Your search found 11 records
1 Jehangir, W. A.; Ashfaq, M.; Salik, K. M. 2002. Trade-offs between gross farm income, groundwater and salinity at irrigation sub- divisional level. In Qureshi, A. S.; Bhatti, A.; Jehangir, W. A. (Eds.), Sustaining surface and groundwater resources: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Conjunctive Water Management for Sustainable Irrigated Agriculture in South Asia, Lahore, Pakistan, April 16-17, 2002. Lahore, Pakistan: IWMI. pp.157-165.
Irrigation water ; Groundwater ; Water quality ; Salinity ; Models ; Crop production ; Water table / Pakistan / Rechna Doab / Aminput / Shahdra / Wer
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.1 G570 QUR Record No: H031201)
(0.60)
2 Hussain, I.; Jehangir, W.; Mudasser, M.; Ashfaq, M.. 2002. Impact assessment of infrastructure development on poverty alleviation: Case studies on irrigation projects: Final report, Pakistan component. Report of a research project undertaken by IWMI in collaboration with Research Institute for Development and Finance, Japan Bank for International Cooperation. 229p.
Irrigation programs ; Infrastructure ; Agricultural manpower ; Labor ; Poverty ; Indicators ; Social aspects ; Economic analysis ; Canals ; Watercourses ; Surveys ; Households ; Income ; Expenditure ; Wage rates ; Credit ; Case studies / Pakistan
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.3 G744 HUS Record No: H031835)
3 Ashfaq, M.; Hussain Intizar; Jehangir, W. A.; Muddasser, M. 2003. Use of wastewater for irrigation: Impacts on human health and environment. The Environ Monitor, 3(3):5-7.
Irrigated farming ; Urbanization ; Wastewater ; Water quality ; Irrigation water ; Water reuse ; Public health ; Environmental effects / Pakistan
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G730 ASH Record No: H033468)
Paper presented at the National Seminar on Water for Future, World Water Day, 22 March 2003
4 Jehangir, W. A.; Khan, S.; Ashfaq, M.; Mudasser, M. 2003. Economics of conjunctive water management in Pakistan. In ICID Asian Regional Workshop, Sustainable Development of Water Resources and Management and Operation of Participatory Irrigation Organizations, November 10-12, 2003, The Grand Hotel, Taipei. Vol.2. Taipei, Taiwan: ICID. pp.791-804.
Irrigated farming ; Rice ; Surface water ; Groundwater ; Conjunctive use ; Irrigation canals ; Tube wells ; Rivers ; Water quality ; Models / Pakistan / Rechna Doab
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: ICID 631.7.2 G570 ICI Record No: H033390)
(0.87 MB)
5 Jehangir, W. A.; Ashfaq, M.; Rehman, A. 2002. Modeling for efficient use of water at canal command level in the Rechna Doab, Punjab, Pakistan. In Pakistan Water Partnership (PWP). Second South Asia Water Forum, 14-16 December 2002, Islamabad, Pakistan. Proceedings, vol.1. Islamabad, Pakistan: Pakistan Water Partnership (PWP). pp.409-419.
Irrigation canals ; Models ; Water balance ; Crop production ; Water shortage ; Groundwater / Pakistan / Rechna Doab
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 333.91 G570 PAK Record No: H034163)
6 Ashfaq, M.; Jehangir, W. A.; Hussain, Intizar; Mudasser, Mudasser. 2004. Poverty in Pakistan: trends and issues. In Jehangir, Waqar A.; Hussain, Intizar (Eds.). Poverty reduction through improved agricultural water management. Proceedings of the Workshop on Pro-poor Intervention Strategies in Irrigated Agriculture in Asia, Islamabad, Pakistan, 23-24 April 2003. Lahore, Pakistan: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.47-57.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.3 G730 JEH Record No: H043757)
The phenomenon of poverty is receiving the increasing attention of policy makers and institutions with an attempt to improve the living standards of the third world countries. Pakistan is no exemption to that. As the majority of third world population is concentrated in rural areas and dependent on agriculture sector for income, it becomes of special interest to dig into the root causes of poverty in these areas. A number of studies have shown that poverty is concentrated in the rural areas of Pakistan. However, a wide variation in estimates of poverty was experienced owing to various approaches and different poverty lines used by the researchers in estimating the incidence, depth, and severity of poverty. Recently, the Government of Pakistan addressed this issue by circulating the official poverty line. Poverty being a complex phenomenon, its determinants vary from time to time and across different areas. However, most of the studies indicate that poverty in Pakistan is concentrated in rural areas of Pakistan. Applying dollar a day poverty line shows that the poverty in Pakistan is higher as compared with many other Asian countries.
7 Al-said, F. A.; Ashfaq, M.; Al-barhi, M.; Hanjra, M. A.; Khan, I. A. 2012. Water productivity of vegetables under modern irrigation methods in Oman. Irrigation and Drainage, 61(4):477-489. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.1644]
Water productivity ; Water use efficiency ; Water scarcity ; Groundwater ; Vegetables ; Crop production ; Irrigation methods ; Irrigation systems ; Drip irrigation ; Economic aspects ; Investment ; Salinity / Oman
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045604)
(0.28 MB)
Improving water productivity can make a sterling contribution to global food production and poverty alleviation. Groundwater has always been a critical resource for agriculture. Scientific understanding of water productivity can help address water scarcity concerns through more productive use of scarce water resources and higher socio-economic benefits from available water. This study examined the water productivity in the Al Batinah region of Oman using farm-level data. In total 124 crops grown during the 4 years 2005–2008 were examined. Field studies were carried out for 4 years (2005–2008) on 18 field plots to examine yield, inputs, irrigation, costs and economic return of sweet melon, sweet pepper, cabbage and tomatoes grown under drip irrigation vs Rhodes grass grown under sprinkler irrigation using groundwater. The aim was to identify suitable combinations of vegetable crops grown under drip irrigation that can maximize the profitability of the farmers by optimizing water productivity. Results from the 4-year data show that tomato and cabbage performed better than sweet pepper or melon as far as water productivity was concerned, while the drip irrigation method had shown better performance than sprinkler irrigation. Average crop water productivity was estimated at 7.8 and 11.9 kg m3 for the cabbage and tomato crops, respectively. The cabbage crop also gave the highest gross return of RO105 for each riyal Omani (RO 1.00 = US$2.59 in June, 2005) of investment in irrigation water. It has also been analysed that the drip irrigation system performed better in terms of crop water productivity and economic water productivity per cubic metre of water applied. So the research results represent decision-making options of vegetable growers at farm scale but also offer important insights for the adoption of the drip irrigation system as well as the design of water policy incentives for irrigation modernization in Oman and other water-scarce regions.
8 Mani, A.; Tsai, F. T.-C.; Kao, S.-C.; Naz, B. S.; Ashfaq, M.; Rastogi, D. 2016. Conjunctive management of surface and groundwater resources under projected future climate change scenarios. Journal of Hydrology, 540:397-411. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.06.021]
Water management ; Water resources ; Surface water ; Groundwater ; Water use ; Conjunctive use ; Climate change ; Hydrology ; Models ; Water demand ; Water supply ; Pumping ; Water levels ; Reservoirs ; Flow discharge ; Forecasting ; Uncertainty / USA / Louisiana / Sparta Aquifer / Bayou D’Arbonne Lake / Lake Claiborne / Corney Lake / Lake Bistineau
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047638)
(4.38 MB)
This study introduces a mixed integer linear fractional programming (MILFP) method to optimize conjunctive use of future surface water and groundwater resources under projected climate change scenarios. The conjunctive management model maximizes the ratio of groundwater usage to reservoir water usage. Future inflows to the reservoirs were estimated from the future runoffs projected through hydroclimate modeling considering the Variable Infiltration Capacity model, and 11 sets of downscaled Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 global climate model projections. Bayesian model averaging was adopted to quantify uncertainty in future runoff projections and reservoir inflow projections due to uncertain future climate projections. Optimized conjunctive management solutions were investigated for a water supply network in northern Louisiana which includes the Sparta aquifer. Runoff projections under climate change scenarios indicate that runoff will likely decrease in winter and increase in other seasons. Results from the developed conjunctive management model with MILFP indicate that the future reservoir water, even at 2.5% low inflow cumulative probability level, could counterbalance groundwater pumping reduction to satisfy demands while improving the Sparta aquifer through conditional groundwater head constraints.
9 Nasir, J.; Ashfaq, M.; Baig, I. A.; Punthakey, J. F.; Culas, R.; Ali, A.; Hassan, F. u. 2021. Socioeconomic impact assessment of water resources conservation and management to protect groundwater in Punjab, Pakistan. Water, 13(19):2672. [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/w13192672]
Water resources ; Water conservation ; Groundwater management ; Socioeconomic impact ; Impact assessment ; Sustainable agriculture ; Agricultural production ; Food security ; Irrigation systems ; Policies ; Sustainable development ; Farm income ; Livelihoods ; Poverty ; Stakeholders / Pakistan / Punjab
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050662)
(3.83 MB) (3.83 MB)
Water is the most important resource; it is utilized largely in agricultural production and is fundamental to ensuring global food security. This study aims to assess sustainable water management interventions and their impact on the farm economy. To increase water productivity, the most important adaptations that have been proposed are high-efficiency irrigation systems, drought-resistant varieties, the substitution of water-intensive crops with less water-demanding crops, the mulching of soil, zero tillage, and all on-farm operations that can save water, especially ground water. The recent analysis utilized farm survey data from 469 representative farmers along with secondary statistics. The data were collected via a multi-stage sampling technique to ensure the availability of representative farm populations based on a comprehensive site selection criterion. The TOA-MD model estimates the adoption rate of a proposed adaptation based on net farm returns. The impact of high-efficiency irrigation systems and the substitution of high delta crops for low delta crops had a positive impact on net farm returns and per capita income, and a negative impact on farm poverty in the study area. It is recommended that policymakers consult farmer representatives about agricultural and water-related issues so that all the policies can be implemented properly.
10 Wilkinson, J. L.; Boxall, A. B. A.; Kolpin, D. W.; Leung, K. M. Y.; Lai, R. W. S.; Galban-Malagon, C.; Adell, A. D.; Mondon, J.; Metian, M.; Marchant, R. A.; Bouzas-Monroy, A.; Cuni-Sanchez, A.; Coors, A.; Carriquiriborde, P.; Rojo, M.; Gordon, C.; Cara, M.; Moermond, M.; Luarte, T.; Petrosyan, V.; Perikhanyan, Y.; Mahon, C. S.; McGurk, C. J.; Hofmann, T.; Kormoker, T.; Iniguez, V.; Guzman-Otazo, J.; Tavares, J. L.; De Figueiredo, F. G.; Razzolini, M. T. P.; Dougnon, V.; Gbaguidi, G.; Traore, O.; Blais, J. M.; Kimpe, L. E.; Wong, M.; Wong, D.; Ntchantcho, R.; Pizarro, J.; Ying, G.-G.; Chen, C.-E.; Paez, M.; Martinez-Lara, J.; Otamonga, J.-P.; Pote, J.; Ifo, S. A.; Wilson, P.; Echeverria-Saenz, S.; Udikovic-Kolic, N.; Milakovic, M.; Fatta-Kassinos, D.; Ioannou-Ttofa, L.; Belusova, V.; Vymazal, J.; Cardenas-Bustamante, M.; Kassa, B. A.; Garric, J.; Chaumot, A.; Gibba, P.; Kunchulia, I.; Seidensticker, S.; Lyberatos, G.; Halldorsson, H. P.; Melling, M.; Shashidhar, T.; Lamba, M.; Nastiti, A.; Supriatin, A.; Pourang, N.; Abedini, A.; Abdullah, O.; Gharbia, S. S.; Pilla, F.; Chefetz, B.; Topaz, T.; Yao, K. M.; Aubakirova, B.; Beisenova, R.; Olaka, L.; Mulu, J. K.; Chatanga, P.; Ntuli, V.; Blama, N. T.; Sherif, S.; Aris, A. Z.; Looi, L. J.; Niang, M.; Traore, S. T.; Oldenkamp, R.; Ogunbanwo, O.; Ashfaq, M.; Iqbal, M.; Abdeen, Z.; O’Dea, A.; Morales-Saldana, J. M.; Custodio, M.; de la Cruz, H.; Navarrete, I.; Carvalho, F.; Gogra, A. B.; Koroma, B. M.; Cerkvenik-Flajs, V.; Gombac, M.; Thwala, M.; Choi, K.; Kang, H.; Ladu, J. L. C.; Rico, A.; Amerasinghe, Priyanie; Sobek, A.; Horlitz, G.; Zenker, A. K.; King, A. C.; Jiang, J.-J.; Kariuki, R.; Tumbo, M.; Tezel, U.; Onay, T. T.; Lejju, J. B.; Vystavna, Y.; Vergeles, Y.; Heinzen, H.; Perez-Parada, A.; Sims, D. B.; Figy, M.; Good, D.; Teta, C. 2022. Pharmaceutical pollution of the world’s rivers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 119(8):e2113947119. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2113947119]
Pharmaceutical pollution ; Rivers ; Water pollution ; Contamination ; Aquatic environment ; Antimicrobials ; Environmental health ; Human health ; Environmental monitoring ; Wastewater ; Socioeconomic aspects ; National income ; Datasets
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050958)
https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/119/8/e2113947119.full.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050958.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050958.pdf
(6.14 MB) (6.14 MB)
Environmental exposure to active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can have negative effects on the health of ecosystems and humans. While numerous studies have monitored APIs in rivers, these employ different analytical methods, measure different APIs, and have ignored many of the countries of the world. This makes it difficult to quantify the scale of the problem from a global perspective. Furthermore, comparison of the existing data, generated for different studies/regions/continents, is challenging due to the vast differences between the analytical methodologies employed. Here, we present a global-scale study of API pollution in 258 of the world’s rivers, representing the environmental influence of 471.4 million people across 137 geographic regions. Samples were obtained from 1,052 locations in 104 countries (representing all continents and 36 countries not previously studied for API contamination) and analyzed for 61 APIs. Highest cumulative API concentrations were observed in sub-Saharan Africa, south Asia, and South America. The most contaminated sites were in low- to middle-income countries and were associated with areas with poor wastewater and waste management infrastructure and pharmaceutical manufacturing. The most frequently detected APIs were carbamazepine, metformin, and caffeine (a compound also arising from lifestyle use), which were detected at over half of the sites monitored. Concentrations of at least one API at 25.7% of the sampling sites were greater than concentrations considered safe for aquatic organisms, or which are of concern in terms of selection for antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, pharmaceutical pollution poses a global threat to environmental and human health, as well as to delivery of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
11 Riaz, M.; Ashfaq, M.; Boz, I.; Shahbaz, P. 2023. The dynamics of the relationship between water availability, water equity, economic benefits and water user associations’ performance: a PLS-SEM [Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling] Approach. Water Resources Management, 37(11):4537-4552. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-023-03578-x]
Water user associations ; Economic benefits ; Water availability ; Equity ; Farmers ; Participation ; Models ; Indicators ; Irrigation management ; Irrigation systems ; Irrigation water ; Conflicts ; Institutions ; Ethnic groups ; Diversification ; Socioeconomic aspects ; Governance / Pakistan / Punjab / Faisalabad
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052277)
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11269-023-03578-x.pdf?pdf=button
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052277.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052277.pdf
(1.08 MB) (1.08 MB)
Water availability, water equity, farmers’ participation, compliance with rules and conflicts, and water theft management are the main drivers of water user associations’ (WUAs) performance. The main objective of the study was to find out the relationship between water availability, water equity, economic benefits, and WUAs' performance. This study was conducted in 2 distributaries at the Lower Chenab Canal west area water board in the district of Faisalabad, Pakistan. A multistage random sampling technique was used to collect the data from 240 farmers using a well-structured questionnaire. A PLS-SEM model was used to analyze the structural paths between water availability, water equity, economic benefits, and WUAs' performance. The measurement model by using Cronbach’s alpha, rho-A, composite reliability (CR) and average variance extracted (AVE) has confirmed the internal reliability and validity of the questionnaire. Results indicate that timely water availability, less water shortage, and timely repair and maintenance were the core influencing indicators with high factor loadings (> 0.70) to the water availability construct that significantly positively influencing the economic benefits(ß = 0.74, p = 000) and performance of WUAs (ß = 0.34, p = 000). Equitable distribution of water across the farm size, location, ethnic groups, and greater fair and justice were the substantial influencing indicators with high loadings (> 0.80) to the water equity construct that has positive and direct significant influence on the performance of WUAs (ß = 0.48, p = 000). It has been evaluated that water availability and economic benefits had a positive and indirect impact on the WUAs performance (ß = 0.09, p = 000). Besides the insights of all the drivers of performance of WUAs, the study recommended that WUAs management system still in infancy even after the decades of its establishment and establishing the parallel institutes are neither sufficient nor mandatory. Furthermore, there is a need to reconsider the inner structure of WUAs management and establishment of cohesion among all the stakeholders in decision making. There is also a need to provide trainings to farmers and WUAs officials for effective management of WUAs system.
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