Your search found 247 records
1 Chhetri, R.; Kumar, P.; Pandey, Vishnu P.; Singh, R.; Pandey, S. 2020. Vulnerability assessment of water resources in hilly region of Nepal. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 6(3):34. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-020-00391-x]
Water resources ; Water availability ; Vulnerability ; Assessment ; Climate change ; Water scarcity ; Water stress ; Rain ; Drinking water ; Sanitation ; Households ; Population ; Indicators ; Vegetation ; Spatial distribution ; Local government ; Highlands / Nepal / Hilly Region / Gulmi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049722)
(2.24 MB)
Water security is a key in achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs); however, it is gradually becoming a scarce resource due to pressure from both climatic and non-climatic factors. Understanding sources and extend of vulnerability of the water resources is the very frst step to design appropriate strategies aimed at securing water for various uses. This study therefore assessed vulnerability of water resources and its spatial distribution across the Palikas (new local governments) with Gulmi district in Province-5 as the case study. Vulnerability was assessed using an indicator-based framework comprising of two components and six sub-indices. Results showed that Musikot is the highly vulnerable Palika among the 12 Palikas, and Resunga is the least vulnerable. The results are useful for prioritizing the Palikas for allocating resources aimed at targeting new programs for reducing poverty and conserving natural resources.
2 Addo, K. A.; Brempong, E. K.; Jayson-Quashigah, P. N. 2020. Assessment of the dynamics of the Volta River Estuary shorelines in Ghana. Geoenvironmental Disasters, 7:19. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40677-020-00151-1]
Rivers ; Estuaries ; Coastal erosion ; Brackishwater environment ; Disaster risk reduction ; Vulnerability ; Assessment ; Sediment ; Flooding ; Climate change ; Communities / Ghana / Volta River Estuary / Volta Delta / Akosombo Dam
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049778)
https://geoenvironmental-disasters.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s40677-020-00151-1
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049778.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049778.pdf
(1.66 MB) (1.66 MB)
Estuarine shorelines similar to marine coastlines are highly dynamic and may increase disaster risk in vulnerable communities. The situation is expected to worsen with climate change impacts and increasing anthropogenic activities such as upstream water management. This study assessed shoreline changing trends along the Volta river estuary in Ghana as well as the marine coastline using satellite imageries, orthophotos and topographic maps spanning a period of 120 years (1895, 1990, 2000, 2005 and 2015). Linear regression method in the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) was used to determine the estuary shoreline migration trend by estimating the shorelines rate of change for the eastern and western sides of the estuary. The rates of change of the marine coastlines on the east and west of the estuary were also estimated. The results show that the eastern and western shoreline of the estuary are eroding at an average rate of about 1.94 m/yr and 0.58 m/yr respectively. The coastlines on the marine side (eastern and western) are eroding at an average rate of about 2.19 m/yr and 0.62 m/yr respectively. Relatively high rates of erosion observed on the eastern estuarine shoreline as well as the coastline could be explained by the reduced sediment supply by the Volta River due to the damming of the Volta River in Akosombo and the sea defence structures constructed to manage erosion problems. The trend is expected to increase under changing oceanographic conditions and increased subsidence in the Volta delta. Effective management approach, such as developing disaster risk reduction strategy, should be adopted to increase the resilience of the communities along the estuarine shoreline and increase their adaptive capacity to climate change hazards and disasters.
3 Nguyen, T. T.; Ngo, H. H.; Guo, W.; Nguyen, H. Q.; Luu, C.; Dang, K. B.; Liu, Y.; Zhang, X. 2020. New approach of water quantity vulnerability assessment using satellite images and GIS-based model: an application to a case study in Vietnam. Science of The Total Environment, 737:139784. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139784]
Water resources ; Vulnerability ; Assessment ; Geographical information systems ; Satellite imagery ; Remote sensing ; Climate change ; Drought stress ; Indicators ; Case studies ; Models / Vietnam
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049781)
(4.05 MB)
Water deficiency due to climate change and the world's population growth increases the demand for the water industry to carry out vulnerability assessments. Although many studies have been done on climate change vulnerability assessment, a specific framework with sufficient indicators for water vulnerability assessment is still lacking. This highlights the urgent need to devise an effective model framework in order to provide water managers and authorities with the level of water exposure, sensitivity, adaptive capacity and water vulnerability to formulate their responses in implementing water management strategies. The present study proposes a new approach for water quantity vulnerability assessment based on remote sensing satellite data and GIS ModelBuilder. The developed approach has three layers: (1) data acquisition mainly from remote sensing datasets and statistical sources; (2) calculation layer based on the integration of GIS-based model and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's vulnerability assessment framework; and (3) output layer including the indices of exposure, sensitivity, adaptive capacity and water vulnerability and spatial distribution of remote sensing indicators and these indices in provincial and regional scale. In total 27 indicators were incorporated for the case study in Vietnam based on their availability and reliability. Results show that the most water vulnerable is the South Central Coast of the country, followed by the Northwest area. The novel approach is based on reliable and updated spatial-temporal datasets (soil water stress, aridity index, water use efficiency, rain use efficiency and leaf area index), and the incorporation of the GIS-based model. This framework can then be applied effectively for water vulnerability assessment of other regions and countries.
4 Singh, S. 2020. Farmers’ perception of climate change and adaptation decisions: a micro-level evidence from Bundelkhand Region, India. Ecological Indicators, 116:106475. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106475]
Climate change adaptation ; Farmers attitudes ; Strategies ; Rainfed farming ; Water use ; Cropping patterns ; Barriers ; Resilience ; Vulnerability ; Crop insurance ; Socioeconomic environment ; Households ; Living standards ; Farm income ; Policies / India / Uttar Pradesh / Bundelkhand Region
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049789)
(1.25 MB)
This paper aims at identifying the key determinants, which influence and motivate farmers to adopt a rational, cost-effective, climate-smart adaptation strategy. Macro data encompasses review of studies using “Scopus database” and Micro data from field survey in dry region of Bundelkhand (Uttar Pradesh), India. Multi-stage sampling technique was adopted to select study sites and respondents. A total of 200 sample households of various land size categories were contacted for collecting data using a well-structured and pre-tested schedule. Study findings revealed that variability in temperature and rainfall has affected adversely to the livelihoods of farmers. Low level of livelihood status, fewer non-farm employment opportunities and low cropped area under irrigation were the main barriers to climate change adaptation. Insurance and credit were the main positive determinants that motivated farmers to adjust farm practices. Early maturing seed varieties and less water consuming crop varieties were the most profitable adaptation strategies. Policy intervention should prioritize eliminating asymmetry in information and communication. Enhancing institutional capacities to forecast weather in small geographic regions accurately and warranting accountability of meteorological department is imperative.
5 McDonnell, Rachael; Fragaszy, S.; Sternberg, T.; Veeravalli, S. 2020. Drought Policy and Management. In Dadson, S. J.; Garrick, D. E.; Penning-Rowsell, E. C.; Hall, J. W.; Hope, R.; Hughes, J. (Eds.). Water science, policy, and management: a global challenge. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley and Sons. pp.233-253.
Drought ; Policies ; Disaster risk management ; Water scarcity ; Legislation ; Governance ; Monitoring ; Climate change ; Arid climate ; Desertification ; Vulnerability ; Mitigation ; Resilience ; Disaster preparedness ; Planning ; Insurance ; Water allocation ; Early warning systems ; Impact assessment ; Strategies ; Institutions ; Case studies / Middle East / North Africa / Morocco / Mongolia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049800)
(0.12 MB)
6 Abu-Bakr, H. A. e.-A. 2020. Groundwater vulnerability assessment in different types of aquifers. Agricultural Water Management, 240:106275. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106275]
Groundwater assessment ; Vulnerability ; Aquifers ; Groundwater recharge ; Groundwater table ; Hydraulic conductivity ; Hydrogeology ; Pumping ; Decision making / Egypt / Al-Minia / Wadi El Natrun / El Kharga Oasis / Nubian Sandstone / Nile aquifer / Moghra Aquifer
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049815)
(24.50 MB)
The concept of groundwater vulnerability is used in groundwater management and risk assessment. Among the parameters contributing to groundwater vulnerability are: depth to groundwater; net recharge rate; aquifer media; topography; vadose zone; hydraulic conductivity; aquifer thickness; and, pumping density rate in case of over-pumping. Groundwater is considered an important water resource in Egypt. Hence, this valuable source should be evaluated against its vulnerability to all possible pollution risks. In this research, three areas are selected and representing different aquifer types with different hydrogeological characteristics. The first area is Al-Minia governorate to represent the Nile valley region, which is underlain by the Nile valley aquifer. The second area is Wadi Al-Natrun to represent the Nile Delta fringes region, which is underlain by Moghra aquifer. The last area is El Kharga Oasis to represent Western desert region, which is underlain by Nubian Sandstone aquifer. A groundwater vulnerability maps for the three regions are produced using Microsoft Excel, Golden Software Surfer 12 and the analytical hierarchy process method (AHP) for rating and weighting the contributing eight parameters. The main outcome of this research is the vulnerability classification for each region supported by the corresponding vulnerability map. The study indicated that the highest weight is assigned to the depth to groundwater and soil media parameters while the lowest weight was assigned to the topography factor. The results indicated that, for Al-Minia study area, about 85% of the aquifer is classified as medium vulnerability and about 11% is low to medium and 4% is medium to high. For Wadi Al-Natrun study area, about 67% of the aquifer is classified as medium vulnerability and about 3.3% is low to medium and 28.7% is medium to high. For El Kharga Oasis study area, about 48.8% of the aquifer is classified as medium vulnerability and about 51.5% is low to medium.
7 Brouziyne, Y.; Abouabdillah, A.; Chehbouni, A.; Hanich, L.; Bergaoui, Karim; McDonnell, Rachael; Benaabidate, L. 2020. Assessing hydrological vulnerability to future droughts in a Mediterranean watershed: combined indices-based and distributed modeling approaches. Water, 12(9):2333. (Special issue: Modeling Global Change Impacts on Water Resources: Selected Papers from the 2019/2020 SWAT International Conferences) [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/w12092333]
Climate change ; Drought ; Vulnerability ; Hydrological factors ; Weather forecasting ; Modelling ; Water resources ; Watersheds ; Water yield ; Meteorological factors ; Risk management ; Precipitation ; Rain ; Temperature ; Land use ; Runoff ; Evapotranspiration / Mediterranean Region / Morocco / Bouregreg Watershed
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049879)
(6.58 MB) (6.58 MB)
Understanding the spatiotemporal distribution of future droughts is essential for effective water resource management, especially in the Mediterranean region where water resources are expected to be scarcer in the future. In this study, we combined meteorological and hydrological drought indices with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model to predict future dry years during two periods (2035–2050and 2085–2100) in a typical Mediterranean watershed in Northern Morocco, namely, Bouregreg watershed. The developed methodology was then used to evaluate drought impact on annual water yields and to identify the most vulnerable sub-basins within the study watershed. Two emission scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) of a downscaled global circulation model were used to force the calibrated SWAT model. Results indicated that Bouregreg watershed will experience several dry years with higher frequency especially at the end of current century. Significant decreases of annual water yields were simulated during dry years, ranging from -45.6% to -76.7% under RCP4.5, and from -66.7% to -95.6% under RCP8.5, compared to baseline. Overall, hydrologic systems in sub-basins under the ocean or high-altitude influence appear to be more resilient to drought. The combination of drought indices and the semi-distributed model offer a comprehensive tool to understand potential future droughts in Bouregreg watershed.
8 Edmonds, H. K.; Lovell, J. E.; Lovell, C. A. K. 2020. A new composite climate change vulnerability index. Ecological Indicators, 117:106529. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106529]
Climate change adaptation ; Climate change mitigation ; Vulnerability ; Greenhouse gas emissions ; Ecosystem services ; Infrastructure ; Policies ; Economic aspects
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049907)
(0.79 MB)
The earth’s climate is changing, with global warming attributable to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions driven by economic and population growth. Human systems and ecosystems vary in their exposure, mitigation and adaptive capacity, and vulnerability to various forms of climate change. Once mitigation and adaptation efforts have been exhausted, vulnerability remains. Data compiled by the University of Notre Dame covering over 100 nations in 2016 were used to construct a new composite climate change vulnerability index that features endogenously generated weights to aggregate vulnerability indices across six vulnerable sectors. These weights have the potential to inform policy aimed at allocating resources to reduce the cost of limiting vulnerability. The new composite vulnerability index, whose weights differ across sectors and across nations, is compared with the Notre Dame vulnerability index, which uses weights equal across sectors and constant across nations. Although the two indices agree on the identity of the most vulnerable nations, there is a statistically significant difference between the two indices. In addition, a nonparametric statistical test failed to reject the null hypothesis that one sectoral index could be deleted from the composite index without significant loss of information. This also has potentially important policy implications.
9 Inkani, A. I.; Saleh, H.; Rumah, M. M. 2020. Toward tackling urban water scarcity: linking risk, vulnerability adaptive capacity and adaptation at household level. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 24p. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2020.1776228]
Water scarcity ; Urban areas ; Vulnerability ; Risk ; Households ; Adaptation ; Climate change ; Water resources ; Water demand ; Water availability ; Water supply ; Infrastructure ; Rain / Nigeria / Katsina
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049985)
(1.00 MB)
This study examined vulnerability and adaptation to water scarcity in three towns located within three rainfall zones of Katsina state, Nigeria, using a questionnaire survey of 360 households, which was complimented with FGD and field-based observations, and use of vulnerability assessment indices. The results showed that the households are generally experiencing high vulnerability to water scarcity. The vulnerability is increasing from the south to the northern rainfall zones of the state. The households employ multiple strategies in adapting to water scarcity. The strategies employed, however, vary clearly among the households and between the three rainfall zones. Demand-side adaptation strategies are the ones being employed most, with fewer households employing supply-side management strategies. The key factors limiting adaptation to water scarcity in the areas were technological, social, economic and political/institutional in nature. Suggestions were made toward evolving an integrated approach for improved water scarcity adaptation in the area.
10 Sovacool, B. K.; Rio, D. F. D.; Griffiths, S. 2020. Contextualizing the Covid-19 pandemic for a carbon-constrained world: insights for sustainability transitions, energy justice, and research methodology. Energy Research and Social Science, 68:101701. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101701]
Covid-19 ; Pandemics ; Sustainability ; Carbon ; Energy policies ; Renewable energy ; Health care ; Climate change ; Physical distancing ; Vulnerability
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049993)
(17.50 MB)
The global Covid-19 pandemic has rapidly overwhelmed our societies, shocked the global economy and overburdened struggling health care systems and other social institutions around the world. While such impacts of Covid-19 are becoming clearer, the implications of the disease for energy and climate policy are more prosaic. This Special Section seeks to offer more clarity on the emerging connections between Covid-19 and energy supply and demand, energy governance, future low-carbon transitions, social justice, and even the practice of research methodology. It features articles that ask, and answer: What are the known and anticipated impacts of Covid-19 on energy demand and climate change? How has the disease shaped institutional responses and varying energy policy frameworks, especially in Africa? How will the disease impact ongoing social practices, innovations and sustainability transitions, including not only renewable energy but also mobility? How might the disease, and social responses to it, exacerbate underlying patterns of energy poverty, energy vulnerability, and energy injustice? Lastly, what challenges and insights does the pandemic offer for the practice of research, and for future research methodology? We find that without careful guidance and consideration, the brave new age wrought by Covid-19 could very well collapse in on itself with bloated stimulus packages that counter sustainability goals, misaligned incentives that exacerbate climate change, the entrenchment of unsustainable practices, and acute and troubling consequences for vulnerable groups.
11 Jedd, T.; Fragaszy, S. R.; Knutson, C.; Hayes, M. J.; Belhaj Fraj, M.; Wall, N.; Svoboda, M.; McDonnell, Rachael. 2021. Drought management norms: is the Middle East and North Africa Region managing risks or crises? Journal of Environment and Development, 30(1):3-40. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1070496520960204]
Drought ; Disaster risk management ; Disaster risk reduction ; Frameworks ; Monitoring ; Policies ; Declarations ; Early warning systems ; Vulnerability ; Groundwater ; Climate change ; Participatory approaches ; Decision making ; Government agencies ; Civil societies ; Stakeholders ; Governance ; Financial situation ; Insurance ; Political aspects / Middle East / North Africa / Morocco / Tunisia / Lebanon / Jordan
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050017)
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1070496520960204
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050017.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050017.pdf
(1.11 MB) (1.11 MB)
The Middle East and North Africa region experiences severe socioeconomic and political impacts during droughts and faces increasing drought risk in future climate projections. The UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction’s Sendai Framework and the International Drought Management Programme provide a global standard (a norm) to manage droughts through natural hazard risk reduction approaches. We use participatory engagement to evaluate whether norm diffusion has taken place in four countries. Data were collected in interviews, focus groups, workshops, and policy documents. Analysis reveals incomplete norm diffusion; stakeholders subscribe to relevant values, but national policies and implementation do not fully reflect the norm. Process tracing reveals that the availability of drought early warning data is a key barrier to risk reduction. Further more, a drought early warning system would not be feasible or sufficient unless paired with policy measures and financial mechanisms to reduce the political and economic costs of a drought declaration.
12 Etana, D.; Snelder, D. J. R. M.; van Wesenbeeck, C. F. A.; De Cock Buning, T. 2020. Climate change, in-situ adaptation, and migration decisions of smallholder farmers in central Ethiopia. Migration and Development, 26p. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2020.1827538]
Climate change adaptation ; Migration ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Decision making ; Rain ; Vulnerability ; Resilience ; Food security ; Diversification ; Risk ; Strategies ; Temperature ; Households ; Living standards ; Models / Ethiopia / Oromia / Kimbibit / Kuyu / Boset
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050026)
(1.55 MB)
Despite a surge of literature on migration and climate change, evidence on the impact of climate change and variability on migration is inconclusive and the roles of in-situ adaptation strategies in migration decisions are unclear. Focusing on smallholder farmers in central Ethiopia, this study investigates the effects of climate variables and the use of in-situ adaptation strategies on households’ migration decisions. The data were analysed using a multi-level discrete-time event-history model. The results show that rainfall increase during the short rainy season [March–May] reduces migration and that of the long rainy season [June–September] increases migration. Early onset of rain during both seasons reduces migration whereas late onset increases migration. The propensity to migrate was low for households using crop diversification but high for those changing crop type and engaging in non-farm activities. The findings suggest that rainfall amount and variability instigate migration for survival among vulnerable farmers through its adverse effect on crop production and food availability. Rainfall-related livelihood problems can be addressed and distress migration can be reduced through agro-technical supports of in-situ adaptation, promoting gainful employment in rural areas, increasing income-earning capacities of potential migrants, and widening pro-poor employment opportunities in urban areas.
13 Jin, Y.; Li, A.; Bian, J.; Nan, X.; Lei, G.; Muhammad, K. 2020. Spatiotemporal analysis of ecological vulnerability along Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar economic corridor through a grid level prototype model. Ecological Indicators, 120:106933. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106933]
Ecological factors ; Vulnerability ; Indicators ; Sustainable development ; Human activity ; Remote sensing ; Biodiversity ; Models ; Principal component analysis ; Normalized difference vegetation index / Bangladesh / China / India / Myanmar
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050077)
(9.78 MB)
Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar economic corridor, a critical part of the Belt and Road Initiative program, is subject to the impact of various natural disasters and intense human activities, which have led to serious ecological vulnerability. This study proposed a prototype model using geographically weighted principal component analysis to quantify ecological vulnerability at the grid level, and an analysis was conducted on the dynamic changes of ecological vulnerability along Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar economic corridor during 2005–2015. An indicator system for 23 spatial variables was established based on Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response framework to calculate the ecological vulnerability index. The cluster principle was adopted to split the ecological vulnerability into five vulnerability levels, namely, potential, light, medium, heavy, and very heavy. Given the spatial recognition of ecologically vulnerable areas along Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar economic corridor, several suggestions on ecological management were offered. As revealed from the results, the ecological vulnerability has been rising progressively, particularly in the mountainous areas, and most of the protected areas are at medial to very heavy vulnerability level. The ecological vulnerability was tightly correlated with vulnerability events and impacts. As suggested from the results, ecological restoration and protection measures should be strictly implemented to minimize the adverse impact on the protected areas under the construction of economic corridor. Our results indicated that the geographically weighted principal component analysis can effectively quantify environmental vulnerability, and these space management policies has implications for ecological protection, resource utilization, and sustainable development in other similar regions.
14 Karn, Sujeet; Sugden, Fraser; Sah, K. K.; Maharjan, J.; Shah, T. N.; Clement, F. 2020. Shifting gender relations in agriculture and irrigation in the Nepal Tarai-Madhesh. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 34p. (WLE Research for Development (R4D) Learning Series 10) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2020.211]
Gender relations ; Agricultural sector ; Women’s participation ; Women’s empowerment ; Gender equality ; Vulnerability ; Groundwater irrigation ; Communities ; Migration ; Role of women ; Farmers ; Land ownership ; Land tenure ; Water availability ; Irrigation canals ; Tube wells ; Climate change ; Water user associations ; Capacity building ; Social change ; Caste systems ; Households ; Livelihoods ; Villages ; Constraints ; Labour ; Poverty ; Economic resources ; Microfinance ; Remittances ; Enterprises ; Institutions ; Decision making ; State intervention / Nepal / Eastern Gangetic Plains / Tarai-Madhesh Region / Sunsari / Siraha / Ekamba Village Development Committee / Amaduwa Village Development Committee / Lohani / Kharotole / Bhagwanpur / Fulkahakati
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H050103)
(2.95 MB)
This report explores how women perceive participation and empowerment vis-a-vis access to water and other agricultural resources in the Tarai/Madhesh of Nepal. The report argues that gendered vulnerability is indeed intricately connected with other axes of difference, such as caste and economic status, despite women’s critical role in agricultural production and their active engagement in access to water and irrigation in agriculture. Overall, women’s well-being seems to have decreased as a consequence of male out-migration. However, there are women who have also become empowered in new ways, taking up enterprise opportunities.
The authors point out that at the level of policy and external development interventions, a dominating narrative on women’s limited participation in agriculture being a result of ‘social norms’ exists. Public irrigation agencies have used this myth to absolve themselves of the responsibility for ensuring gender equality in program implementation.
The report concludes that strengthening equitable irrigation user groups alongside capacity building for farmers and program implementers are critical measures for improving women’s access to irrigation and overall well-being. Women should be ensured meaningful participation, including leadership roles.
Finally, this report recommends linking irrigation user groups to other income-generation schemes, and facilitating access to better credit, finance and agricultural inputs.
The authors point out that at the level of policy and external development interventions, a dominating narrative on women’s limited participation in agriculture being a result of ‘social norms’ exists. Public irrigation agencies have used this myth to absolve themselves of the responsibility for ensuring gender equality in program implementation.
The report concludes that strengthening equitable irrigation user groups alongside capacity building for farmers and program implementers are critical measures for improving women’s access to irrigation and overall well-being. Women should be ensured meaningful participation, including leadership roles.
Finally, this report recommends linking irrigation user groups to other income-generation schemes, and facilitating access to better credit, finance and agricultural inputs.
15 Timmerman, J.; Connor, R.; Uhlenbrook, S.; Koncagul, E.; Buytaert, W.; Mishra, A.; Zandaryaa, S.; Webley, N.; Amani, A.; Stewart, B.; Hada, R.; Kjellen, M. 2020. Climate change, water and sustainable development. In UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP); UN-Water. The United Nations World Water Development Report 2020: water and climate change. Paris, France: UNESCO. pp.30-37.
Climate change adaptation ; Climate change mitigation ; Resilience ; Sustainable development ; Water resources ; Water management ; Greenhouse gas emissions ; Vulnerability
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049608)
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/in/documentViewer.xhtml?v=2.1.196&id=p::usmarcdef_0000372985&file=/in/rest/annotationSVC/DownloadWatermarkedAttachment/attach_import_c5b09e0b-0c7e-42ef-aeb1-b1bae7544e4c%3F_%3D372985eng.pdf&locale=en&multi=true&ark=/ark:/48223/pf0000372985/PDF/372985eng.pdf#page=43
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049608.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049608.pdf
(1.11 MB) (37.7 MB)
This introductory chapter describes the objectives and scope of the report, describing the main concepts related to water and climate, emphasizing the cross-sectoral nature of the challenges and potential responses, and highlighting those that are potentially the most vulnerable.
16 UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP); UN-Water. 2020. The United Nations World Water Development Report 2020: water and climate change. Paris, France: UNESCO. 219p.
Water resources ; Water management ; Climate change adaptation ; Climate change mitigation ; Resilience ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Water availability ; Infrastructure ; Ecosystems ; Extreme weather events ; Vulnerability ; Disaster risk reduction ; Early warning systems ; Forecasting ; Water stress ; Water quality ; Water use ; Water supply ; Water scarcity ; Groundwater ; Wastewater treatment ; Technological changes ; Innovation ; Energy generation ; Nexus ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Sanitation ; Gender ; Human settlements ; Urban development ; Food security ; Agriculture ; Greenhouse gas emissions ; Land use ; Policies ; International agreements ; Water governance ; Strategies ; Decision making ; Financing / Africa South of Sahara / Europe / Central Asia / Latin America / Caribbean / Asia and the Pacific / Western Asia / North Africa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049600)
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/in/documentViewer.xhtml?v=2.1.196&id=p::usmarcdef_0000372985&file=/in/rest/annotationSVC/DownloadWatermarkedAttachment/attach_import_c5b09e0b-0c7e-42ef-aeb1-b1bae7544e4c%3F_%3D372985eng.pdf&locale=en&multi=true&ark=/ark:/48223/pf0000372985/PDF/372985eng.pdf#page=1
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049600.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049600.pdf
(37.70 MB) (37.7 MB)
17 Umirbekov, A.; Rakhmatullaev, S.; Bobojonov, I.; Akhmedov, S. 2020. Climate vulnerability, infrastructure, finance and governance in CAREC [Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation] Region. Research report. Urumqi, China: Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) Institute. 83p.
Climate change adaptation ; Climate change mitigation ; Vulnerability ; Financing ; Governance ; Water resources ; Infrastructure ; Sustainable Development Goals ; International agreements ; Greenhouse gas emissions ; Water footprint ; Precipitation ; Temperature ; Forecasting ; Observation ; Agriculture ; Irrigation ; Energy sources ; Nexus ; Indicators ; Economic analysis ; Policies / Central Asia / Afghanistan / Azerbaijan / China / Georgia / Kazakhstan / Kyrgyzstan / Mongolia / Pakistan / Tajikistan / Turkmenistan / Uzbekistan
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049760)
https://www.carecinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/CI-climate-research-report-29-May-2020.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049760.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049760.pdf
(2.45 MB) (2.45 MB)
18 Nyiwul, L. 2021. Climate change adaptation and inequality in Africa: case of water, energy and food insecurity. Journal of Cleaner Production, 278:123393. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123393]
Climate change adaptation ; Climate change mitigation ; Water insecurity ; Energy consumption ; Renewable energy ; Food security ; Social inequalities ; Sustainable development ; Policies ; Greenhouse gas emissions ; Carbon dioxide ; Vulnerability ; Costs ; Socioeconomic environment ; Poverty / Africa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050086)
(0.88 MB)
In this paper we analyze the relationship between social inequality and climate change policy actions in African countries. We examine whether the needs of the poor influence mitigation and adaptation policies in the region. The continent is characterized by an interesting dynamic between inequality and climate change: it is predicted to disproportionately bear the effects of climate change, at the same time that it accounts for four out of the top five countries with the starkest inequality globally. In our analysis, we construct a statistical measure of social inequality for a group of 54 African countries and use the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) to obtain corresponding data on mitigation and adaptation policy actions. We then estimate the intensity of the responsiveness of the latter to the former. Using fractional regression and data imputation methods, we find a statistically significant negative relationship between social inequality and climate change policy actions in Africa. Across African countries, mitigation and adaptation actions fall by about 23% for every 1% rise in social inequality. African countries are therefore not responding to climate change threats in ways that simultaneously reduce social inequality and adapt to climate change. Furthermore, there is some evidence that countries emitting more pollutants are less likely to take action to address climate change. Our results imply that in order to address differences in the burden of climate change in Africa, a re-evaluation of current policy actions is warranted.
19 Amarasinghe, Upali A.; Amarnath, Giriraj; Alahacoon, Niranga. 2020. Vulnerable hot spots to water and agricultural risk in Sri Lanka. NeelaHaritha: The Climate Change Magazine of Sri Lanka, 3:1-10.
Climate change adaptation ; Vulnerability ; Indicators ; Water security ; Agricultural sector ; River basins ; Risk assessment ; Drought ; Flooding ; Rain ; Runoff ; Policies ; Socioeconomic aspects / Sri Lanka
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050176)
http://www.climatechange.lk/CCS2020/NeelaHaritha%20Vol%20III.pdf#page=8
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050176.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050176.pdf
(0.68 MB) (87.4 MB)
20 Santos, C. A. G.; Neto, R. M. B.; do Nascimento, T. V. M.; da Silva, R. M.; Mishra, M.; Frade, T. G. 2021. Geospatial drought severity analysis based on PERSIANN-CDR- [Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks - Climate Data Record] estimated rainfall data for Odisha State in India (1983–2018). Science of the Total Environment, 750:141258. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141258]
Drought ; Extreme weather events ; Climatic data ; Rainfall patterns ; Precipitation ; Climate change ; Vulnerability ; Temperature ; Satellite observation ; Neural networks ; Spatial distribution ; Coastal area / India / Odisha
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050146)
(4.66 MB)
Studying the behavior of drought and its short-, medium- and long-term features throughout a region is very important for the creation of adequate public policies and actions aimed at the economic and social development of the region. Furthermore, the frequency and intensity of weather-related natural hazards (rainfall, heatwaves and droughts) are increasing every year, and these extreme weather-related events are potent threats worldwide, particularly in developing countries, such as India. Thus, this paper aims to evaluate the drought behavior in the Odisha region of India (1983–2018) by using the standardized precipitation index (SPI) and the new drought severity classification (DS). PERSIANN-CDR-estimated rainfall data were used to provide 271 time series, which were equally spaced at intervals of 0.25°, over Odisha state. The accuracy of these time series was evaluated with rain gauge-measured data at multiple time scales, and it was observed that the PERSIANN-CDR-estimated rainfall data effectively captured the pattern of rainfall over Odisha state. It was noted that almost half of the mean annual rainfall was concentrated in July and August. On addition, northeastern Odisha and areas near the coast were the rainiest regions. Furthermore, the drought pattern was evaluated based on nine distinct four-year periods (SPI-48), and the results indicated that there was high spatiotemporal variability in drought occurrence among those periods; e.g., in the last four years, extreme drought events occurred throughout the state. For the DS severity index analysis, it was noted that the values tended to be more significant with the increase in the drought time scale. For short-term droughts, DS values were less significant throughout the region, whereas for the medium-term droughts, there was an increase in the DS values in all regions of Odisha, especially in the north-central region. For long-term droughts, the values were more significant throughout the region, especially in the areas with the highest rainfall levels. Finally, the PERSIANN-CDR data should also be analyzed in other regions of India, and the obtained results are useful for the identification of droughts throughout the region and for the management of water resources and can be replicated in any part of the world.
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