Your search found 31 records
1 Gebre, G.; Van Rooijen, Daniel J. 2009. Urban water pollution and irrigated vegetable farming in Addis Ababa. Paper presented at the 34th WEDC International Conference, Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: Sustainable Development and Multisectoral Approaches, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 18-22 May 2009. 6p.
Waste management ; Pollution control ; Water pollution ; Water quality ; Rivers ; Public health ; Waterborne diseases ; Health hazards ; Chemical contamination ; Biological contamination ; Urban agriculture ; Wastewater irrigation ; Vegetables ; Income / Ethiopia / Addis Ababa / Akaki Rivers
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042262)
http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/resources/conference/34/Gebre_G_-_166.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042262.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042262.pdf
(0.11 MB) (270.97KB)
Water pollution can be considered as a side-effect of economic growth and is a common phenomenon in fast growing cities in developing countries. This paper describes the situation in Addis Ababa by tracing the origins of pollution and by portraying urban and peri-urban farmers who depend on polluted water sources for irrigated agriculture. Discharge of untreated effluent from industries, solid wastes and wastewater from households and institution, are the major sources of pollution of the rivers flowing through the city. For existing industries, pollution control mechanisms such as discharge permits and limits to the disposal of effluents into the environment should be enforced. The local and state governments should enhance public sensitization programs on hygiene, sanitation and environmental issues.
2 Krishnan, Sunderrajan; Indu, Rajnarayan. 2006. Groundwater contamination in India: discussing physical processes, health and socio-behavioral dimensions. Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India: IWMI-TATA Water Policy Research Program. 8p. (IWMI-TATA Water Policy Program Draft Paper 2006/5)
Groundwater pollution ; Health hazards ; Aquifers ; Chemical contamination ; Pesticide residues ; Fluorides ; Social impact ; Economic impact ; Social behaviour / India
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G635 KRI Record No: H043376)
(0.5 MB 0.03 MB)
3 US. Environmental Protection Agency. 1976. Quality criteria for water. Washington, DC, USA: Environmental Protection Agency. 256p.
Water quality ; Chemical contamination ; Alkalinity ; Domestic water ; Water supply ; Faecal coliforms
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 628.16 G000 USE Record No: H043947)
(0.34 MB)
4 Hem, J. D. 1978. Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water. 2nd ed. Washington, DC, USA: US Geological Survey. 363p. + fold. map. (Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1473)
Water quality ; Chemical contamination ; Water resources ; Groundwater ; Sampling ; Water analysis ; Alkalinity ; Hydrology ; Water use
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 HEM Record No: H043952)
(0.56 MB)
5 Shah, M. A. L.; Rashid, M. A.; Harun-Ar-Rashid, M.; Mandal, M. R.; Ghani, M. A. (Eds.) 2004. Proceedings of the Workshop on Arsenic in the Food Chain: Assessment of Arsenic in the Water-Soil-Crop Systems, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 22 July 2004. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI). 74p.
Agricultural research ; Water pollution ; Soil pollution ; Arsenic ; Chemical contamination ; Food chains ; Crops ; Yields ; Groundwater ; GIS ; Mapping ; Rivers ; Sedimentation / Bangladesh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G584 SHA Record No: H044539)
(0.30 MB)
6 US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); National Risk Management Research Laboratory; USAID. 2012. 2012 Guidelines for water reuse. Washington, DC, USA: US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); Cincinnati, OH, USA: National Risk Management Research Laboratory; Washington, DC, USA: USAID. 642p. (EPA/600/R-12/618)
Water reuse ; Guidelines ; Urbanization ; Water Management ; Water resources ; Water conservation ; Water scarcity ; Water supply ; Water storage ; Surface water ; Water quality ; Drinking water ; Pumping ; Aquifers ; Lakes ; Wells ; Institutions ; Land use ; Environmental protection ; Public health ; Agricultural production ; Livestock ; Wetlands ; Wildlife ; Fisheries ; Rivers ; Energy generation ; Groundwater recharge ; Water rights ; Regulations ; Indicators ; Climate change ; Precipitation ; Microorganisms ; Biological contamination ; Chemical contamination ; Filtration ; Case studies
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045517)
http://www.waterreuseguidelines.org/images/documents/2012epaguidelines.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H045517.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H045517.pdf
(27.96 MB) (27.96MB)
7 Bain, R.; Wright, J.; Yang, H.; Gundry, S.; Pedley, S.; Bartram, J. 2014. Improved but not necessarily safe: water access and the millennium development goals. In Grafton, R. Q.; Wyrwoll, P.; White, C.; Allendes, D. (Eds.). Global water: issues and insights. Canberra, Australia: Australian National University (ANU Press). pp.89-94.
Water management ; Drinking water ; Water quality ; Water storage ; Households ; Chemical contamination / Ethiopia / Jordan / Nicaragua / Nigeria / Tajikistan
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046548)
http://press.anu.edu.au/apps/bookworm/view/Global+Water%3A+Issues+and+Insights/11041/ch04.2.xhtml#toc_marker-24
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046548.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046548.pdf
(0.21 MB)
8 Hildenbrand, Z. L.; Fontenot, B. E.; Carlton, D. D. Jr.; Schug, K. A. 2014. New perspectives on the effects of natural gas extraction on groundwater quality. In Grafton, R. Q.; Wyrwoll, P.; White, C.; Allendes, D. (Eds.). Global water: issues and insights. Canberra, Australia: Australian National University (ANU Press). pp.139-144.
Groundwater ; Water quality ; Natural gas ; Aquifers ; Chemical contamination ; Environmental protection ; Methane / USA / Texas / Barnett Shale Aquifer
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046556)
http://press.anu.edu.au/apps/bookworm/view/Global+Water%3A+Issues+and+Insights/11041/ch05.4.xhtml#toc_marker-33
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046556.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046556.pdf
(0.19 MB)
9 Amoah, Philip; Lente, I.; Asem-Hiablie, S.; Abaidoo, R. C. 2014. Quality of vegetables in Ghanaian urban farms and markets. In Drechsel, Pay; Keraita, B. (Eds.) Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: characteristics, benefits and risk mitigation. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.89-103.
Vegetables ; Marketing ; Chemical contamination ; Helminths ; Heavy metals ; Faecal coliforms ; Pesticide residues ; Irrigation water ; Lettuces / Ghana / Kumasi / Accra / Tamale
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H046605)
(395 KB)
This chapter shows results obtained from analyzing samples of vegetables taken at the farm gate and from selling points in Accra, Kumasi and Tamale. Microbiological data are based on a total of about 1,500 vegetable samples taken from different sampling points along the vegetable distribution chain – farm gates – and from different categories of sellers in Accra, Tamale and Kumasi. Fecal coliforms and helminth eggs were mainly used as the fecal contamination indicator organisms. For chemical contaminants, heavy metals and pesticides in irrigation water and vegetables were analyzed, while estrogens were used as an example for emerging contaminants.
10 Wudneh, A.; Erkossa, Teklu; Devi, P. 2014. Sediment and nutrient lost by runoff from two watersheds, Digga district in Blue Nile basin, Ethiopia. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 8(9):498-510. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5897/AJEST2014.1747]
Watersheds ; Soil conservation ; Sedimentation ; Erosion ; Runoff ; Soil fertility ; Nutrients ; Phosphorus ; Nitrogen ; Chemical contamination ; Catchment areas ; River basins ; Farmers ; Crop yield ; Maize ; Water conservation / Ethiopia / Blue Nile Basin / Digga District
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046645)
http://www.academicjournals.org/article/article1410538863_Wudneh%20et%20al.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046645.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046645.pdf
(1.06 MB) (1.6 MB)
The study was conducted in two sub watersheds in the Upper Blue Nile Basin in Ethiopia to determine the quantity, quality of sediment lost and its onsite costs in terms of crop yield. Two monitoring stations at the outlets were selected. Discharges were estimated and depth integrated daily runoff samples were collected during the rainy season in 2011. The sediment concentration and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) content was analyzed and related to crop yield using a nutrient response equation for maize (Zea mays). The result shows statistically significant differences in sediment concentration of the two watersheds. Suspended sediment concentration was strongly correlated with the discharge from Chekorsa River (R2 = 0.7) but it was very weak for Dapo. There was higher concentration of nutrients in the sediment than the surface soil in both watersheds. Particularly, sediment enrichment ratio of available P was 2.7 and 9 for Dapo and Chekorsa Rivers, respectively. The estimated yield reduction of maize due to N and P loss was about 950 and 1420, and 1015 and 665 kgha-1 from Dapo and Chekorsa catchments, respectively. Such results are equivalent to an onsite cost to farmers of about 190 and 285 USD ha-1 for Dapo, and 203 and 133 USDha-1 for Chekorsa catchments in that order. This monetary value can alert farmers and decision makers to take soil and water conservation measures.
11 Saha, D.; Zahid, A.; Shrestha, S. R.; Pavelic, Paul. 2016. Groundwater resources. In Bharati, Luna; Sharma, Bharat R.; Smakhtin, Vladimir (Eds.). The Ganges River Basin: status and challenges in water, environment and livelihoods. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.24-51. (Earthscan Series on Major River Basins of the World)
Groundwater management ; Water resources ; Groundwater table ; Water levels ; Groundwater extraction ; Groundwater irrigation ; Groundwater recharge ; Aquifers ; Water quality ; Groundwater pollution ; Arsenic ; Chemical contamination ; Tube wells ; Institutional development ; Water policy ; Resource management ; Regulations ; River basins ; Hydrogeology ; Alluvial land ; Plains ; Sediment ; Deltas / Nepal / India / Bangladesh / Ganges River Basin / Himalayan Region / Gangetic Plains / Bhabher Belt / Terai Belt
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H047811)
12 Gwenzi, W.; Dunjana, N.; Pisa, C.; Tauro, T.; Nyamadzawo, G. 2015. Water quality and public health risks associated with roof rainwater harvesting systems for potable supply: review and perspectives. Sustainability of Water Quality and Ecology, 6:107-118. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.swaqe.2015.01.006]
Drinking water ; Water use ; Water quality control ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Rainwater ; Water harvesting ; Water supply ; Chemical contamination ; Biological contamination ; Catchment areas ; Risk assessment ; Strategies ; Weather patterns ; Land use ; Developing countries
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047913)
(0.76 MB)
Knowledge of rainwater quality is critical for safeguarding public health. The review investigated rainwater quality, and public health risks associated with its consumption. Land use practices, roof material, weather patterns and their interactions influence rainwater quality. Contrary to the notion that roof water is safe, data point to physico-chemical and microbial contamination of rainwater via atmospheric deposition, leaching and weathering of roof materials, storage/conveyance utilities and faecal contamination. However, epidemiological studies linking consumption of rainwater to public health risks are scarce especially in developing countries. This reflects the lack of epidemiological research and confounding factors such as high disease burden. To minimize the public health risks, we recommend the implementation of risk assessment framework integrating laboratory analytical results and sanitary inspection risk analysis. Such a framework will enable proper prioritization and targeting of engineering/technological interventions, public education and housekeeping programmes.
13 Jayawardena, U. A.; Rohr, J. R.; Navaratne, A. N.; Amerasinghe, Priyanie H.; Rajakaruna, R. S. 2016. Combined effects of pesticides and trematode infections on hourglass tree frog Polypedates cruciger. Ecohealth, 13(1):111-22. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-016-1103-2]
Pesticides ; Trematode infections ; Frogs ; Glyphosate ; Chlorpyrifos ; Dimethoate ; Malformations ; Propanil ; Environmental factors ; Chemical contamination ; Disease prevention ; Infectious diseases ; Mathematical models
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048101)
The impact of widespread and common environmental factors, such as chemical contaminants, on infectious disease risk in amphibians is particularly important because both chemical contaminants and infectious disease have been implicated in worldwide amphibian declines. Here we report on the lone and combined effects of exposure to parasitic cercariae (larval stage) of the digenetic trematode, Acanthostomum burminis, and four commonly used pesticides (insecticides: chlorpyrifos, dimethoate; herbicides: glyphosate, propanil) at ecologically relevant concentrations on the survival, growth, and development of the common hourglass tree frog, Polypedates cruciger Blyth 1852. There was no evidence of any pesticide-induced mortality on cercariae because all the cercariae successfully penetrated each tadpole host regardless of pesticide treatment. In isolation, both cercarial and pesticide exposure significantly decreased frog survival, development, and growth, and increased developmental malformations, such as scoliosis, kyphosis, and also edema and skin ulcers. The combination of cercariae and pesticides generally posed greater risk to frogs than either factor alone by decreasing survival or growth or increasing time to metamorphosis or malformations. The exception was that lone exposure to chlorpyrifos had higher mortality without than with cercariae. Consistent with mathematical models that suggest that stress should increase the impact of generalist parasites, the weight of the evidence from the field and laboratory suggests that ecologically relevant concentrations of agrochemicals generally increase the threat that trematodes pose to amphibians, highlighting the importance of elucidating interactions between anthropogenic activities and infectious disease in taxa of conservation concern.
14 Martinez-Santos, P. 2017. Does 91% of the world’s population really have “sustainable access to safe drinking water”? International Journal of Water Resources Development, 33(4):514-533. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2017.1298517]
Drinking water ; Water availability ; Water resources development ; Sustainable development ; Millennium goals ; Development indicators ; Water supply ; Water security ; Water quality ; Biological contamination ; Chemical contamination ; Pollutants ; Health risks ; Population ; Human rights
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048111)
(1.39 MB)
Halving the number of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water was a core target of the Millennium Development Goals. This led to an unprecedented effort in the water sector, improving the livelihoods of millions of people. While the goal has officially been accomplished, unsuitable benchmarks have led to overstatement of the results. Indicators overemphasize improved water sources, disregarding the fact that many continue to be contaminated, unreliable or unaffordable. The alleged success needs to be reframed to avoid confusion, prevent investments from being reallocated away from the water sector and obtain more accurate estimates of water access.
15 Desbarats, A. J.; Pal, T.; Mukherjee, P. K.; Beckie, R. D. 2017. Geochemical evolution of groundwater flowing through arsenic source sediments in an aquifer system of West Bengal, India. Water Resources Research, 53(11):8715-8735. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/2017WR020863]
Groundwater assessment ; Geochemistry ; Aquifers ; Flow discharge ; Arsenic compounds ; Chemical contamination ; Sedimentation ; Hydrogeology ; Organic carbon ; Minerals ; Calcite ; Dolomite ; Models / India / West Bengal
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048490)
(1.60 MB)
The source of geogenic arsenic (As) contaminating a shallow aquifer in West Bengal was traced to fine-grained sediments deposited in an abandoned river channel. Along with As-bearing phases, these sediments contain 0.46% codeposited organic carbon. The release of As and the geochemistry of groundwater within the channel-fill deposits is investigated using a detailed mass balance model supported by aqueous, solid-phase, and mineralogical data. The model describes the evolution of groundwater chemistry along a flow path extending from its recharge in an abandoned channel pond, through the channel fill, to the underlying aquifer. Variations in groundwater composition are explained in terms of mineral weathering of host sediments driven by organic carbon decay. Arsenic is released through the reductive dissolution of goethite and the weathering of chlorite. Concomitantly, some As is sequestered in precipitating vivianite. These competing processes reach equilibrium deeper in the channel-fill sequence as groundwater As concentrations stabilize. The model yields estimates of mineral reaction (or precipitation) rates including rates of organic carbon oxidation (1.15 mmol C L21 a21 ) and net As release (4:5731024 mmol L21 a21 ). Fine-grained, slightly permeable, deposits such as channel fill containing reactive organic carbon and As-bearing goethite and phyllosilicates are centers of intense chemical weathering conducive to As mobilization.
16 Bhardwaj, R.; Gupta, A.; Garg, J. K. 2017. Evaluation of heavy metal contamination using environmetrics and indexing approach for River Yamuna, Delhi stretch, India. Water Science, 31(1):52-66. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsj.2017.02.002]
Water pollution ; Heavy metals ; Chemical contamination ; Water quality ; Industrial wastes ; Environmental effects ; Evaluation techniques ; Principal component analysis ; Correlation analysis ; Monsoon climate / India / Delhi / River Yamuna
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048762)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1110492916300923/pdfft?md5=648ea7a4051748131a23781653bfee96&pid=1-s2.0-S1110492916300923-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048762.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048762.pdf
(1.23 MB) (1.23 MB)
The objective of the present study is to investigate the current status of heavy metal pollution in River Yamuna, Delhi stretch. The concentrations of Nickel, Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Iron, Lead, and Zinc in water samples have been studied during December 2013–August 2015. The overall mean concentration of heavy metals was observed in the following order Fe >Cu > Zn > Ni >Cr > Pb >Cd. Correlation analysis formed two distinct groups of heavy metals highlighting similar sources. This was further corroborated by results from principal components analysis that showed similar grouping of heavy metals (Ni, Zn, Fe, Pb, Cd) into PC1 having one common source for these heavy metals and PC2 (Cu, Cr) having another common source. Further, our study pointed out two sites i.e. Najafgarh drain and Shahdara drain outlet in river Yamuna as the two potential sources responsible for the heavy metal contamination. Based on heavy metal pollution index value (1491.15), we concluded that our study area as a whole is critically polluted with heavy metals under study due to pollutant load from various anthropogenic activities.
17 Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Albers, J. 2018. Sediment. In Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Zadeh, S. M.; Turral, H. (Eds.). More people, more food, worse water?: a global review of water pollution from agriculture. Rome, Italy: FAO; Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). pp.111-123.
Sediment pollution ; Agriculture ; Soils ; Erosion ; Surface water ; Aquatic environment ; Sediment yield ; Turbidity ; Chemical contamination ; Reservoirs ; Rivers
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048860)
(604 KB)
18 Zadeh, S. M.; Spottorno, C.; Turral, H.; Gu, B.; Opio, C. 2018. Pesticides. In Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Zadeh, S. M.; Turral, H. (Eds.). More people, more food, worse water?: a global review of water pollution from agriculture. Rome, Italy: FAO; Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). pp.77-91.
Pesticide application ; Water pollution ; Groundwater ; Surface water ; Lakes ; Reservoirs ; Chemical contamination ; Public health ; Agricultural sector ; Environmental effects
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048866)
(556 KB)
19 Glavan, M. (Ed.) 2018. Water challenges of an urbanizing world. London, UK: IntechOpen Limited. 182p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.68339]
Water management ; Urbanization ; Water supply ; Drinking water ; Water pollution ; Water quality control ; Biological contamination ; Chemical contamination ; Microplastics ; Waste water treatment plants ; Waterborne diseases ; Infectious diseases ; Legionnaires' disease ; Sustainable development ; Integrated management ; Water resources ; Urban development ; Satellite imagery ; Climate change ; Flooding ; Air temperature ; Strategies ; Constraints ; Case studies / USA / Mexico / China / Gansu / Puget Sound / Elliott Bay / Seattle Aquarium / Western Longhai-Lanxin Economic Zone / High Plains
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049035)
https://www.intechopen.com/books/water-challenges-of-an-urbanizing-world
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049035_TOC.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049035_TOC.pdf
(0.44 MB)
Global water crisis is a challenge to the security, political stability and environmental sustainability of developing nations and with climate, economically and politically, induces migrations also for the developed ones. Currently, the urban population is 54% with prospects that by the end of 2050 and 2100 66% and 80%, respectively, of the world's population will live in urban environment. Untreated water abstracted from polluted resources and destructed ecosystems as well as discharge of untreated waste water is the cause of health problems and death for millions around the globe. Competition for water is wide among agriculture, industry, power companies and recreational tourism as well as nature habitats. Climate changes are a major threat to the water resources. This book intends to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art in integrated assessment of water resource management in the urbanizing world, which is a foundation to develop society with secure water availability, food market stability and ecosystem preservation.
20 Jasechko, S.; Perrone, D. 2017. Hydraulic fracturing near domestic groundwater wells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 114(50):13138-13143. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1701682114]
Hydraulic fracturing ; Groundwater ; Well construction ; Domestic water ; Chemical contamination ; Natural gas ; Oils ; Drinking water ; Water quality ; Monitoring ; Risk analysis / USA
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049213)
(4.58 MB)
Hydraulic fracturing operations are generating considerable discussion about their potential to contaminate aquifers tapped by domestic groundwater wells. Groundwater wells located closer to hydraulically fractured wells are more likely to be exposed to contaminants derived from on-site spills and well-bore failures, should they occur. Nevertheless, the proximity of hydraulic fracturing operations to domestic groundwater wells is unknown. Here, we analyze the distance between domestic groundwater wells (public and self-supply) constructed between 2000 and 2014 and hydraulically fractured wells stimulated in 2014 in 14 states. We show that 37% of all recorded hydraulically fractured wells stimulated during 2014 exist within 2 km of at least one recently constructed (2000–2014) domestic groundwater well. Furthermore, we identify 11 counties where most (>50%) recorded domestic groundwater wells exist within 2 km of one or more hydraulically fractured wells stimulated during 2014. Our findings suggest that understanding how frequently hydraulic fracturing operations impact groundwater quality is of widespread importance to drinking water safety in many areas where hydraulic fracturing is common. We also identify 236 counties where most recorded domestic groundwater wells exist within 2 km of one or more recorded oil and gas wells producing during 2014. Our analysis identifies hotspots where both conventional and unconventional oil and gas wells frequently exist near recorded domestic groundwater wells that may be targeted for further water-quality monitoring.
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