Your search found 53 records
1 Nhamo, Luxon; Ebrahim, Girma Yimer; Mabhaudhi, T.; Mpandeli, S.; Magombeyi, Manuel; Chitakira, M.; Magidi, J.; Sibanda, M. 2020. An assessment of groundwater use in irrigated agriculture using multi-spectral remote sensing. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 115:102810. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2019.102810]
Groundwater assessment ; Crop water use ; Irrigated farming ; Remote sensing ; Climate change ; Resilience ; Water management ; Water productivity ; Evapotranspiration ; Estimation ; Irrigated land ; Satellite imagery ; Dry season / South Africa / Limpopo / Venda-Gazankulu
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049420)
(2.23 MB)
Declining water resources in dry regions requires sustainable groundwater management as trends indicate increasing groundwater use, but without accountability. The sustainability of groundwater is uncertain, as little is known about its extent and availability, a challenge that requires a quantitative assessment of its current use. This study assessed groundwater use for irrigated agriculture in the Venda-Gazankulu area of Limpopo Province in South Africa using crop evapotranspiration and irrigated crop area derived from the normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI). Evapotranspiration data was derived from the Water Productivity through Open access of Remotely sensed Actual Evapotranspiration and Interception (WaPOR) dataset (250 m resolution), and irrigated areas were characterised using dry season NDVI data derived from Landsat 8. Field surveys were conducted for four years to assess accuracy and for post-classification correction. Daily ET for the dry season (May to September) was developed from the actual ET for the irrigated areas. The irrigated areas were overlaid on the ET map to calculate ET for only irrigated land parcels. Groundwater use during the 2015 dry period was 3627.49 billion m3 and the irrigated area during the same period was 26% of cultivated land. About 82 435 ha of cultivated area was irrigated using 44 million m3 /ha of water, compared to 186.93 million m3 /ha on a rainfed area of 237 847 ha. Groundwater management is essential for enhancing resilience in arid regions in the advent of water scarcity.
2 Chand, P.; Jain, R.; Chand, S.; Kishore, P.; Malangmeih, L.; Rao, S. 2020. Estimating water balance and identifying crops for sustainable use of water resources in the Bundelkhand region of India. Transactions of the ASABE, 63(1):117-124. [doi: https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.13429]
Water balance ; Cropping patterns ; Sustainability ; Water resources ; Water availability ; Irrigation water ; Crop water use ; Water requirements ; Land use ; Rain ; Geographical information systems ; Economic aspects / India / Madhya Pradesh / Uttar Pradesh / Bundelkhand
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049627)
(0.54 MB)
The Bundelkhand region of India is characterized by acute shortages of water due to recurrent failures of the monsoon. This study estimated the water availability, water requirement, and water deficit in the Bundelkhand region using geographic information system (GIS) data. The study identified suitable crops that can be promoted for sustaining the water resources in the region. Total water availability is estimated to be 17.48 billion cubic meters (BCM), of which 91.3% is available for irrigation. The irrigation water deficit is estimated to be 5.31 BCM, which is 1/4 of the crop water requirement. Farmers in the region give high priority to irrigation of water-guzzling cereal crops instead of pulses and oilseed crops, which have lower water requirements. A crop suitability index revealed that pearl millet, sesame, and soybean are the most suitable crops for sustainable use of water resources in the region. An optimum cropping plan to allocate existing land and water resources, coupled with efficient modern technology such as direct-seeded rice, micro-irrigation, etc., can be the best solution to sustain the natural resources and the income of farmers in the study region.
3 Delbourg, E.; Dinar, S. 2020. The globalization of virtual water flows: explaining trade patterns of a scarce resource. World Development, 131:104917. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.104917]
Virtual water ; Water footprint ; Globalization ; International trade ; Exports ; Forecasting ; Water productivity ; Crop water use ; Water requirements ; Food security ; Food production ; Water scarcity ; Water conservation ; Water use ; Population growth ; Models
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049639)
(2.39 MB)
Water availability is paramount for security and development, yet many countries suffer from water scarcity. Virtual water trade, or trade in water- embedded agricultural commodities, has been considered a means for countries to overcome water deficits provided they can import food rather than produce locally. Despite a rich literature, research on the subject has not reached a consensus on whether virtual water trade is actually driven by relative water endowment differentials (e.g. countries seeking to alleviate pressure on their own resources) or by comparative advantage in water utilization (e.g. countries using their most abundant and cheap factors of production). Understanding what drives virtual water trade would support water management policies in targeting the roots of water depletion: excessive use due to lack of other available inputs and bad water management due to absence of water use regulation. Using panel data of bilateral virtual water trade flows from 1994 to 2007 applied to a gravity model, we first demonstrate that arid countries do resort to trade as a means to alleviate water scarcity. Second, we demonstrate that there is much inefficiency in water use in some countries where other agricultural inputs (land, labor) are available and cheap. Given the increased urgency related to global water scarcity, our results suggest how agricultural production and trade could help countries preserve and better use precious water resources.
4 Multsch, S.; Krol, M. S.; Pahlow, M.; Assuncao, A. L. C.; Barretto, A. G. O. P.; van Lier, Q. de J.; Breuer, L. 2020. Assessment of potential implications of agricultural irrigation policy on surface water scarcity in Brazil. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 24(1):307-324. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-307-2020]
Water scarcity ; Surface water ; Agricultural policies ; Irrigation management ; Water resources ; Water management ; Water availability ; Water balance ; Crop water use ; Irrigated sites ; Sustainability ; Models / Brazil
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049648)
https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/24/307/2020/hess-24-307-2020.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049648.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049648.pdf
(3.48 MB) (3.48 MB)
Expanding irrigated cropping areas is one of Brazil's strategies to increase agricultural production. This expansion is constrained by water policy goals to restrict water scarcity to acceptable levels. We therefore analysed the trade-off between levels of acceptable water scarcity and feasible expansion of irrigation. The appropriateness of water use in agricultural production was assessed in categories ranging from acceptable to very critical based on the river flow that is equalled or exceeded 95 % of the time (Q95) as an indicator for physical water availability. The crop water balance components were determined for 166 842 sub-catchments covering all of Brazil. The crops considered were cotton, rice, sugarcane, bean, cassava, corn, soybean and wheat, together accounting for 96 % of the harvested area of irrigated and rain-fed agriculture. On currently irrigated land irrigation must be discontinued on 54 % (2.3 Mha) for an acceptable water scarcity level, on 45 % (1.9 Mha) for a comfortable water scarcity level and on 35 % (1.5 Mha) for a worrying water scarcity level, in order to avoid critical water scarcity. An expansion of irrigated areas by irrigating all 45.6 Mha of the rain-fed area would strongly impact surface water resources, resulting in 26.0 Mha experiencing critical and very critical water scarcity. The results show in a spatially differentiated manner that potential future decisions regarding expanding irrigated cropping areas in Brazil must, while pursuing to intensify production practices, consider the likely regional effects on water scarcity levels, in order to reach sustainable agricultural production.
5 Adimassu, Zenebe; Balana, B. B.; Appoh, Richard; Nartey, Eric. 2020. The use of the wetting front detector as an irrigation-scheduling tool for pepper production in the upper east region of Ghana: evidence from field experiment and farmers' perceptions. Irrigation and Drainage, 69(4):696-713. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.2454]
Irrigation scheduling ; Wetting front ; Crop yield ; Pepper ; Crop water use ; Water requirements ; Water productivity ; Farmers' attitudes ; Irrigation water ; Fertilizer application ; Soil properties ; Risks ; Field experimentation ; Economic analysis / Ghana / Nyangua / Tekuru
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049734)
(13.60 MB)
We compare the effect of the wetting front detector on yield and water productivity with farmers' practices (FP) and irrigation requirements based on crop water requirement calculation (IRCWR). A field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of the wetting front detector, FP and IRCWR combined with six fertilizer rates. We also interviewed 50 farmers to understand their perception about the use and associated concerns with the wetting front detector. Analysis of variance and partial budget economic analysis were performed. The results show that the wetting front detector saved 16% of irrigation water compared to FP, which in turn led to 16% labour saving to irrigate pepper as compared to FP. Yield and water productivity of pepper were not significantly affected by the irrigation regimes. Regardless of irrigation regimes, yield of pepper was significantly influenced by fertilizer treatment in both years. Although the highest fresh fruit yield of pepper (8.6 t ha-1 ) was recorded from Fortifer granules, the highest marginal rate of return was obtained from application of inorganic fertilizer including 173 N, 36 P,18 K ha ¹. The majority of farmers perceived the wetting front detector as low risk and compatible to use. The result also suggests that farmers are interested in buying and adopting the tool for future use.
6 Kumar, N.; Adeloye, A. J.; Shankar, V.; Rustum, R. 2020. Neural computing modelling of the crop water stress index. Agricultural Water Management, 239:106259. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106259]
Crop water use ; Water stress ; Neural networks ; Models ; Evaluation ; Irrigation scheduling ; Soil moisture ; Temperature ; Wells ; Mustard ; Canopy / India / Hamirpur
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049750)
(3.26 MB)
In this study, two artificial neural network models viz. supervised Feed-Forward Back Propagation (FF-BP) and unsupervised Kohonen Self-Organizing Map (K-SOM) have been developed to predict the Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI) using air temperature, relative humidity, and canopy temperature. Field experiments were conducted on Indian mustard to observe the crop canopy temperature under different levels of irrigation treatment during the 2017 and 2018 cropping seasons. The empirical CWSI was computed using well-watered and non-transpiring baseline canopy temperatures. The K-SOM and FF-BP CWSI predictions were compared with the empirical CWSI estimates and both performed satisfactorily. Of the two, however, the K-SOM was better with R2 (coefficient of determination) of 0.97 and 0.96 for model development and validation, respectively; corresponding values for FF-BP were 0.86 and 0.75. The results of the study suggest that neural network modelling offers significant potential for reliable prediction of the CWSI, which can be utilized in irrigation scheduling and crop stress management.
7 Tang, Y.; Zhang, F.; Engel, B. A.; Liu, X.; Yue, Q.; Guo, P. 2020. Grid-scale agricultural land and water management: a remote-sensing-based multiobjective approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, 265:121792. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121792]
Farmland ; Water management ; Remote sensing ; Irrigation water ; Sustainable agriculture ; Crop water use ; Water requirements ; Water use efficiency ; Water allocation ; Water productivity ; Water supply ; Virtual water ; Evapotranspiration ; Precipitation ; Ecosystem services ; Economic aspects / China / Heihe River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049765)
(4.19 MB)
This paper developed a remote-sensing-based multiobjective (RSM) approach to formulate sustainable agricultural land and water resources management strategies at a grid scale. To meet the spatial resolution and accuracy need of agricultural management, downscaled precipitation data sets were obtained with the help of global precipitation measurement (GPM) data and other spatial information. Spatial crop water requirement information were obtained via the combination use of the Penman-Monteith method, remote sensing information (MOD16/PET) and virtual water theory. Through integrating these spatial data and considering the impact of different spatial environments on crop growth, a grid-based integer multiobjective programming (GIMP) model was developed to determine best suitable crop planting types at all grids. GIMP can simultaneously consider several conflicting objectives: crop growth suitability, crop spatial water requirements, and ecosystem service value. Further, GIMP results were inputted into a grid-based nonlinear fractional multiobjective programming (GNFMP) model with three objectives: maximize economic benefits, maximize water productivity, and minimize blue water utilization, to optimize irrigation-water allocation. To verify the validity of the proposed approach, a real-world application in the middle reaches of Heihe River Basin, northwest China was conducted. Results show that the proposed method can improve the ecosystem service value by 0.36 × 108 CNY, the economic benefit by 21.85%, the irrigation-water productivity by 25.92%, and reduce blue water utilization rate by 24.32% comparing with status quo.
8 Ahsen, R.; Khan, Z. M.; Farid, H. U.; Shakoor, A.; Ali, I. 2020. Estimation of cropped area and irrigation water requirement using remote sensing and GIS. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 30(4):876-884. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.36899/JAPS.2020.4.0103]
Farmland ; Estimation ; Irrigation water ; Water requirements ; Crop water use ; Remote sensing ; Geographical information systems ; Land use ; Land cover ; Cropping patterns ; Satellite imagery ; Landsat ; Normalized difference vegetation index / Pakistan / Punjab / Multan
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049766)
(0.57 MB) (588 KB)
Land use-land cover (LULC) mapping has immerged as a useful and important Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) technique for improving the management of natural resources for the progress of a country like Pakistan. Therefore, a research study was conducted to develop LULC maps for the District of Multan, Pakistan. For this purpose, economically available multi temporal (time series) images with acceptable resolution from satellite (LANDSAT 7 ETM+) were obtained for Rabi and Kharif season of 2011-12 to perform supervised classification and identification of crops in the study area. Image Processing was performed in ERDAS Imagine 2011 version for obtaining the high-class time series normalized difference vegetation indices (NDVI) for each LANDSAT 7 imagery. Four classes were targeted for crops out of the seven clusters created using target crop signatures with 95% maximum likely-hood. The resulting crop types were validated by 86 ground truthing points. Over all 74 % efficiency was found using error matrix technique. The regional irrigation water requirements of specific crops were estimated using the generated LULC maps of exerted crop area. The calculated cropped areas through ArcGIS 9.3 version were of 0.226 Mha for cotton, 0.207 Mha for wheat, 0.014 Mha for rice and 0.007 Mha for sugarcane. The total regional crop water requirement of the study area was of 1653.62 Mm3 for cotton, 911.25 Mm3 for wheat, 97.93 Mm3 for rice and 112.25 Mm3 for sugarcane. The LULC mapping technique should be used to develop a decision support system for water, land and other natural resources management at regional scale for efficient resource utilization and sustainable development.
9 Xue, J.; Huo, Z.; Wang, S.; Wang, C.; White, I.; Kisekka, I.; Sheng, Z.; Huang, G.; Xu, X. 2020. A novel regional irrigation water productivity model coupling irrigation- and drainage-driven soil hydrology and salinity dynamics and shallow groundwater movement in arid regions in China. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 24(5):2399-2418. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2399-2020]
Irrigation water ; Water productivity ; Models ; Irrigation canals ; Drainage systems ; Groundwater table ; Hydrology ; Salinity ; Cropping patterns ; Soil moisture ; Crop water use ; Crop production ; Sunflowers ; Wheat / China / Jiefangzha Irrigation District
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049768)
https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/24/2399/2020/hess-24-2399-2020.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049768.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049768.pdf
(3.87 MB) (3.87 MB)
The temporal and spatial distributions of regional irrigation water productivity (RIWP) are crucial for making decisions related to agriculture, especially in arid irrigated areas with complex cropping patterns. Thus, in this study, we developed a new RIWP model for an irrigated agricultural area with complex cropping patterns. The model couples the irrigation- and drainage-driven soil water and salinity dynamics and shallow groundwater movement in order to quantify the temporal and spatial distributions of the target hydrological and biophysical variables. We divided the study area into 1 km × 1 km hydrological response units (HRUs). In each HRU, we considered four land use types: sunflower fields, wheat fields, maize fields, and uncultivated lands (bare soil). We coupled the regional soil hydrological processes and groundwater flow by taking a weighted average of the water exchange between unsaturated soil and groundwater under different land use types. The RIWP model was calibrated and validated using 8 years of hydrological variables obtained from regional observation sites in a typical arid irrigation area in North China, the Hetao Irrigation District. The model simulated soil moisture and salinity reasonably well as well as groundwater table depths and salinity. However, overestimations of groundwater discharge were detected in both the calibration and validation due to the assumption of well-operated drainage ditch conditions; regional evapotranspiration (ET) was reasonably estimated, whereas ET in the uncultivated area was slightly underestimated in the RIWP model. A sensitivity analysis indicated that the soil evaporation coefficient and the specific yield were the key parameters for the RIWP simulation. The results showed that the RIWP decreased from maize to sunflower to wheat from 2006 to 2013. It was also found that the maximum RIWP was reached when the groundwater table depth was between 2 and 4 m, regardless of the irrigation water depth applied. This implies the importance of groundwater table control on the RIWP. Overall, our distributed RIWP model can effectively simulate the temporal and spatial distribution of the RIWP and provide critical water allocation suggestions for decision-makers.
10 Jaiswal, R. K.; Lohani, A. K.; Tiwari, H. L. 2020. Development of framework for assessment of impact of climate change in a command of water resource project. Journal of Earth System Science, 129(1):58. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-019-1328-x]
Climate change ; Impact assessment ; Water resources ; Water balance ; Crop water use ; Water requirements ; Water availability ; Rainfall-runoff relationships ; Temperature ; Evapotranspiration ; Forecasting ; Hydrology ; Models ; Uncertainty ; Land use ; Reservoirs / India / Chhattisgarh / Tandula Reservoir
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049777)
(1.33 MB)
A framework comprising of four interdependent modules has been developed to analyse demand–supply scenarios under future uncertainties of climate change in an irrigation command where any mismatch can affect sustainability and wellbeing of the rural population. In the absence of runoff records, the water balance module of framework computes daily runoff from catchment considering all inputs, outputs and losses from the system. The climatic parameters and rainfall were forecasted for three future projected periods using statistical downscaling for six different climate projections. The Soil and Water Analysis Tool (SWAT), a physically based spatially distributed hydrological model and SWAT-CUP, an application for calibration and uncertainty analysis of SWAT model have been used to calibrate and validate a model for the base period (BP:1981–2015) and further applied to generate multiple future runoff series to asses water availability. The module-IV was designed to compute evapotranspiration using ETo calculator (a software to compute evapotranspiration) and then irrigation demand for Tandula command in the Chhattisgarh state of India considering present overall efficiency of 51% for the base (1991–2015) and future assessment periods. The analysis of all projected scenarios suggested an increase of annual temperature from present 26.2°–27.1°, 27.3° and 27.8°C during near (FP-1: 2020–2035), mid (FP-2: 2046–2064) and far century (FP-3: 2081–2099) periods, respectively, may demand more water which could be adversely affected by reduced rainfall. The water requirement may vary in the range of 410.4–464 MCM and supply from 426.2 to 453.2 MCM based on future projection from GCMs.
11 Jovanovic, N.; Pereira, L. S.; Paredes, P.; Pocas, I.; Cantore, V.; Todorovic, M. 2020. A review of strategies, methods and technologies to reduce non-beneficial consumptive water use on farms considering the FAO56 methods. Agricultural Water Management, 239:106267. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106267]
Water use efficiency ; Irrigation management ; Irrigation methods ; Remote sensing ; Soil management ; Water scarcity ; Water stress ; Water conservation ; Crop water use ; Water requirements ; Evapotranspiration ; Water productivity ; Deficit irrigation ; Irrigation systems ; Sprinkler irrigation ; Drip irrigation ; Irrigation scheduling ; Mulching ; Models
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049833)
(0.97 MB)
In the past few decades, research has developed a multitude of strategies, methods and technologies to reduce consumptive water use on farms for adaptation to the increasing incidence of water scarcity, agricultural droughts and multi-sectoral competition for water. The adoption of these water-saving practices implies accurate quantification of crop water requirements with the FAO56 crop coefficient approach, under diverse water availability and management practices. This paper critically reviews notions and means for maintaining high levels of water consumed through transpiration, land and water productivity, and for minimizing non-beneficial water consumption at farm level. Literature published on sound and quantified experimentation was used to evaluate water-saving practices related to irrigation methods, irrigation management and scheduling, crop management, remote sensing, plant conditioners, mulching, soil management and micro-climate regulation. Summary tables were developed on the benefits of these practices, their effects on non-beneficial water consumption, crop yields and crop water productivity, and the directions for adjustment of FAO56 crop coefficients when they are adopted. The main message is that on-farm application of these practices can result in water savings to a limited extent (usually <20%) compared to sound conventional practices, however this may translate into large volumes of water at catchment scale. The need to streamline data collection internationally was identified due to the insufficient number of sound field experiments and modelling work on the FAO56 crop water requirements that would allow an improved use of crop coefficients for different field conditions and practices. Optimization is required for the application of some practices that involve a large number of possible combinations (e.g. wetted area in micro-irrigation, row spacing and orientation, plant density, different types of mulching, in-field water harvesting) and for strategies such as deficit irrigation that aim at balancing water productivity, the economics of production, infrastructural and irrigation system requirements. Further research is required on promising technologies such as plant and soil conditioners, and remote sensing applications.
12 Durodola, O. S.; Bwambale, J.; Nabunya, V. 2020. Using every drop: rainwater harvesting for food security in Mbale, Uganda. Water Practice and Technology, 15(2):295-310. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2020.019]
Rainwater harvesting ; Food security ; Economic analysis ; Cost analysis ; Climate change ; Water demand ; Domestic water ; Water resources ; Households ; Water supply ; Crop water use ; Irrigation ; Models / Uganda / Mbale
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049837)
https://iwaponline.com/wpt/article-pdf/15/2/295/703774/wpt0150295.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049837.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049837.pdf
(0.41 MB) (424 KB)
The world population is expected to increase with corresponding increase in food production and water withdrawals. To ensure continuous food production throughout the year, increasing irrigation is inevitable. However, the water available for agricultural use is inadequate due to the limited water resources globally and climate change challenges threatening water availability. The economy of Mbale, Uganda, mainly depends on rainfed agriculture. The rain season is from April to October whilst the dry season is from November to March. Therefore, this study examines the potential of rainwater harvesting for domestic and agricultural uses in Mbale. The AquaCrop model was adopted for the yield response of crops to water during the dry season. The study reveals that comparing the resulting rainwater harvesting potential with the water consumption, up to 186% of the annual water demand for domestic use, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) standard, can be provided. Thus, the excess harvested water from a 200 m2 rooftop was simulated for irrigation purposes, which shows that it can be used to cultivate areas of 269, 429, 125 and 388 m2 for cabbage, tomato, maize and potato respectively during dry periods. The economic analysis shows a benefit cost ratio of 1.99 over 10 years. It concludes by recommending RWH as an alternative water supply source for domestic and agricultural uses.
13 Ahmad, M. J.; Cho, G.-H.; Kim, S.-H.; Lee, S.; Adelodun, B.; Choi, K.-S. 2020. Influence mechanism of climate change over crop growth and water demands for wheat-rice system of Punjab, Pakistan. Journal of Water and Climate Change, 18p. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2020.009]
Climate change ; Forecasting ; Crop growth stage ; Water demand ; Wheat ; Rice ; Evapotranspiration ; Irrigation water ; Water requirements ; Crop water use ; Rain ; Models / Pakistan / Punjab
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049883)
(1.19 MB)
Conceptualizing the climate change perspective of crop growth and evapotranspiration (ETc) rates and subsequent irrigation water requirements (IWR) is necessary for sustaining the agriculture sector and tackling food security issues in Pakistan. This article projects the future growth periods and water demands for the wheat-rice system of Punjab. Intense and hotter transitions in the future thermal regimes and erratic monsoon rainfall increments were envisaged. The crop growth rates were accelerated by the probable temperature rise resulting in shortened growth periods. The temperature rise increased the reference evapotranspiration rates; however, the future ETc declined due to reduced growth period and net radiation. Highly unpredictable, but mostly increasing, cumulative seasonal and annual rainfalls were indicative of more effective rainfalls during the future crop seasons. Reduced ETc and increments in seasonal effective rainfalls gave rise to the declining IWR for both crops. The study findings seemingly undermined the harmful climate change influences on the water requirements of the wheat-rice system of Punjab but alarmingly shortening of growth periods indicates a higher crop failure tendency under the projected future thermal regime.
14 Evett, S. R.; O’Shaughnessy, S. A.; Andrade, M. A.; Kustas, W. P.; Anderson, M. C.; Schomberg, H. H.; Thompson, A. 2020. Precision agriculture and irrigation: current U.S. perspectives. Transactions of the ASABE, 63(1):57-67. [doi: https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.13355]
Precision agriculture ; Irrigation systems ; Crop water use ; Water productivity ; Water security ; Decision support systems ; Technology transfer ; Satellites ; Remote sensing ; Soil water content ; Fertilizer application ; Farmers ; Models / USA
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049849)
https://elibrary.asabe.org/azdez.asp?search=0&JID=3&AID=51121&CID=t2020&v=63&i=1&T=2
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049849.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049849.pdf
(2.96 MB) (2.96 MB)
15 Nadeem, A. M.; Rafique, M. Z.; Bakhsh, K.; Makhdum, M. S. A.; Huang, S. 2020. Impact of socio-economic and water access conditions on life satisfaction of rural farmers in Faisalabad district of Pakistan. Water Policy, 22(4):686-701. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2020.004]
Socioeconomic impact ; Water access ; Rural areas ; Farmers ; Water supply ; Water quality ; Drinking water ; Irrigation water ; Crop water use ; Water requirements ; Water poverty ; Water scarcity ; Households ; Villages ; Living standards ; Income ; Models / Pakistan / Faisalabad
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049852)
(0.35 MB)
The current study is designed to see the effects of water access on the well-being of the farming community in rural areas of Pakistan. The data were collected from 300 households of ten villages in rural Faisalabad, Pakistan where the population is facing serious water quality and access issues due to industrial pollution, lack of clean water supply system and limited access to fresh water for agricultural use. We employed ordinary least square and ordered probit methods to measure the association between water access variables and households’ well-being. We found that source and quality of drinking water, access to irrigation water, and percentage of crop water requirement fulfilled, and water expenses were statistically significant influencing the households’ well-being. The study concluded that water access conditions strongly influence the life satisfaction and water access conditions must be considered in future research. Acknowledging the contribution of village-level economic activities to economic growth, a strong policy is proposed to re-evaluate the existing rural water supply strategy to enhance the households’ well-being and enhance livelihood generation among neglected pro-poor farmers in rural areas of Pakistan.
16 Sawadogo, A.; Kouadio, L.; Traore, F.; Zwart, Sander J.; Hessels, T.; Gundogdu, K. S. 2020. Spatiotemporal assessment of irrigation performance of the Kou Valley Irrigation Scheme in Burkina Faso using satellite remote sensing-derived indicators. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 9(8):484. (Special issue: Observation-Driven Understanding, Prediction, and Management in Hydrological/Hydraulic Hazard and Risk Studies) [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9080484]
Irrigation schemes ; Performance evaluation ; Satellite imagery ; Remote sensing ; Performance indexes ; Irrigation water ; Water management ; Food security ; Climate change ; Crop water use ; Water productivity ; Evapotranspiration ; Landsat ; Crop yield ; Rice ; Maize ; Sweet potatoes ; Models / Africa South of Sahara / Burkina Faso / Kou Valley Irrigation Scheme
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049932)
(4.17 MB) (4.17 MB)
Traditional methods based on field campaigns are generally used to assess the performance of irrigation schemes in Burkina Faso, resulting in labor-intensive, time-consuming, and costly processes. Despite their extensive application for such performance assessment, remote sensing (RS)-based approaches remain very much underutilized in Burkina Faso. Using multi-temporal Landsat images within the Python module for the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land model, we investigated the spatiotemporal performance patterns of the Kou Valley irrigation scheme (KVIS) during two consecutive cropping seasons. Four performance indicators (depleted fraction, relative evapotranspiration, uniformity of water consumption, and crop water productivity) for rice, maize, and sweet potato were calculated and compared against standard values. Overall, the performance of the KVIS varied depending on year, crop, and the crop’s geographical position in the irrigation scheme. A gradient of spatially varied relative evapotranspiration was observed across the scheme, with the uniformity of water consumption being fair to good. Although rice was the most cultivated, a shift to more sweet potato farming could be adopted to benefit more from irrigation, given the relatively good performance achieved by this crop. Our findings ascertain the potential of such RS-based cost-effective methodologies to serve as basis for improved irrigation water management in decision support tools.
17 Lalehzari, R.; Kerachian, R. 2020. Developing a framework for daily common pool groundwater allocation to demands in agricultural regions. Agricultural Water Management, 241:106278. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106278]
Groundwater ; Water allocation ; Agricultural regions ; Irrigation systems ; Irrigation water ; Water productivity ; Cropping patterns ; Crop water use ; Soil water balance ; Water supply ; Decision making ; Strategies ; Economic aspects ; Models ; Uncertainty / Iran Islamic Republic / Shahrekord Plain
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049923)
(5.95 MB)
In this paper, a new methodology is developed for the allocation of groundwater to agricultural lands considering the cultivated area of different crops, selling price and net benefit of products, and crops’ water requirements. The methodology includes an integrated model with daily time steps for simulating soil water balance, cultivar growth, and groundwater level fluctuations. The developed simulation model is linked with a particle swarm optimization model to find the optimal net benefit of beneficiaries. The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm is also implemented to evaluate the fuzzy responses of the model against the existing uncertainty in the water supply. To evaluate the applicability and efficiency of the proposed methodology, it is applied to a real-world common pool groundwater allocation for agricultural uses in Iran. The results show that a centralized water allocation strategy can increase water productivity under water stress conditions by more than 0.2 kg/m3 for wheat, and barley. This policy can also provide the highest values for the benefit per cost ratio and the economic efficiency of land.
18 Mwinuka, P. R.; Mbilinyi, B. P.; Mbungu, W. B.; Mourice, S. K.; Mahoo, H. F.; Schmitter, Petra. 2021. Optimizing water and nitrogen application for neglected horticultural species in tropical sub-humid climate areas: a case of African eggplant (Solanum aethiopicum L.). Scientia Horticulturae, 276:109756. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109756]
Water use efficiency ; Nitrogen fertilizers ; Fertilizer application ; Fruit vegetables ; Eggplants ; Horticulture ; Solanum aethiopicum ; Crop water use ; Water requirements ; Drip irrigation ; Crop growth stage ; Crop yield ; Performance indexes ; Subhumid climate ; Soil chemicophysical properties / Africa / United Republic of Tanzania / Rudewa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050012)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304423820305847/pdfft?md5=f79f2516a52f7afe55f8cb9d3fb8a4d2&pid=1-s2.0-S0304423820305847-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050012.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050012.pdf
(2.42 MB) (2.42 MB)
African eggplant, a traditional and important nutrient-dense crop to Tanzania’s nutrition and food security. However, yields remain low as a result of sub-optimal irrigation and fertilizer practices. To reduce the yield gap, a randomized split-plot design set up with irrigation as a main and nitrogen (N) treatments as a sub-factor. The irrigation regimes were 100 % (I100), 80 % (I80) and 60 % (I60) of crop water requirements whilst nitrogen levels were 250 kg N/ha (F100), 187 kg N/ha (F75), 125 kg N/ha (F50) and 0 kgN/ha (F0). The study evaluated the effect of irrigation water and N on crop growth variables and yield, fruit quality, WUE and NUE. The study showed the importance of combining different irrigation performance indicators which responds to different levels of water and nitrogen to evaluate and assess suitable irrigation and fertilizer strategies for African eggplant. The crop growth variables (plant height and LAI) had a good correlation with fruit yield (R2 = 0.6 and 0.8). The fruit quality was best performed by 100 % water in combination with 75 % N treatment. The best WUE and NUE was attained at 80 % and 100 % levels of water in combination with 75 % N. However, minimizing trade-offs between the various indicators, the optimal application for African eggplant would likely be around 80 % of the total irrigation requirement and 75 % of the N requirement in sandy clay loam soils under tropical sub-humid conditions.
19 Nikolaou, G.; Neocleous, D.; Christou, A.; Kitta, E.; Katsoulas, N. 2020. Implementing sustainable irrigation in water-scarce regions under the impact of climate change. Agronomy, 10(8):1120. (Special issue: Irrigation Strategies in Sustainable Agriculture) [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10081120]
Irrigation management ; Sustainability ; Water scarcity ; Water management ; Water use efficiency ; Climate change ; Irrigation water ; Irrigation scheduling ; Irrigation systems ; Irrigation methods ; Water requirements ; Water productivity ; Precision agriculture ; Drip irrigation ; Evapotranspiration ; Greenhouses ; Crop water use ; Water stress ; Water balance ; Soil water content
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049981)
(5.90 MB) (5.90 MB)
The sustainability of irrigated agriculture is threatening due to adverse climate change, given future projections that every one in four people on Earth might be suffering from extreme water scarcity by the year 2025. Pressurized irrigation systems and appropriate irrigation schedules can increase water productivity (i.e., product yield per unit volume of water consumed by the crop) and reduce the evaporative or system loss of water as opposed to traditional surface irrigation methods. However, in water-scarce countries, irrigation management frequently becomes a complex task. Deficit irrigation and the use of non-conventional water resources (e.g., wastewater, brackish groundwater) has been adopted in many cases as part of a climate change mitigation measures to tackle the water poverty issue. Protected cultivation systems such as greenhouses or screenhouses equipped with artificial intelligence systems present another sustainable option for improving water productivity and may help to alleviate water scarcity in these countries. This article presents a comprehensive review of the literature, which deals with sustainable irrigation for open-field and protected cultivation systems under the impact of climatic change in vulnerable areas, including the Mediterranean region.
20 Eshete, D. G.; Tilahun, S. A.; Moges, M. A.; Schmitter, Petra; Dokou, Z.; Sinshaw, B. G.; Atalay, E. B.; Moges, M. A.; Takele, D. Y.; Getie, W. A. 2020. Evaluation of shallow ground water recharge and its potential for dry season irrigation at Brante Watershed, Dangila, Ethiopia. In Habtu, N. G.; Ayele, D. W.; Fanta, S. W.; Admasu, B. T.; Bitew, M. A. (Eds.). Advances of science and technology. Proceedings of the 7th EAI International Conference on Advancement of Science and Technology (ICAST 2019), Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, 2-4 August 2019. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. pp.148-168. (Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering (LNICST) Volume 308) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43690-2_11]
Groundwater recharge ; Estimation ; Irrigation water ; Groundwater irrigation ; Dry season ; Groundwater table ; Soil water balance ; Crop water use ; Water requirements ; Evapotranspiration ; Rain ; Wells ; Discharges ; Watersheds ; Models / Ethiopia / Dangila / Brante Watershed
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050059)
(21.30 MB)
The estimation of crop water demand and understanding groundwater use is an essential component for managing water effectively. Groundwater is the main source of irrigation in Dangila. However, there is a lack of information in the study area on amount of irrigated land, irrigation water use and demand, groundwater recharge. Consequently, the objective of this study is to determine the groundwater recharge and its potential for dry season irrigation. The study was conducted in Brante watershed of 5678 ha located in Dangila woreda, Ethiopia. Water table data from twenty-five wells and discharge data at the outlet of the watershed used to assess recharge amount in 2017. To calculate irrigation water demand, CROPWAT model was used. Questionnaires were undertaken to assess groundwater use. A KOMPSAT-2 image was used to map shallow groundwater irrigated vegetables in February 2017. From the soil water balance method, the annual groundwater recharge was 17,717,690 m3 which is 15.8% of annual rainfall, and recharge amount of 14,853,339 m3 was obtained using water table fluctuation method. From satellite image classification the area coverage of dry season irrigated vegetables (onion, tomato, pepper) below the main road was 4.02 ha. From CROPWAT result, seasonal irrigation water demand for onion, Tomato, and pepper was 333,314, and 261 mm respectively. However, the questioners result indicates that farmers apply in average 20% more water than crop water demand. In the watershed 60,150 m3, 62,750 m3 and 41,603 m3 of water was abstracted for irrigation, domestic and livestock use respectively. The ratio of groundwater use to groundwater recharge at the watershed scale was found to be only 1%. This study indicates that the current use of groundwater was sustainable. For better improvement of household livelihood irrigation can be further expand using ground water. Future work should be performed to determine if the method outlined in this research could be used to accurately estimate available water potential.
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