Your search found 44 records
1 Richey, A. S.; Thomas, B. F.; Lo, M.-H.; Reager, J. T.; Famiglietti, J. S.; Voss, K.; Swenson, S.; Rodell, M. 2015. Quantifying renewable groundwater stress with GRACE. Water Resources Research, 51(7):5217-5238. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017349]
Groundwater extraction ; Water stress ; Water use ; Water availability ; Satellite observation ; Aquifers ; Groundwater recharge ; Statistical methods ; Water storage ; Irrigated farming ; Water demand ; Remote sensing ; Farmland ; Anthropogenic factors
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047568)
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015WR017349/epdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047568.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047568.pdf
(2.71 MB) (2.71 MB)
Groundwater is an increasingly important water supply source globally. Understanding the amount of groundwater used versus the volume available is crucial to evaluate future water availability. We present a groundwater stress assessment to quantify the relationship between groundwater use and availability in the world’s 37 largest aquifer systems. We quantify stress according to a ratio of groundwater use to availability, which we call the Renewable Groundwater Stress ratio. The impact of quantifying groundwater use based on nationally reported groundwater withdrawal statistics is compared to a novel approach to quantify use based on remote sensing observations from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission. Four characteristic stress regimes are defined: Overstressed, Variable Stress, Human-dominated Stress, and Unstressed. The regimes are a function of the sign of use (positive or negative) and the sign of groundwater availability, defined as mean annual recharge. The ability to mitigate and adapt to stressed conditions, where use exceeds sustainable water availability, is a function of economic capacity and land use patterns. Therefore, we qualitatively explore the relationship between stress and anthropogenic biomes. We find that estimates of groundwater stress based on withdrawal statistics are unable to capture the range of characteristic stress regimes, especially in regions dominated by sparsely populated biome types with limited cropland. GRACE-based estimates of use and stress can holistically quantify the impact of groundwater use on stress, resulting in both greater magnitudes of stress and more variability of stress between regions.
2 Mittal, N.; Bhave, A. G.; Mishra, A.; Singh, R. 2016. Impact of human intervention and climate change on natural flow regime. Water Resources Management, 30(2):685-699. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-015-1185-6]
River basins ; Stream flow ; Climate change ; Anthropogenic factors ; Human behavior ; Dam construction ; Hydrology ; Models ; Calibration ; Performance evaluation ; Ecosystems ; Monsoon climate / India / Kangsabati River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047779)
(1.01 MB)
According to the ‘natural flow paradigm’, any departure from the natural flow condition will alter the river ecosystem. River flow regimes have been modified by anthropogenic interventions and climate change is further expected to affect the biotic interactions and the distribution of stream biota by altering streamflow. This study aims to evaluate the hydrologic alteration caused by dam construction and climatic changes in a mesoscale river basin, which is prone to both droughts and monsoonal floods. To analyse the natural flow regime, 15 years of observed streamflow (1950–1965) prior to dam construction is used. Future flow regime is simulated by a calibrated hydrological model Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), using ensemble of four high resolution (~25 km) Regional Climate Model (RCM) simulations for the near future (2021–2050) based on the SRES A1B scenario. Finally, to quantify the hydrological alterations of different flow characteristics, the Indicators of Hydrological Alteration (IHA) program based on the Range of Variability Approach (RVA) is used. This approach enables the assessment of ecologically sensitive streamflow parameters for the pre- and post-impact periods in the regions where availability of long-term ecological data is a limiting factor. Results indicate that flow variability has been significantly reduced due to dam construction with high flows being absorbed and pre-monsoon low flows being enhanced by the reservoir. Climate change alone may reduce high peak flows while a combination of dam and climate change may significantly reduce variability by affecting both high and low flows, thereby further disrupting the functioning of riverine ecosystems. We find that, in the Kangsabati River basin, influence of dam is greater than that of the climate change, thereby emphasizing the significance of direct human intervention.
3 Bassi, N.; Kumar, M. D. 2017. Water quality index as a tool for wetland restoration. Water Policy, 19(3):390-403. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2017.099]
Water quality ; Monitoring ; Assessment ; Wetlands ; Lake restoration ; Water resources ; Anthropogenic factors ; Wastewater ; Pollutant load ; Faecal coliforms ; Temperature ; pH ; Dissolved oxygen ; Turbidity ; Total dissolved solids ; Phosphates ; Nitrates ; Urban areas ; Land use / India / Delhi / Lake Bhalswa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048185)
(0.31 MB)
Worldwide, wetlands are subjected to increasing anthropogenic pressures resulting in loss of their hydrological and ecological functions. Such impacts are more pronounced in the case of wetlands in urban areas which are exposed to land use changes and increased economic activities. In many Indian cities, natural water bodies such as lakes are heavily polluted due to runoff from farmlands in urban and peri-urban areas and discharge of untreated domestic and industrial wastewater. The major constraint for restoring such water bodies is difficulty in devising a concrete action plan for analysing different sets of water quality parameters. Hence, a water quality index (WQI), which is a tool to analyse large amounts of data on different water quality parameters, is computed for one of the biggest natural lakes in the metropolitan city of Delhi. The mean WQI of the lake was estimated to be 46.27, which indicates a high level of water pollution. The paper discusses how these findings can be used for informing policies on management of wetlands. The paper also suggests establishment of a community based water quality monitoring and surveillance system, backed by infrastructural support from the State, in order to restore the wetlands in urban areas.
4 Eriyagama, Nishadi; Thilakarathne, M.; Tharuka, P.; Munaweera, Tharindu; Muthuwatta, Lal; Smakhtin, V.; Premachandra, Wickrama Waththage; Pindeniya, Dhammi; Wijayarathne, N. S.; Udamulla, L. 2017. Actual and perceived causes of flood risk: climate versus anthropogenic effects in a wet zone catchment in Sri Lanka. Water International, 42(7):874-892. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2017.1373321]
Climate change ; Catchment areas ; Flooding ; Anthropogenic factors ; Environmental impact ; Land use ; Urbanization ; Precipitation ; Households ; Satellite imagery ; Paddy fields / Sri Lanka / Kalu Ganga Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048297)
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02508060.2017.1373321?needAccess=true
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048297.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048297.pdf
(2.51 MB)
The Kalu Ganga Basin in Sri Lanka is generally flooded once a year. A network of low-lying lands acts as natural retention and storage that captures floodwater, minimizing damage. An increase in the flood frequency has been observed in recent years. It is commonly perceived that this increase is caused by a rise in the frequency and severity of ‘very wet’ precipitation events. We conclude that land-use changes may have played a larger role in generating floods.
5 Mekonnen, M. M.; Hoekstra, A. Y. 2018. Global anthropogenic phosphorus loads to freshwater and associated grey water footprints and water pollution levels: a high-resolution global study. Water Resources Research, 54(1):345-358. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/2017WR020448]
Water pollution ; Anthropogenic factors ; Phosphorus ; Water footprint ; Freshwater ; Agricultural production ; Inorganic fertilizers ; River basins ; Erosion ; Runoff ; Models ; Uncertainty
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048599)
(1.68 MB)
We estimate the global anthropogenic phosphorus (P) loads to freshwater and the associated grey water footprints (GWFs) for the period 2002–2010, at a spatial resolution of 5 3 5 arc min, and compare the GWF per river basin to runoff to assess the P-related water pollution level (WPL). The global anthropogenic P load to freshwater systems from both diffuse and point sources is estimated at 1.5 Tg/yr. More than half of this total load was in Asia, followed by Europe (19%) and Latin America and the Caribbean (13%). The domestic sector contributed 54% to the total, agriculture 38%, and industry 8%. In agriculture, cereals production had the largest contribution to the P load (31%), followed by fruits, vegetables, and oil crops, each contributing 15%. The global total GWF related to anthropogenic P loads is estimated to be 147 3 1012 m3 /yr, with China contributing 30%, India 8%, USA 7%, and Spain and Brazil 6% each. The basins with WPL > 1 (where GWF exceeds the basin’s assimilation capacity) together cover about 38% of the global land area, 37% of the global river discharge, and provide residence to about 90% of the global population.
6 Nlend, B.; Celle-Jeanton, H.; Huneau, F.; Ketchemen-Tandia, B.; Fantong, W. Y.; Boum-Nkot, S. N.; Etame, J. 2018. The impact of urban development on aquifers in large coastal cities of West Africa: present status and future challenges. Land Use Policy, 75:352-363. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.03.007]
Aquifers ; Coastal area ; Urban development ; Towns ; Groundwater ; Water management ; Water quality ; Water pollution ; Contamination ; Salt water intrusion ; Environmental effects ; Climate change ; Anthropogenic factors ; Land use ; Socioeconomic environment ; Population growth / West Africa / Cote d'Ivoire / Benin / Nigeria / Cameroon / Continental Terminal Aquifer / Abidjan / Cotonou / Lagos / Douala
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048819)
(1.77 MB)
This paper investigates the coastal cities of Abidjan, Cotonou, Lagos and Douala in West Africa. Published data on these areas were aggregated in order to compare the urban development of some African huge cities and assess their impacts on groundwater. Those urban centers have experienced an exponential demographic expansion since the 1950s, with increased population densities and a geographical coverage expansion as well. The Continental Terminal aquifer, major groundwater resource taped in this region by the national water companies and local populations, shows a continuous downward trend in piezometric levels. Concerning water quality, the evolution up to the current state (saline intrusion, nitrate pollution) and the natural geochemical process (dilution, redox reactions) affecting the aquifer have been highlighted. The results confirm the urgent need to consider groundwater development relatively to demographic and economic growth. Some management approaches have been proposed including monitoring of contamination, protection of the resource and the use of shallow large-diameter wells, which have proved to be less saline and more sustainable than deeper small-diameter boreholes. The results and discussion of this paper have provided a considerable new insight of West African coastal cities. This will help stakeholders involved in local development to face the urban pressure.
7 Ghale, Y. A. G.; Baykara, M.; Unal, A. 2019. Investigating the interaction between agricultural lands and Urmia Lake ecosystem using remote sensing techniques and hydro-climatic data analysis. Agricultural Water Management, 221:566-579. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2019.05.028]
Farmland ; Lakes ; Ecosystems ; Agricultural development ; Water management ; Hydroclimatology ; Remote sensing ; Techniques ; Landsat ; Satellite imagery ; Soil salinity ; Desertification ; Land cover change ; Irrigated land ; Anthropogenic factors ; Climatic factors / Iran / Urmia Lake
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049260)
(6.51 MB)
Urmia Lake (UL) located in the northwest of Iran, is one of the largest hypersaline lakes in the world. In recent years, most of the lake has been rendered to unusable lands. Drought and rapid increase in agricultural activities are the most important reasons behind the shrinkage of the lake. In this study, hydro-climatic data, Landsat satellite images and image processing techniques were used to detect the spatio-temporal land cover changes and salinization progress in Urmia Lake Basin (ULB) between 1975 and 2019. Increasing the area of irrigated lands from 1265 km2 in 1975 to 5525 km2 in 2011 in contrast to decreasing the water surface area of UL from 5982 km2 in 1995 to 586 km2 in 2014 and extension of salinization in the basin are the most important and thoughtful results of this study. Even the agricultural lands in the regions close to the lake have been affected by this environmental problem. The climatic conditions have gradually improved after 2014 and the government has released more water from dams to the lake. On the other hand, the area of irrigated lands has gradually decreased by 12% in the same period. As a result of these positive changes, the water surface area of the lake has gradually increased over 1000 km2. Based on the results of this study, both anthropogenic and climatic factors have played a positive role in UL restoration. Improvement of agricultural methods and providing a sustainable agricultural water management system under a changing climate can play the most effective role in the lake rehabilitation.
8 McArthur, J. M. 2018. Arsenic in groundwater. In Sikdar, P. K. (Ed.). Groundwater development and management: issues and challenges in South Asia. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing; New Delhi, India: Capital Publishing Company. pp.279-308. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75115-3_12]
Groundwater ; Arsenic ; Contamination ; Water pollution ; Drinking water ; Water quality ; Toxicity ; Aquifers ; Sediment ; Wells ; Pumping ; Anthropogenic factors ; Iron ; Population ; Public health ; Models / India / Pakistan / Bangladesh / Nepal / Bengal Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049268)
(1.38 MB)
9 Djumaboev, Kakhramon; Anarbekov, Oyture; Holmatov, B.; Hamidov, A.; Gafurov, Zafar; Murzaeva, Makhliyo; Susnik, J.; Maskey, S.; Mehmood, H.; Smakhtin, V. 2020. Surface water resources. In Xenarios, S.; Schmidt-Vogt, D.; Qadir, M.; Janusz-Pawletta, B.; Abdullaev, I. (Eds.). The Aral Sea Basin: water for sustainable development in Central Asia. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.25-38. (Earthscan Series on Major River Basins of the World)
Water resources development ; Surface water ; Hydrometeorology ; Observation ; Climate change ; Anthropogenic factors ; Water use ; Irrigated farming ; Infrastructure ; Temperature ; Precipitation ; Rivers ; Flow discharge ; Riparian zones / Central Asia / Uzbekistan / Tajikistan / Kyrgyzstan / Kazakhstan / Turkmenistan / Aral Sea Basin / Amu Darya River / Syr Darya River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049380)
(5.84 MB)
10 Linke, S.; Lehner, B.; Dallaire, C. O.; Ariwi, J.; Grill, G.; Anand, M.; Beames, P.; Burchard-Levine, V.; Maxwell, S.; Moidu, H.; Tan, F.; Thieme, M. 2019. Global hydro-environmental sub-basin and river reach characteristics at high spatial resolution. Scientific Data, 6:1-15. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-019-0300-6]
River basins ; Databases ; Hydrology ; Environmental effects ; Freshwater ; Watersheds ; Land cover ; Land use ; Anthropogenic factors ; Geometry ; Runoff ; Discharges
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049392)
(3.29 MB) (3.29 MB)
The HydroATLAS database provides a standardized compendium of descriptive hydro-environmental information for all watersheds and rivers of the world at high spatial resolution. Version 1.0 of HydroATLAS offers data for 56 variables, partitioned into 281 individual attributes and organized in six categories: hydrology; physiography; climate; land cover & use; soils & geology; and anthropogenic influences. HydroATLAS derives the hydro-environmental characteristics by aggregating and reformatting original data from well-established global digital maps, and by accumulating them along the drainage network from headwaters to ocean outlets. The attributes are linked to hierarchically nested sub-basins at multiple scales, as well as to individual river reaches, both extracted from the global HydroSHEDS database at 15 arc-second (~500 m) resolution. The sub-basin and river reach information is offered in two companion datasets: BasinATLAS and RiverATLAS. The standardized format of HydroATLAS ensures easy applicability while the inherent topological information supports basic network functionality such as identifying up- and downstream connections. HydroATLAS is fully compatible with other products of the overarching HydroSHEDS project enabling versatile hydro-ecological assessments for a broad user community.
11 Akhtar, N.; Syakir, M. I.; Rai, S. P.; Saini, R.; Pant, N.; Anees, M. T.; Qadir, A.; Khan, U. 2020. Multivariate investigation of heavy metals in the groundwater for irrigation and drinking in Garautha Tehsil, Jhansi District, India. Analytical Letters, 53(5):774-794. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00032719.2019.1676766]
Groundwater pollution ; Groundwater assessment ; Groundwater irrigation ; Drinking water ; Heavy metals ; Water quality ; Anthropogenic factors ; Hydrogeology ; Principal component analysis ; Multivariate analysis / India / Jhansi / Garautha
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049649)
(2.42 MB)
Groundwater is an important source for drinking and irrigation purposes. Due to anthropogenic activities, heavy metals have been leaching due to industrial waste and agricultural activities to the groundwater causing pollution. The assessment of groundwater quality is necessary to reduce the pollution to acceptable levels. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate heavy metal concentrations in the groundwater of the villages of Garautha Tehsil, Jhansi where the anthropogenic activities are active. The groundwater samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and the results were compared to the 2012 Bureau of Indian Standard limits. Three multivariate statistical methods were used to analyze the groundwater quality for irrigation and drinking purposes and to investigate the geological and hydrogeological processes. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) identified four factors responsible for the data structure by illuminating the total variance of 77.83% of the dataset. The majority of groundwater samples contained Al, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Cr, Pb, and Fe within the acceptable limits except at few locations. However, the Al, Fe, and Mn concentration were high at a few sites due to rock–water interactions, whereas the concentration of As, Cd, and Zn were lower than their respective permissible limits in all groundwater samples. Furthermore, the groundwater quality for the use of irrigation is found to be acceptable at 19 locations, with only one high result.
12 Pandey, Vishnu Prasad; Shrestha, Dibesh; Adhikari, M.; Shakya, S. 2020. Streamflow alterations, attributions, and implications in extended East Rapti Watershed, central-southern Nepal. Sustainability, 12(9):3829. (Special issue: Implications of Climate Change for Ecosystems and Society) [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093829]
Watersheds ; Stream flow ; Climate change ; Anthropogenic factors ; Rainfall patterns ; Precipitation ; Temperature ; Population density ; Social aspects ; Environmental effects ; Groundwater extraction ; Meteorological stations ; River basins ; Runoff ; Hydrological factors ; Aquatic ecology ; Food security ; Land use change ; Land cover change / Nepal / East Rapti Watershed / Chitwan / Makwanpur
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049715)
(3.08 MB) (3.08 MB)
Streamflow alteration and subsequent change in long-term average, seasonality, and extremes (e.g., floods and droughts) may affect water security, which is a major concern in many watersheds across the globe. Both climatic and anthropogenic activities may contribute to such changes. Therefore, this study assesses: (i) Streamflow and precipitation trends to identify streamflow alterations in the Extended East Rapti (EER) watershed in central-southern Nepal; (ii) relationship of the alterations to climatic and anthropogenic sources; and (iii) implications of streamflow changes to the socio-environmental system. The trends in streamflow were analyzed for pre-and post-1990 periods considering the abrupt shift in temperature trend in 1990. Results showed a general decreasing trends in discharge post-1990 in the EER watershed. Human activities have significantly contributed in altering streamflow in the EER. Human-induced streamflow alterations have affected the water availability, food security, river health, aquatic biodiversity, and groundwater abstraction in the EER watershed.
13 Osipov, S.; Yermenbai, A.; Akylbekova, A.; Livinsky, Y.; Anarbekov, Oyture. 2020. The negative impact of anthropogenic factors on the state of groundwater of Kazakhstan. News of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan-Series of Geology and Technical Sciences, 2(440):132-140. [doi: https://doi.org/10.32014/2020.2518-170X.40]
Groundwater pollution ; Anthropogenic factors ; Water resources ; Industrial wastes ; Hazardous wastes ; Hydrological factors ; Environmental effects ; Monitoring ; Rivers ; Towns / Kazakhstan
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049735)
http://www.geolog-technical.kz/images/pdf/g20202/dop/2/132-140-2.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049735.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049735.pdf
(0.62 MB) (636 KB)
This article reviews the negative impact of anthropogenic changes on groundwater. The main changes in physical and geographical conditions that occur under the impact of anthropogenic pressures and that have the most significant influence on the state of groundwater, as well as a negative impaction the conditions of the formation of groundwater are: changes in the landscape caused by agricultural works, mining, construction of settlements, etc.; changes in the hydrographic network caused the construction of hydroelectric power facilities; changes in the composition of the atmospheric air; changes in the groundwater level regime, climatic conditions. The most significant factor of change in groundwater formation conditions is the progressive anthropogenic pollution of groundwater. It negatively influences the number of resources and their quality.
14 Wu, J.; Wang, X.; Zhong, B.; Yang, A.; Jue, K.; Wu, J.; Zhang, L.; Xu, W.; Wu, S.; Zhang, N.; Liu, Q. 2020. Ecological environment assessment for greater Mekong Subregion based on pressure-state-response framework by remote sensing. Ecological Indicators, 117:106521. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106521]
Environmental Impact Assessment ; Ecological indicators ; Remote sensing ; Landsat ; Biodiversity ; Vegetation ; Land use ; Land cover ; Spatial distribution ; Farmland ; Ecosystems ; Anthropogenic factors ; Evapotranspiration ; Sustainable development / China / Myanmar / Lao People's Democratic Republic / Greater Mekong Subregion / Yunnan / Sipsongpanna
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049753)
(6.71 MB)
The environment project in the greater Mekong sub-region was the largest multi-field environmental cooperation launched by six countries (China, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Cambodia) in 2006, since the cooperation mechanism was established by Asian Development Bank (ADB) in 1992. How to establish the indicators to assess the achievements of the biological corridor construction and the status of ecological environment quantitatively is one of the prerequisites for the future project ongoing phase. The popular Pressure-State-Response (PSR) framework was employed in this study to assess the natural and human pressure, the healthy state of regional natural environment, and the subsequent response of ecosystem dynamic change in the Greater Mekong Subregion. Instead of using surveying based data as driving parameters, large amount of driving factors were retrieved from multi-source remote sensing data from 2000 to 2017, which provides access to larger updated and real-time databases, more tangible data allowing more objective goal management, and better spatially covered. The driving factors for pressure analysis included digital elevation, land surface temperature, evapotranspiration, light index, road network map, land cover dynamic change and land use degree, which were derived directly and indirectly from remote sensing. The indicators for state evaluation were composed of vegetation index, leaf area index, and fractional vegetation cover from remote sensing directly. The comprehensive response index was mainly determined by the pressure and state indicators. Through the analysis based on an overlay technique, it showed that the ecological environment deteriorated firstly from 2000 to 2010 and then started to improve from 2010 to 2017. The proofs indicated that the natural forest and wetland ecosystems were improved and the farmland area was decreased between 2000 and 2017. This study explored effective indicators from remote sensing for the ecological and environmental assessment, which can provide a strong decision-making basis for promoting the sustainable development of the ecological environment in the greater Mekong subregion, as well as the technological support for the construction of the biodiversity corridor.
15 Cecchi, P.; Forkuor, G.; Cofie, Olufunke; Lalanne, F.; Poussin, J.-C.; Jamin, J.-Y. 2020. Small reservoirs, landscape changes and water quality in Sub-Saharan West Africa. Water, 12(7):1967. [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/w12071967]
Water reservoirs ; Water quality ; Land use change ; Land cover change ; Anthropogenic factors ; Watersheds ; Landsat ; Satellite imagery ; Farmland ; Vegetation ; Lakes ; Dry season ; Population density ; Indicators / Africa South of Sahara / West Africa / Burkina Faso
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049806)
(2.94 MB) (2.94 MB)
Small reservoirs (SRs) are essential water storage infrastructures for rural populations of Sub-Saharan West Africa. In recent years, rapid population increase has resulted in unprecedented land use and land cover (LULC) changes. Our study documents the impacts of such changes on the water quality of SRs in Burkina Faso. Multi-temporal Landsat images were analyzed to determine LULC evolutions at various scales between 2002 and 2014. Population densities were calculated from downloaded 2014 population data. In situ water samples collected in 2004/5 and 2014 from selected SRs were analyzed for Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) loads, an integrative proxy for water quality. The expansion of crop and artificial areas at the expense of natural covers controlled LULC changes over the period. We found a very significant correlation between SPM loads and population densities calculated at a watershed scale. A general increase between the two sampling dates in the inorganic component of SPM loads, concomitant with a clear expansion of cropland areas at a local scale, was evidenced. Results of the study suggest that two complementary but independent indicators (i.e., LULC changes within 5-km buffer areas around SRs and demographic changes at watershed scale), relevantly reflected the nature and intensity of overall pressures exerted by humans on their environment, and locally on aquatic ecosystems. Recommendations related to the re-greening of peripheral areas around SRs in order to protect water bodies are suggested.
16 Frake, A. N.; Namaona, W.; Walker, E. D.; Messina, J. P. 2020. Estimating spatio-temporal distributions of mosquito breeding pools in irrigated agricultural schemes: a case study at the Bwanje Valley Irrigation Scheme. Malaria Journal, 19:38. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-020-3113-3]
Mosquitoes ; Breeding seasons ; Estimation ; Malaria ; Anthropogenic factors ; Wet season ; Dry season ; Irrigated farming ; Irrigation canals ; Irrigation schemes ; Health hazards ; Case studies ; Models / Malawi / Bwanje Valley Irrigation Scheme / Bwanje Dam
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049855)
https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12936-020-3113-3
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049855.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049855.pdf
(6.05 MB) (6.05 MB)
Background
The association between irrigation and the proliferation of adult mosquitoes including malaria vectors is well known; however, irrigation schemes are treated as homogenous spatio-temporal units, with little consideration for how larval breeding varies across space and time. The objective of this study was to estimate the spatio-temporal distribution of pools of water facilitating breeding at the Bwanje Valley Irrigation Scheme (BVIS) in Malawi, Africa as a function of environmental and anthropogenic characteristics.
Methods
Irrigation structure and land cover were quantified during the dry and rainy seasons of 2016 and 2017, respectively. These data were combined with soil type, irrigation scheduling, drainage, and maintenance to model suitability for mosquito breeding across the landscape under three scenarios: rainy season, dry season with limited water resources, and a dry season with abundant water resources.
Results
Results demonstrate seasonal, asymmetrical breeding potential and areas of maximum breeding potential as a function of environmental characteristics and anthropogenic influence in each scenario. The highest percentage of suitable area for breeding occurs during the rainy season; however, findings show that it is not merely the amount of water in an irrigated landscape, but the management of water resources that determines the aggregation of water bodies. In each scenario, timing and direction of irrigation along with inefficient drainage render the westernmost portion of BVIS the area of highest breeding opportunity, which expands and contracts seasonally in response to water resource availability and management decisions.
Conclusions
Changes in the geography of breeding potential across irrigated spaces can have profound effects on the distribution of malaria risk for those living in close proximity to irrigated agricultural schemes. The methods presented are generalizable across geographies for estimating spatio-temporal distributions of breeding risk for mosquitoes in irrigated schemes, presenting an opportunity for greater geographically targeted strategies for management.
The association between irrigation and the proliferation of adult mosquitoes including malaria vectors is well known; however, irrigation schemes are treated as homogenous spatio-temporal units, with little consideration for how larval breeding varies across space and time. The objective of this study was to estimate the spatio-temporal distribution of pools of water facilitating breeding at the Bwanje Valley Irrigation Scheme (BVIS) in Malawi, Africa as a function of environmental and anthropogenic characteristics.
Methods
Irrigation structure and land cover were quantified during the dry and rainy seasons of 2016 and 2017, respectively. These data were combined with soil type, irrigation scheduling, drainage, and maintenance to model suitability for mosquito breeding across the landscape under three scenarios: rainy season, dry season with limited water resources, and a dry season with abundant water resources.
Results
Results demonstrate seasonal, asymmetrical breeding potential and areas of maximum breeding potential as a function of environmental characteristics and anthropogenic influence in each scenario. The highest percentage of suitable area for breeding occurs during the rainy season; however, findings show that it is not merely the amount of water in an irrigated landscape, but the management of water resources that determines the aggregation of water bodies. In each scenario, timing and direction of irrigation along with inefficient drainage render the westernmost portion of BVIS the area of highest breeding opportunity, which expands and contracts seasonally in response to water resource availability and management decisions.
Conclusions
Changes in the geography of breeding potential across irrigated spaces can have profound effects on the distribution of malaria risk for those living in close proximity to irrigated agricultural schemes. The methods presented are generalizable across geographies for estimating spatio-temporal distributions of breeding risk for mosquitoes in irrigated schemes, presenting an opportunity for greater geographically targeted strategies for management.
17 Mahmood, Z.; Maann, A. A.; Khan, I. A.; Shahbaz, B. 2020. Anthropogenic dimensions of climate change and its implications for agricultural adaptive strategies in Punjab, Pakistan. Journal of Agricultural Research, 58(1):41-48.
Climate change ; Anthropogenic factors ; Agriculture ; Strategies ; Drought ; Household income ; Food security ; Socioeconomic environment ; Farmers / Pakistan / Punjab / Bahawalnagar / Chakwal / Faisalabad
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049914)
https://apply.jar.punjab.gov.pk/upload/1592384444_139_7._1479.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049914.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049914.pdf
(0.34 MB) (344 KB)
The phenomenon of climate change is characterized by many underlying strata of nested, intractable and unforeseen predicaments. One cannot say that environmental change is purely a natural phenomenon, there are several human dimensions which are responsible for said concern. Current research was conducted by collaboration of Department of Rural Sociology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad during 2019. This study analyzed the implications of climate change for rural livelihoods with focus on adaptive capacities in Punjab. Triangulation approach was utilized which consisted of qualitative and quantitative methodology. A sample of 672 representative was examined, which was drawn from three districts of the Punjab i.e. Bahawalnagar, Chakwal and Faisalabad by using multistage sampling technique. The research findings exhibited that most of respondents had education of up to matric level, lived in system of joint family with family of 7 or above members and had farming experience of more than 10 years. About half of the respondents possessed up to 5 acres of agricultural land. 91.2% of respondents believed that climate change effected the agriculture. While, 36.6% respondents responded that the phenomenon of climate change was anthropogenic. A set of agricultural adaptive strategies were used by majority of the respondents such as use of high yield varieties, drought resistant varieties, improved irrigation facilities, change in the planting schedule and diversifying of household income, etc. The findings obtained from the data showed that there were serious implications of climatic threat to food security and increased prices of agricultural input (fertilizer, pesticide, mechanization). Multiple linear regression showed that marital status, income, size of landholding, water shortage, strong winds and constraints were significantly associated with the agricultural adaptive strategies. Moreover, the role of Government and concerned departments was not found efficient in raising the awareness regarding climate change. There is need of comprehensive and practical interventions in the form of improved extension services, climate smart agriculture network, mainstreaming of climate change into national strategy and policy, effective weather forecast and institutional monitoring of adaptive measures.
18 Warner, S.; Chapman, D.; Dickens, Chris. 2020. Good ambient water quality. In Filho, W. L.; Azul, A. M.; Brandli, L.; Salvia, A. L.; Wall, T. (Eds.). Clean water and sanitation. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. 11p. (Online first). (Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70061-8_83-1]
Water quality ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Development indicators ; Water resources ; Groundwater ; Rivers ; Lakes ; Freshwater ; Geology ; Ecosystems ; Anthropogenic factors ; Biological processes ; Topography ; Monitoring ; Assessment ; Wastewater
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050048)
(0.25 MB)
19 Panda, D. K.; Ambast, S. K.; Shamsudduha, M. 2021. Groundwater depletion in northern India: impacts of the sub-regional anthropogenic land-use, socio-politics and changing climate. Hydrological Processes, 35(2):e14003. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.14003]
Groundwater depletion ; Anthropogenic factors ; Land use change ; Anthropogenic climate change ; Social aspects ; Political aspects ; Water storage ; Aquifers ; Groundwater table ; Extreme weather events ; Drought ; Rain ; Temperature ; Food security ; Policies / India / Indo-Gangetic Plain / Punjab / Haryana / Delhi / Rajasthan / Uttar Pradesh / Bihar / West Bengal
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050230)
(2.79 MB)
Understanding the key drivers behind intensive use of groundwater resources and subsequent depletion in northern India is important for future food security of India. Although spatio-temporal changes of groundwater storage (GWS) and its depletion in northern India are mapped using the NASA's GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) records, the sub-regional diverse socio-political and environmental factors contributing to the variability in groundwater withdrawals and renewals are not well documented. Here, we provide new evidence on changes in GWS at different spatial scales using both observations and satellite-based measurements applying both parametric and non-parametric statistical analyses. The substantial loss of GWS has occurred since the beginning of the 21st century, and the decline in GWS is associated with some record-breaking dry and hot climate events. We present how certain state-based policy decisions, such as supplying free electricity for irrigation, prompted farmers to extract groundwater unsustainably and thus led to widespread GWS deletion, which has been also accelerated by frequent dryness and rising temperatures. In the hotspot of Punjab, Haryana and Delhi of northern India, the extracted groundwater during 1985–2013 is equivalent to a metre-high layer if spread uniformly across its geographical domain. We find that the groundwater storage loss in northern India has increased rapidly from 17 km3 to 189 km3 between the pre-2002 and 2002–2013 periods. This loss in northern India is, therefore, an excellent example of rapid surface greening and sub-surface drying—a result of an interplay of socio-political and environmental factors. As groundwater continues to be treated as a common natural resource and no clear definition exists to guide policymaking, this study also illustrates how the administrative district level approach can solve the widespread problem of depletion.
20 Malakar, P.; Mukherjee, A.; Bhanja, S. N.; Ganguly, A. R.; Ray, R. K.; Zahid, A.; Sarkar, S.; Saha, D.; Chattopadhyay, S. 2021. Three decades of depth-dependent groundwater response to climate variability and human regime in the transboundary Indus-Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna mega river basin aquifers. Advances in Water Resources, 149:103856. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2021.103856]
Groundwater table ; Climate change ; River basins ; International waters ; Aquifers ; Groundwater recharge ; Water extraction ; Anthropogenic factors ; Water levels ; Wells ; Irrigation ; Precipitation / India / Bangladesh / Indus River Basin / Ganges River Basin / Brahmaputra River Basin / Meghna River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050254)
(3.12 MB)
Groundwater plays a major role in human adaptation and ecological sustainability against climate variability by providing global water and food security. In the Indus-Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna aquifers (IGBM), groundwater abstraction has been reported to be one of the primary contributors to groundwater storage variability. However, there is still a lack of understanding on the relative influence of climate and abstraction on groundwater. Data-guided statistical studies are reported to be crucial in understanding the human-natural complex system. Here, we attributed the long-term (1985–2015) impact of local-precipitation, global-climate cycles, and human influence on multi-depth groundwater levels (n=6753) in the IGBM using lag correlation analysis, wavelet coherence analysis, and regression-based dominance analysis. Our findings highlight the variable patterns of phase lags observed between multi-depth groundwater levels and precipitation depending on the different nature of climatic and anthropogenic drivers in different parts of the basin. We observed intuitive responses, i.e., rapid response in shallow groundwater and relatively delayed responses to the global climate patterns with increasing depth. However, in the most exploited areas, the hydrological processes governing the groundwater recharge are overwhelmed by unsustainable groundwater abstraction, thus decoupling the hydro-climatic continuum. Our results also suggest groundwater abstraction to be the dominant influence in most of the basin, particularly at the greater depth of the aquifer, thus highlighting the importance of understanding multi-depth groundwater dynamics for future groundwater management and policy interventions.
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