Your search found 85 records
1 Shumilov, S.; Erdenberger, T.; Cremers, A. B.; Bharati, Luna; Plotnikova, Maria; Rodgers, C. 2006. First steps towards an integrated decision support system for water management. In 20th International Conference on Informatics for Environmental Protection, Gratz, Australia, 6 September 2006. 8p.
River basins ; Water management ; Irrigation systems ; Reservoirs ; Decision support tools ; Simulation models ; Surface water ; Groundwater ; Conjunctive use ; Drinking water / West Africa / Ghana / Burkina Faso / Volta Basin / Atankwidi Catchment / Kandiga Reservoir
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.1 G190 SHU Record No: H039716)
2 Smakhtin, Vladimir; Gamage, Nilantha; Bharati, Luna. 2007. Hydrological and environmental issues of interbasin water transfers in India: a case of the Krishna River Basin. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 26p. (IWMI Research Report 120) [doi: https://doi.org/10.3910/2009.120]
River basins ; Water transfer ; Environmental effects ; Dams ; Reservoirs ; Water resources development ; Irrigation requirements ; Case studies / India / Krishna River / Godavari River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 333.9162 G635 VLA Record No: H040733)
(677 KB)
This study attempts to examine those unique aspects of interbasin water transfer planning, which are of critical importance to the sustainable water resources development in India. It focuses on the crucial aspect of accurate quantification of surface water availability, which determines the entire feasibility of a water transfer. It also illustrates the impacts of upstream water resources development on the deltas' environment thus justifying the deltas' environmental flow requirements. The report targets government departments, research institutions and NGOs - primarily in India and other countries of the region - which are engaged or interested in issues of interbasin water transfer and environmental water management. The research intends to: contribute to the effectiveness of water resources planning and management in India; emphasize the need for urgent improvement of access to hydrometeorological data in the country; and aim to stimulate further debate on water transfers.
3 Bharati, Luna; Rodgers, C.; Shumilov, S.; Plotnikova, M.; Vlek, P. 2007. Integrated modelling of conjunctive use of surface and groundwater resources in a small-scale irrigation system in the Volta Basin, Africa. In Reducing the vulnerability of societies to water related risks at the basin scale: proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Integrated Water Resources Management, held at the Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany, 26-28 September 2006. Wallingford, UK: International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) pp.167-172.
Surface water ; Groundwater ; Conjunctive use ; Reservoirs ; Irrigation systems ; Runoff ; Simulation models ; Water balance ; Water table ; River basins ; Pumping ; Costs / Africa / Ghana / Volta Basin / Atankwidi Catchment / Kandiga Village
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H040851)
The Volta Basin covers 400 000 km of the West-African Savanna. Agriculture is the dominant ecnomic activity. Given the extremely unreliable rainfall, irrigation development is seen as an obvious strategy to increase agricultural production. Irrigation development is mainly linked to the construction of small and medium sized reservoirs. The potential use of groundwater for irrigation is a very important issue. In this study, we present an evaluation of the conjunctive use of surface and groundwater in a representative small reservoir-irrigation system. The physical processes are modelled with WaSiM-ETH. The physical boundary conditions needed for the optimization model are then passed on to the optimization model written in GAMS, which then simulates the capture and utilization of runoff in small reservoirs. Water can be withdrawn for irrigation, or stored. Irrigation water can also be pumped from the underlying aquifer, and pumping costs are modelled as proportional to the distance to the water table.
4 Bharati, Luna; Eriyagama, Nishadi; Smakhtin, Vladimir. 2008. Environmental flows: moving from concepts to application. In Japanese. Journal of the Japanese Society of Irrigation, Drainage and Rural Engineering, 76(5): 413-416.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: P 8010 Record No: H041335)
5 Bharati, Luna; Rodgers, C.; Erdenberger, T.; Plotnikova, M.; Shumilov, S.; Vlek, P.; Martin, N. 2008. Integration of economic and hydrologic models: exploring conjunctive irrigation water use strategies in the Volta Basin. Agricultural Water Management, 95(8): 925-936.
Decision support tools ; Simulation models ; Optimization ; Conjunctive use ; Surface water ; Groundwater ; River basins ; Catchment areas ; Reservoirs ; Water storage / West Africa / Ghana / Burkina Faso / Togo / Mali / Ivory Coast / Volta Basin / Atankwidi catchment / Kandiga Reservoir
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.1 G100 BHA Record No: H041379)
We describe the development, calibration and preliminary application of a dynamically coupled economic–hydrologic simulation–optimization model ensemble for evaluating the conjunctive use of surface and groundwater in small reservoir-based irrigation systems characteristic of the Volta Basin, Africa. We focus on a representative small reservoir irrigation system located in the Antakwidi catchment in Ghana. The model ensemble consists of the physical hydrology model WaSiM-ETH and an economic optimization model written in GAMS. Results include optimal water storage and allocation regimes for irrigated production, given conjunctive surface water and groundwater systems. The goal of our research, conducted within the GLOWA Volta project, is to develop a decision support system for improving the management of land and water resources in the face of potential environmental change in the Volta Basin.
6 Bharati, Luna; Eriyagama, Nishadi. 2008. Calculation of environmental flows within the major tributaries of the Volta Basin, West Africa. Consultancy report prepared for the Glowa Volta Project, Center for Development Research, University of Bonn (ZEF), Bonn, Germany. 12p.
River basin management ; Hydrology ; Ecology ; Flow ; Assessment ; Water allocation ; Environmental management ; Development Projects / West Africa / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H041704)
Water allocation to cities, industries and agriculture is a common part of river basin management. However, allocation of water to the environment is receiving progressively more recognition. The term environmental flows is generally used to refer to a flow regime designed to maintain a river in some agreed ecological condition. This report examines a desktop hydrology-based environmental flow assessment method and it’s applicability in river basin management. The method and its corresponding software package are first described. This is followed by a case study from Volta River Basin, Ghana, where this method was used to calculate environmental flows. The environmental flows calculations are being proposed to be integrated into the water allocation framework, which is being developed under the Glowa Volta Project.
7 Smakhtin, Vladimir; Gamage, Nilantha; Bharati, Luna. 2008. Hydrological and environmental issues of inter-basin water transfers in India: a case study of the Krishna River Basin. In Amarasinghe, Upali A.; Sharma, Bharat R. (Eds.) Strategic Analyses of the National River Linking Project (NRLP) of India, Series 2. Proceedings of the Workshop on Analyses of Hydrological, Social and Ecological Issues of the NRLP, New Delhi, India, 9-10 October 2007. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) pp.79-106.
River basin management ; River basin development ; Development projects ; Water transfer ; Flow ; Water availability ; Surface water ; Water balance ; Environmental effects ; Erosion ; Coasts / India / Krishna River Basin / Pennar Basin / Godavari River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 333.9162 G635 AMA Record No: H041800)
(310.14 KB)
8 Bharati, Luna; Anand, B. K.; Smakhtin, Vladimir. 2008. Analysis of the Inter-basin Water Transfer Scheme in India: a case study of the Godavari-Krishna link. In Amarasinghe, Upali A.; Sharma, Bharat R. (Eds.) Strategic Analyses of the National River Linking Project (NRLP) of India, Series 2. Proceedings of the Workshop on Analyses of Hydrological, Social and Ecological Issues of the NRLP, New Delhi, India, 9-10 October 2007. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) pp.63-78.
River basin management ; River basin development ; Development projects ; Water availability ; Water demand ; Water transfer ; Dams ; Canals ; Crop management / India / Godavari River Basin / Krishna River Basin / Polavaram Project / Arthur Cotton Barrage
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 333.9162 G635 AMA Record No: H041799)
(276.65 KB)
9 Bharati, Luna; Smakhtin, Vladimir; Anand, B. K. 2009. Modeling water supply and demand scenarios: the Godavari–Krishna inter-basin transfer, India. Water Policy, 11(Supplement 1):140-153. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2009.109]
Water scarcity ; Water demand ; Irrigation water ; River basin management ; Water transfer ; Reservoirs ; Canals ; Tanks ; Groundwater ; Crop management ; Rice ; Models / India / Godavari River / Krishna River / Polavaram Project / Vijayawada / Arthur Cotton Barrage / Prakasham Barrage
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042177)
(0.38 MB)
The Government of India’s National River-Linking Plan (NRLP) aims to alleviate emerging water scarcity problems by transferring water from well endowed to more deficient areas. This study evaluated the plausible future scenarios of water availability and use under conditions of various cropping patterns, and with the explicit inclusion (for the first time) of environmental water requirements for one of the links of the NRLP: from the Godavari River at Polavaram to the Krishna River at Vijayawada—the ‘Polavaram Project’. The scenarios were evaluated using the WEAP (Water Evaluation and Planning) model. The study generates information for use in managing emerging trade-offs. The importance of explicit accounting for monthly variability in description of water supply and demand, in the monsoon-driven climate conditions of the region, is advocated. Such detailed scenario simulations and inclusion of previously unaccounted for factors/uses can help to create awareness of potential future problems, inform water management practices and suggest management alternatives. Results show that the proposed water storage and transfer will reduce water deficit within the project command area and significantly reduce dry slow river flow into the Lower Godavari Delta.
10 Hosterman, H. R.; McCornick, P. G.; Kistin, E. J.; Pant, A.; Sharma, Bharat R.; Bharati, Luna. 2009. Water, climate change, and adaptation: focus on the Ganges River Basin. Durham, NC, USA: Duke University, Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions. 34p. (Nicholas Institute Working Paper NI WP 09-03)
Climate change ; Ecosystems ; River basins ; Groundwater ; Public health / Asia / India / Nepal / Bangladesh / China / Ganges River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042415)
(2.10 MB)
11 Bharati, Luna; Anand, B. K.; Garg, Kaushal; Acharya, Sreedhar. 2009. Assessing water allocation strategies in the Krishna River Basin, South India. In Bloschl, G.; van de Giesen, N.; Muralidharan, D.; Ren, L.; Seyler, F.; Sharma, U.; Vrba, J. (Eds.). Improving integrated surface and groundwater resources management in a vulnerable and changing world: proceedings of Symposium JS.3 at the Joint Convention of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) and the International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH), Hyderabad, India, 6-12 September 2009. Wallingford, UK: International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) pp.354-361. (IAHS Publication 330)
Water transfer ; Water allocation ; River basins ; Case studies / India / Krishna River / Godavari River / Polavaram Project / Upper Bhima Catchment
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042524)
(0.85 MB)
Water allocation rules are put into place to ensure that various parties receive a portion of developed water supplies. In the Krishna basin, India, all the water available is fully allocated to some purpose for a large part of the year. Over 90% of the allocated water is for irrigation. However, due to increasing demands from the domestic and industrial sectors, as well as expansion in irrigation areas, there is growing competition between the different water use sectors, as well as the three riparian states that share the Krishna basin. In this study, the WEAP (Water Evaluation and Planning) model is used to assess two case studies in which the implications of two separate water transfer schemes are analysed. The first case study presents the feasibility of a proposed water transfer scheme from the Godawari River at the downstream part of the Krishna River. The second case study presents analysis from the Upper Bhima catchment in the upstream part of the Krishna basin. In the second case study, the impact of water transfer out of the basin for electricity generation, on downstream agricultural water demands, is analysed. Results from both studies stress the fact that water resources management in the region has to be done on a seasonal basis by taking monthly variability into consideration. In both cases, water scarcity occurs during the critical dry months.
12 Venot, Jean-Philippe; Smakhtin, Vladimir; Bharati, Luna; Sharma, Bharat R. 2009. Mainstreaming environmental flows in basin water allocation policies in developing countries: insights from the Krishna Basin, South India. Paper presented at the International Conference on Implementing Environmental Water Allocations (IEWA), Port Elisabeth, South Africa, 23-26 February 2009. 10p.
Water allocation ; Policy ; River basins ; Environmental degradation ; Environmental flows ; Ecology ; Assessment ; Developing countries / India / Krishna River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042630)
(0.15 MB)
13 Biggs, T. W.; Gangadhara Rao, Parthasaradhi; Bharati, Luna. 2010. Mapping agricultural responses to water supply shocks in large irrigation systems, southern India. Agricultural Water Management, 97(6):924-932. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2010.01.027]
Irrigation programs ; Water allocation ; Drought ; River basins ; Reservoir storage ; Remote sensing ; Mapping ; Rice ; Crop management / India / Krishna River Basin / Godavari River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042745)
(1.21 MB)
Irrigated agriculture experienced a water supply shock during a drought in southern India in 2002–2003. In this paper, hotspots of agricultural change were mapped and put in the context of hydrology and water management. Time series of MODIS imagery taken every eight days before (2001–2002) and during (2002–2003) the supply shock were combined with agricultural census data to document changes in cropping patterns in four large irrigation projects in the downstream sections of the Krishna and Godavari River basins (total command area 18,287km2). The area cropped in rice in the four irrigated command areas decreased by 32% during the drought year, and rice production in the two districts that experienced the largest flow reductions fell below production levels of 1980. The irrigation project that showed the largest change in double cropped area (-90%) was upstream of the Krishna Delta. In the Krishna Delta, large areas changed from rice–rice to rice–gram double cropping. Historical water management contributed to the vulnerability of rice production to drought: the main reservoir in the system was drained to dead storage levels by the end of each growing season over 1968–2000, with little carryover storage. The land cover change maps suggested that the lower Krishna Basin has experienced a “hard landing” during basin closure, and revised management strategies that account for the new flow regime will be required to maintain agricultural production during droughts.
14 Venot, Jean-Philippe; Jella, Kiran; Bharati, Luna; George, B.; Biggs, T.; Gangadhara Rao, Parthasaradhi; Gumma, M. K.; Acharya, Sreedhar. 2010. Farmers' adaptation and regional land use changes in irrigation systems under fluctuating water supply, South India. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 136(9):595-609. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0000225]
Irrigation systems ; Irrigation programs ; Water shortage ; Water scarcity ; Water availability ; River basins ; Crop management ; Productivity / India / Nagarjuna Sagar Project
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: PER Record No: H043081)
(2.46 MB)
In closing river basins where nearly all available water is committed to existing uses, downstream irrigation projects are expected to experience water shortages more frequently. Understanding the scope for resilience and adaptation of large surface irrigation systems is vital to the development of management strategies designed to mitigate the impact of river basin closure on food production and the livelihoods of farmers. A multi-level analysis (farm level surveys and regional assessment through remote sensing techniques and statistics) of the dynamics of irrigation and land use in the Nagarjuna Sagar project (South India) in times of changing water availability (2000–2006) highlights that during low flow years, there is large-scale adoption of rainfed —or supplementary irrigated- crops that have lower land productivity but higher water productivity, and that a large fraction of land is fallowed. Cropping pattern changes during the drought reveal short term coping strategies rather than long-term evolutions: after the shock, farmers reverted to their usual cropping patterns during years with adequate canal supplies. For the sequence of water supply fluctuations observed from 2000–2006, the Nagarjuna Sagar irrigation system shows a high level of sensitivity to short-term perturbations, but long-term resilience if flows recover. Management strategies accounting for local level adaptability will be necessary to mitigate the impacts of low flow years but there is scope for improvement of the performance of the system.
15 Bharati, Luna; Gamage, Nilantha. 2010. Application of the Pitman Model to generate discharges for the Lhasa Basin, China. Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment, 7:30-34.
River basin management ; Rainfall-runoff relationships ; Simulation models ; Hydrology ; Stream flow / China / Tibet / Nepal / Lhasa River Basin / Koshi River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Record No: H043101)
http://www.nepjol.info/index.php/HN/article/download/4233/3593
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043101.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043101.pdf
(4.49 MB) (609KB)
Predicting river flows in basins where limited data is available is a challenge facing many hydrologists especially in developing countries. In this study, the Pitman monthly model was applied to generate flows for the Lhasa Basin in China (Tibet). As flow data was unavailable for the Lhasa basin, the model was first calibrated for the upper Koshi Basin in Nepal and China. The Pitman model successfully predicted flows for the upper Koshi basin (R2=0.88). Therefore, the estimated model parameters from the Koshi basin as well as climate data from the Lhasa basin were used to generate flows for the Lhasa basin outlet. The main modeling assumption is that the basin characteristics of the upper Koshi are similar to that of the Lhasa basin. Under present circumstances, where measured data is unavailable, the model estimated monthly flows for the Lhasa basin can be used in further studies in basin water accounting and management.
16 Bharati, Luna; Smakhtin, Vladimir; Eriyagama, Nishadi; Anand, B. K. 2009. Environment flows: moving from concepts to application, a case study from India. Paper presented at the International Environmental Water Allocation Conference, Port Elizabeth, South Africa, 23-26 February 2009. 25p.
Environmental flows ; River basin management ; Water allocation ; Simulation models ; Water transfer ; Water use ; Canals ; Reservoirs ; Case studies / India / Godavari River / Krishna River / Polavaram Reservoir
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043123)
(0.22 MB)
Water allocation rules are put in place to ensure that various parties receive a portion of developed water supplies. Allocation of river water to cities, industries and agriculture has been a common practice but now there is an increasing recognition of the need to also allocate water for environmental purposes. Furthermore, it is now recognized that such environmental water demands need to be considered explicitly alongside those of other users early on, at the planning and design stages of water resource development projects. This paper describes a desktop hydrology-based environmental flow assessment method developed at the International Water Management Institute and it’s applicability in river basin management. A case study from India is presented where the feasibility of a proposed water transfer scheme from the Godawari River at Polavaram to the Krishna river is analyzed. The characteristic feature of the study is the simulation of the impact of various feasible cropping patterns on water demands as well as the explicit inclusion, of environmental water requirements in the simulations. The WEAP (Water Evaluation and Planning) model was applied to simulate water supply versus demand under the current water use and under water use anticipated after the construction of the Polavaram reservoir and link canal. Results suggest that the proposed Polavaram reservoir and canal system will reduce the seasonal pressure on water for the command area of the project. However, this may result in increased water deficits from December to June in the Lower Godavari Delta, downstream of the Polavaram reservoir. The importance of explicit accounting for monthly variability in description of water supply and demands in the conditions of monsoon-driven climate of the region is advocated. Similarly, the need to ensure environmental flows should also be considered in the context of seasonal variability, as it is mostly in the dry months that water allocation problems become critical. Such detailed scenario analysis can help to create awareness of potential future problems, inform water management practices and suggest management alternatives.
17 Sharma, Bharat R.; Amarasinghe, Upali; Cai, Xueliang; de Condappa, D.; Shah, Tushaar; Mukherji, Aditi; Bharati, Luna; Ambili, G.; Qureshi, Asad Sarwar; Pant, Dhruba; Xenarios, Stefanos; Singh, R.; Smakhtin, Vladimir. 2010. The Indus and the Ganges: river basins under extreme pressure. Water International, 35(5):493-521. (Special Issue on "Water, Food and Poverty in River Basins, Part 1" with contributions by IWMI authors). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2010.512996]
River basins ; Groundwater management ; Electrical energy ; Water productivity ; Irrigation water ; Rice ; Wheat ; Evapotranspiration ; Cropping systems ; Water governance ; Watercourses ; Water conservation ; Water costs ; Water policy ; Multiple use ; Rural poverty / India / Pakistan / Nepal / Bangladesh / Indus River Basin / Ganges River Basin / Bhakra Irrigation System
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: PER Record No: H043246)
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02508060.2010.512996
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043246.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043246.pdf
(8.90 MB) (1.77MB)
The basins of the Indus and Ganges rivers cover 2.20 million km2 and are inhabited by more than a billion people. The region is under extreme pressures of population and poverty, unregulated utilization of the resources and low levels of productivity. The needs are: (1) development policies that are regionally differentiated to ensure resource sustainability and high productivity; (2) immediate development and implementation of policies for sound groundwater management and energy use; (3) improvement of the fragile food security and to broaden its base; and (4) policy changes to address land fragmentation and improved infrastructure. Meeting these needs will help to improve productivity, reduce rural poverty and improve overall human development.
18 Bharati, Luna; Jayakody, Priyantha. 2010. Hydrology of the Upper Ganga River. Project report submitted to WWF, India. 38p.
River basins ; Flow ; Hydrology ; Models ; Runoff / India / Nepal / Tibet / Bangladesh / Upper Ganga River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043412)
(1.73 MB) (1.73 MB)
19 Bartlett, R.; Bharati, Luna; Pant, Dhruba; Hosterman, H.; McCornick, P. G. 2010. Climate change impacts and adaptation in Nepal. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 25p. (IWMI Working Paper 139) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2010.227]
Climate change ; Impact assessment ; Adaptation ; National planning ; Institutions ; Water resource management ; Social aspects ; Political aspects ; River basins ; Runoff / Nepal / Koshi River Basin / Dudh Koshi Subbasin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G726 BAR Record No: H043439)
(2.4 MB)
The impact of climate change (CC) on water resources is likely to affect agricultural systems and food security. This is especially true for Nepal, a least developed country, where a high percentage of the population is dependent on agriculture for its livelihoods. It is thus crucial for Nepal’s leaders and resource managers to draft and begin implementing national adaptation plans. This working paper aims to create a more comprehensive understanding of how the impacts of CC will be realized at different scales in Nepal, from household livelihoods to national food security, and the many institutions governing the ultimate adaptation process.
20 George, B.; Malano, H.; Davidson, B.; Hellegers, P.; Bharati, Luna; Massuel, S. 2011. An integrated hydro-economic modelling framework to evaluate water allocation strategies II: scenario assessment. Agricultural Water Management, 98(5):747-758. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2010.12.005]
Water allocation ; Models ; River basins ; Economic aspects / India / Krishna River Basin / Musi River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: PER Record No: H043545)
(1.46 MB)
In this paper the results of an assessment of the hydrological and economic implications of reallocating water in the Musi sub-basin, a catchment within the Krishna Basin in India, are reported. Policy makers identified a number of different but plausible scenarios that could apply in the sub-basin, involving; supplying additional urban demand from agricultural allocations of water, implementing a number of demand management strategies, changing the timing of releases for hydropower generation, changing the crops grown under irrigation, reducing existing stream flows and allowing for more environmental flows. The framework chosen to undertake this assessment was a simulation model that measures and compares the economic values of water allocation scenarios determined from a water allocation model that accounts for supplies of groundwater and surface water across a number of regions and over a variety of uses. Policy makers are provided with the range of measures on the security of the supply of water and the social costs and benefits of reallocating water between sectors and across regions within the sub-basin. Taking water from agriculture to supply urban users has a greater impact on irrigation supplies during dry years. It was also found that changing the allocation of water between sectors, by taking it away from agriculture had a large positive economic impact on the urban sector. Yet the costs involved in undertaking such a strategy results in a significant loss in the net present value of the scheme. Stream flow reductions, if significantly large (at around 20%), were found to have a large physical and economic impact on the agricultural sector. Implementing water saving strategies in Hyderabad was found to be more cost effective than taking water from agriculture, if rainwater tanks are used to achieve this. Changing the timing of hydropower flows resulted in best meeting of irrigation demand in NSLC and NSRC. Under this scenario, the crops grown under irrigation were found to have a significant economic impact on the sub-basin, but not as large as farmers undertaking crop diversification strategies, ones which result in farmers growing less rice. The security of supplying water to different agricultural zones has significantly improved under this scenario. Finally, releasing water for environmental purposes was found to have only a minor impact on the agricultural sector.
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