet to undertake a comprehensive national study on the vulnerability of her water resources and agriculture to climate change. The formulation of detailed and reliable future climate scenarios for the country is therefore, urgently required.
11 Eriyagama, Nishadi. 2010. Impacts of climate change on water resources and agriculture in Sri Lanka: vulnerability hot spots and options for adaptation. Water Matters: news of IWMI research in Sri Lanka, 5:6-7.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 630 G744 INT Record No: H042952)
12 Eriyagama, Nishadi. 2010. Responding to climate change signals and impacts: the case of Sri Lanka. Paper presented at the Regional Workshop on Strategic Assessment for Climate Change Adaptation in Natural Resource Management, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 8-11 June 2010. 2p.
Climate change ; Adaptation ; Air temperature ; Agriculture ; Water resources ; Case studies / Sri Lanka
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042964)
(0.03 MB)
13 Eriyagama, Nishadi; Smakhtin, Vladimir; Chandrapala, L.; Fernando, K. 2010. Impacts of climate change on water resources and agriculture in Sri Lanka: a review and preliminary vulnerability mapping. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 43p. (IWMI Research Report 135) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2010.211]
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 577.22 G744 ERI Record No: H043003)
(5.82MB)
There is ample evidence to suggest that Sri Lanka’s climate has already changed. However, the bigger question of national importance is what Sri Lanka’s climate will look like in 50 or 100 years and how prepared the country is to face such changes. This report reviews the status of climate change (CC) research/activities in Sri Lanka in terms of observed and projected climatic changes, their impacts on water resources and agriculture, CC mitigation and adaptation, and research needs. The study also developed a pilot level CC Vulnerability Index, which was subsequently mapped at district level. The maps indicate that typical farming districts such as Nuwara Eliya, Badulla, Moneragala, Ratnapura and Anuradhapura are the most vulnerable to CC due to their heavy reliance on primary agriculture.
14 Bharati, Luna; Smakhtin, Vladimir; Eriyagama, Nishadi; Anand, B. K. 2009. Environment flows: moving from concepts to application, a case study from India. Paper presented at the International Environmental Water Allocation Conference, Port Elizabeth, South Africa, 23-26 February 2009. 25p.
Environmental flows ; River basin management ; Water allocation ; Simulation models ; Water transfer ; Water use ; Canals ; Reservoirs ; Case studies / India / Godavari River / Krishna River / Polavaram Reservoir
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043123)
(0.22 MB)
Water allocation rules are put in place to ensure that various parties receive a portion of developed water supplies. Allocation of river water to cities, industries and agriculture has been a common practice but now there is an increasing recognition of the need to also allocate water for environmental purposes. Furthermore, it is now recognized that such environmental water demands need to be considered explicitly alongside those of other users early on, at the planning and design stages of water resource development projects. This paper describes a desktop hydrology-based environmental flow assessment method developed at the International Water Management Institute and it’s applicability in river basin management. A case study from India is presented where the feasibility of a proposed water transfer scheme from the Godawari River at Polavaram to the Krishna river is analyzed. The characteristic feature of the study is the simulation of the impact of various feasible cropping patterns on water demands as well as the explicit inclusion, of environmental water requirements in the simulations. The WEAP (Water Evaluation and Planning) model was applied to simulate water supply versus demand under the current water use and under water use anticipated after the construction of the Polavaram reservoir and link canal. Results suggest that the proposed Polavaram reservoir and canal system will reduce the seasonal pressure on water for the command area of the project. However, this may result in increased water deficits from December to June in the Lower Godavari Delta, downstream of the Polavaram reservoir. The importance of explicit accounting for monthly variability in description of water supply and demands in the conditions of monsoon-driven climate of the region is advocated. Similarly, the need to ensure environmental flows should also be considered in the context of seasonal variability, as it is mostly in the dry months that water allocation problems become critical. Such detailed scenario analysis can help to create awareness of potential future problems, inform water management practices and suggest management alternatives.
15 Amarasinghe, Upali; Smakhtin, Vladimir; Sharma, Bharat R.; Eriyagama, Nishadi. 2010. Water footprints of milk production: a case study in the Moga District of Punjab, India. Project report submitted to Nestle Ltd. under the project “Measuring the water footprints of milk production: contributions to livelihood benefits and sustainable water use in the Moga District in Punjab, India” Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 42p.
Water footprint ; Milk production ; Crop production ; Rice ; Wheat ; Irrigation water ; Water use efficiency ; Food security ; Groundwater depletion ; Water conservation / India / Moga District / Punjab
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043415)
(0.50 MB)
A project report submitted to Nestle Ltd. under the project “Measuring the water footprints of milk production: contributions to livelihood benefits and sustainable water use in the Moga District in Punjab, India.” This report assesses the water footprints of milk and crop production, their impacts and options of mitigating them. The major objectives of this report are: To assess water availability and use in agriculture in the Moga District of Punjab State, to examine the contribution of the different agricultural water uses to the over all unsustainable water extraction, and its impact on the WFP of milk and crops; To assess surface water and groundwater use of major crops (e.g., rice, wheat and fodder crops) and in milk production, with a focus on feed and fodder and direct water use for dairy cattle; and To propose improved water management practices that farmers can adopt to reduce WFP, and enhance water productivity and conservation, thus contributing to long-term sustainable water use in the region.
16 Amarasinghe, Upali; Eriyagama, Nishadi; Soda, Wannipa. 2010. Growing biofuel demand in Thailand and Malaysia: water use and impacts. Project report submitted to Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) under the project, “Comparative assessment of water usage and impacts arising from biofuel projects in South East Asian Countries” Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 36p.
Biofuels ; Water footprint ; Sugarcane ; Cassava ; Palm oils ; Ethanol ; Irrigation water ; Water use ; Water pollution ; Groundwater / South East Asia / Thailand / Malaysia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043429)
(0.50 MB)
Report submitted to Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) under the project, “Comparative assessment of water usage and impacts arising from biofuel projects in South East Asian Countries”, commissioned by the Letter of Agreement No LOA/RAP/2009/38.Thailand and Malaysia are two south East Asian countries with rapidly growing biofuel demand. Increasing use of biofuel envisages reducing dependence of petroleum products for transport and mitigating environmental impacts by reducing carbon emissions. It also expects to contribute to rural development and poverty reduction. However, the impacts of expanding production of feedstock for biofuel on water supply are not well understood. This paper assesses the water footprints and impacts of sugarcane molasses and cassava based bioethanol in Thailand, and palm oil based biodiesel in Malaysia. The water footprint of a commodity or service is the water depleted in its life cycle of its production or consumption.The total water footprints of sugarcane molasses and cassava bioethanol production in Thailand are estimated to be 1,646 and 2,304 m3/tonne, respectively, and of palm oil biodiesel in Malaysia is 3,730 m3/tonne. However, the contributions from irrigation are only a small fraction --9.0, 0.7 and 0.3%-- of the total water footprints of molasses and cassava bioethanol, and palm oil biodiesel respectively. In terms of irrigation water use,cassava is a better feedstock for bioethanol production than sugarcane molasses.In Thailand, the total annual irrigation water footprints in bioethanol production --54 million m3 (mcm) for molasses and 15 mcm for cassava-- is only 0.02% of the total renewable water resources. In Malaysia, total annual irrigation water footprint of palm oil biodiesel production is only 0.001% of the total renewable water resources. A significant spatial variation of irrigation water footprints of molasses based ethanol exists across provinces in Thailand, indicating potential for reducing water footprints.The total irrigation water footprints in biofuel production in the future in both countries will also be negligible in comparison to total water availability. However, the impact of wastewater generated in the production processes can have significant impacts on quality of local water resources. A part of the waste water, called ‘spent wash’, is applied as fertilizer, and over use of it can affect soil and neighboring water resources. The proposed plans on biofuel production in the future can generate more ‘spent wash’ than that can be used in crop fields as fertilizer. Spent wash has found to have high PH value, temperature, biological and chemical oxygen contents etc. The usual practice of storing spent wash in a pond for a long period near a plant can have detrimental impact on soil, streams’ and groundwater quality.In sum, this study concludes that from the perspective of quantity of irrigation water use, the increasing biofuel production does not pose a major problem in Thailand or in Malaysia, and cassava is a better feedstock than sugarcane molasses for bioethanol production. However, the quality of water resources with increasing effluents generated by the biofuel plants could be a major environmental bottleneck to guard against.
17 Amarasinghe, Upali A.; Smakhtin, Vladimir; Sharma, Bharat R.; Eriyagama, Nishadi. 2010. Bailout with white revolution or sink deeper?: groundwater depletion and impacts in the Moga District of Punjab, India. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 26p. (IWMI Research Report 138) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2010.229]
Groundwater depletion ; Groundwater irrigation ; Water use ; Rice ; Wheat ; Milk production / India / Punjab / Moga District
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.6.3 G635 AMA Record No: H043447)
(1.15 MB)
Moga District in Punjab, India, is a microcosm of the twin story of irrigation-induced growth and stress. The groundwater consumptive water use in agriculture exceeds the recharge by a substantial margin. Rice production contributes to a major part of this difference. The groundwater depletion is so critical that diversifying agriculture is the only way forward for sustainable agricultural growth. Reducing the rice area and intensifying milk production will be a win-win situation for both the farmers and the area reeling with a groundwater crisis.
18 Smakhtin, Vladimir; Eriyagama, Nishadi. 2011. Simulating discharge time series in regions with contrasting seasons using duration curves. In Yang, D.; Marsh, P.; Gelfan, A. (Eds.). Cold regions hydrology in a changing climate: proceedings of the Symposium HS02 held during the IUGG GA, Melbourne, Australia, 28 June - 7 July 2011. Wallingford, UK: International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS). pp.65-70. (IAHS Publication 346)
Stream flow ; Flow discharge ; Time series analysis ; Precipitation ; Indicators ; Rain ; Snow ; Catchment areas / Canada / Ontario
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044286)
(0.30 MB) (97.32KB)
Continuous discharge time series in ungauged basins where winter and summer flow generation mechanisms are distinctly different are simulated from limited observed meteorological data (rainfall, snow, temperature). Duration curves are used to convert the precipitation data from source gauges into a continuous hydrograph at an ungauged destination site. Temperature data is used as a control variable which determines whether precipitation is in a liquid (rainfall) or solid (snow) state, and whether the catchment is currently “active” to generate flow. The method is tested in several small catchments in Ontario, Canada, and is designed primarily for application at ungauged sites in data poor regions where the use of more complex and information consuming techniques of data generation may be difficult to justify.
19 Eriyagama, Nishadi; Chartres, Colin; Smakhtin, Vladimir. 2011. Climate change challenges to agriculture in the tropics and subtropics: the need for research and development solutions. Highlights: The Crawford Fund Newsletter, pp.3-5.
Climate change ; Weather ; Reservoirs ; Flooding ; Drought ; Rain ; Agriculture ; Arid zones ; Livestock ; Research / Sri Lanka / Dry Zone
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044287)
http://www.crawfordfund.org/assets/files/newsletters/HIGHLIGHTS_APRIL_2011.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044287.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044287.pdf
(1.45 MB) (1.45MB)
20 Amarasinghe, Upali A.; Damen, B.; Eriyagama, Nishadi; Soda, W.; Smakhtin, Vladimir. 2011. Impacts of rising biofuel demand on local water resources: case studies in Thailand and Malaysia. [Report of the IWMI-FAO Bioenergy in Asia and the Pacific Project]. Bangkok, Thailand: FAO. 35p.
Bioenergy ; Biofuels ; Water resources ; Water depletion ; Water use ; Water quality ; Wastewater ; Water storage ; Case studies ; Crop production ; Sugarcane ; Cassava ; Ethanol ; Palm oils ; Biodiesel ; Policy ; Irrigation / Southeast Asia / Thailand / Malaysia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H044393)
(5.13 MB)
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