Your search found 9 records
1 Vanham, D.; Hoekstra, A. Y.; Wada, Y.; Bouraoui, F.; de Roo, A.; Mekonnen, M. M.; van de Bund, W. J.; Batelaan, O.; Pavelic, Paul; Bastiaanssen, W. G. M.; Kummu, M.; Rockstrom, J.; Liu, J.; Bisselink, B.; Ronco, P.; Pistocchi, A.; Bidoglio, G. 2018. Physical water scarcity metrics for monitoring progress towards SDG target 6.4: An evaluation of indicator 6.4.2 “Level of water stress” Science of the Total Environment, 613&614:218-232. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.056]
Water scarcity ; Water stress ; Water use efficiency ; Water availability ; Water quality ; Sustainable development ; Economic activities ; Evaluation ; Monitoring ; Indicators ; Environmental flows ; Surface water ; Reservoirs ; Groundwater extraction
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048267)
http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0048969717323963/1-s2.0-S0048969717323963-main.pdf?_tid=3378446e-9d11-11e7-b615-00000aacb35d&acdnat=1505808466_dde7280ef636e5416ef242c37fd997c5
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048267.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048267.pdf
(1.92 MB)
Target 6.4 of the recently adopted Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) deals with the reduction of water scarcity. To monitor progress towards this target, two indicators are used: Indicator 6.4.1 measuring water use efficiency and 6.4.2 measuring the level of water stress (WS). This paper aims to identify whether the currently proposed indicator 6.4.2 considers the different elements that need to be accounted for in a WS indicator. WS indicators compare water use with water availability. We identify seven essential elements: 1) both gross and net water abstraction (or withdrawal) provide important information to understand WS; 2) WS indicators need to incorporate environmental flow requirements (EFR); 3) temporal and 4) spatial disaggregation is required in a WS assessment; 5) both renewable surface water and groundwater resources, including their interaction, need to be accounted for as renewable water availability; 6) alternative available water resources need to be accounted for as well, like fossil groundwater and desalinated water; 7) WS indicators need to account for water storage in reservoirs, water recycling and managed aquifer recharge. Indicator 6.4.2 considers many of these elements, but there is need for improvement. It is recommended that WS is measured based on net abstraction as well, in addition to currently only measuring WS based on gross abstraction. It does incorporate EFR. Temporal and spatial disaggregation is indeed defined as a goal in more advanced monitoring levels, in which it is also called for a differentiation between surface and groundwater resources. However, regarding element 6 and 7 there are some shortcomings for which we provide recommendations. In addition, indicator 6.4.2 is only one indicator, which monitors blue WS, but does not give information on green or green-blue water scarcity or on water quality. Within the SDG indicator framework, some of these topics are covered with other indicators.
2 Nicol, Alan; Abdoubaetova, A.; Wolters, A.; Kharel, A.; Murzakolova, A.; Gebreyesus, A.; Lucasenco, E.; Chen, F.; Sugden, F.; Sterly, H.; Kuznetsova, I.; Masotti, M.; Vittuari, M.; Dessalegn, Mengistu; Aderghal, M.; Phalkey, N.; Sakdapolrak, P.; Mollinga, P.; Mogilevskii, R.; Naruchaikusol, S. 2020. Between a rock and a hard place: early experience of migration challenges under the Covid-19 pandemic. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 22p. (IWMI Working Paper 195) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2020.216]
Migration ; COVID-19 ; Pandemics ; Labour market ; Migrant labour ; Unemployment ; Livelihoods ; Health hazards ; Income ; Remittances ; Economic activities ; Poverty ; Social inequalities ; Food supply ; Households ; Rural areas ; State intervention ; Governance ; Quarantine ; Travel restrictions ; Border closures ; Policies ; Assessment ; Uncertainty / China / Ethiopia / Kyrgyzstan / Republic of Moldova / Morocco / Nepal / Thailand
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H050125)
(1.92 MB)
This working paper was produced under the European Union Horizon 2020 funded AGRUMIG project and traces the impact of Covid-19 on migration trends in seven project countries – China, Ethiopia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Morocco, Nepal and Thailand.
The context of global migration has changed dramatically due to the coronavirus pandemic. Both within and between countries there has been a substantial curtailment of movement. As a result of multiple lockdowns, economic activity has severely declined and labor markets have ground to a halt, with mass unemployment in industrialized economies looming on the horizon. For both migrant hosting and origin countries – some are substantially both – this poses a set of complex development challenges.
Partners of the AGRUMIG project undertook a rapid review of impacts across project countries, exploring the impacts on rural households but also identifying the persistent desire to migrate in spite of restrictions.
The context of global migration has changed dramatically due to the coronavirus pandemic. Both within and between countries there has been a substantial curtailment of movement. As a result of multiple lockdowns, economic activity has severely declined and labor markets have ground to a halt, with mass unemployment in industrialized economies looming on the horizon. For both migrant hosting and origin countries – some are substantially both – this poses a set of complex development challenges.
Partners of the AGRUMIG project undertook a rapid review of impacts across project countries, exploring the impacts on rural households but also identifying the persistent desire to migrate in spite of restrictions.
3 Danso-Abbeam, G.; Ojo, T. O.; Baiyegunhi, L. J. S.; Ogundeji, A. A. 2021. Climate change adaptation strategies by smallholder farmers in Nigeria: does non-farm employment play any role? Heliyon, 7(6):E07162. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07162]
Climate change adaptation ; Strategies ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Non-farm employment ; Economic activities ; Nonfarm income ; Diversification ; Households ; Participation ; Socioeconomic environment ; Models / Nigeria
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050418)
https://www.cell.com/action/showPdf?pii=S2405-8440%2821%2901265-2
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050418.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050418.pdf
(1.08 MB) (1.08 MB)
Non-farm employment in agrarian communities in developing countries has received a lot of attention. However, its role in implementing climate change adaptation strategies is rarely discussed. This study employs a cross-sectional data to examine whether rural households in Southwest Nigeria are increasing the extent of climate change adaptation practices through their participation in non-farm employment. To account for selectivity bias, the study used endogenous treatment effect for count data model (precisely Poisson) augmented with the inverse probability-weighted-regression-adjustment (IPWRA) estimator. Both estimators found that rural non-farm jobs increase smallholder farmers' adaptive capacities and that participants would have used less adaptation techniques if they had not participated in non-farm work. Efforts to boost rural development must provide more employment opportunities for farmers, particularly during the off-cropping time. This will help farmers improve their ability to adopt more climate change adaptation strategies and, consequently increase farm productivity.
4 Ho, T. D. N.; Kuwornu, J. K. M.; Tsusaka, T. W. 2022. Factors influencing smallholder rice farmers’ vulnerability to climate change and variability in the Mekong Delta Region of Vietnam. European Journal of Development Research, 34(1):272-302. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41287-021-00371-7]
Climate change ; Climate variability ; Rice ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Vulnerability ; Livelihoods ; Natural disasters ; Rain ; Socioeconomic aspects ; Farm income ; Households ; Economic activities ; Social networks ; Deltas / Vietnam / Mekong Delta Region / Can Tho / Dong Thap / Tien Giang
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050878)
(1.37 MB)
This study analyzed the effects of climate change on rice farmers’ livelihoods vulnerability by using primary data elicited from 405 rice farming households in Can Tho, Dong Thap, and Tien Giang provinces in the Mekong Delta Region (MDR) of Vietnam. The Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) showed that Can Tho province was the most vulnerable to climate change, followed by Dong Thap and Tien Giang provinces. In particular, the social index sub-indicator showed high vulnerability. The beta regression analysis identified seventeen significant factors influencing the susceptibility of rice farming households in the study area, such as weather information, flood occurrence, drought occurrence, access to extension services, access to credit, and cooperative membership as well as demographic variables and livelihoods related factors. The LVI result suggests the need for the government to consider raising the priority on households in Can Tho province through adaptation support to improve the resilience and adaptive capacity, especially by enhancing the social network in this area to stimulate support from local authorities and farmer groups. The regression results imply that extension services should provide adequate and timely weather information to equip the farmers to be more prepared for climatic shocks. Moreover, credit facilities with low interest rates should be made available, especially to those who are members of agricultural cooperatives.
5 Msaki, G. L.; Njau, K. N.; Treydte, A. C.; Lyimo, T. 2022. Social knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions on wastewater treatment, technologies, and reuse in Tanzania. Water Reuse, 12(2):223-241. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2022.096]
Wastewater treatment ; Water reuse ; Recycling ; Technology ; Social aspects ; Attitudes ; Health hazards ; Constructed wetlands ; Irrigation ; Water supply ; Economic activities ; Households ; Multivariate analysis / United Republic of Tanzania / Kilimanjaro / Arusha / Iringa / Dar es Salaam
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051259)
https://iwaponline.com/jwrd/article-pdf/12/2/223/1067484/jwrd0120223.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051259.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051259.pdf
(0.75 MB) (764 KB)
This study assessed the social knowledge, attitude, and perceptions (KAPs) on wastewater treatment, the technologies involved, and its reuse across different wastewater treatment areas in four regions of Tanzania. We used both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods in a household-level questionnaire (n=327) with structured and semi-structured questions, which involved face-to-face interviews and observation. Our results show that social KAPs surrounding wastewater treatment and reuse were sufficient based on KAP scores achieved from asked questions. However, the general knowledge on treatment technologies, processes, and reuse risks was still low. Of the respondents, over 50% approved using treated wastewater in various applications, while the majority (93%) were reluctant if the application involved direct contact with the water. Furthermore, over 90% of interviewees did not know the technologies used to treat wastewater and the potential health risks associated with its use (59%). Multivariate analysis of variance revealed significant differences (P<0.05) in the KAPs on treated wastewater across different studied demographic variables, i.e., age, sex, and education level. Therefore, we recommend that more effort be spent on providing public education about the potential of wastewater treatment and existing technologies in order to facilitate their adoption for the community's and environment's benefit.
6 Diendere, A. A.; Ouedraogo, D. 2023. Women farmers and climate change: empirical evidence from Burkina Faso. Agricultural and Resource Economics Review, 1-25. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/age.2023.12]
Women farmers ; Climate change adaptation ; Household income ; Agricultural production ; Food insecurity ; Food security ; Econometrics ; Vulnerability ; Soil conservation ; Diversification ; Models ; Agricultural extension ; Economic activities ; Cultivated land ; Soil fertility / Burkina Faso
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051904)
https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/099D58F8C43A870375E6A635E8BDD85B/S1068280523000126a.pdf/women-farmers-and-climate-change-empirical-evidence-from-burkina-faso.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051904.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051904.pdf
(0.62 MB) (632 KB)
This study examines the factors influencing women farmers’ choice of adaptation strategies to reduce the negative impacts of climate change and the effects of these strategies on household income and food insecurity. A field survey was conducted among 426 women farmers in the Center-North region, which covers 7% of Burkina Faso territory. Descriptive statistics, a multinomial logit model, and a propensity score matching model were used to analyze the data collected. The results of the econometric analysis show that high domestic tasks, type of climate shocks experienced, membership in women’s group, and financial constraints are important determinants of adaptation decisions. Adaptation strategies are also found to have a positive impact on income and a negative impact on household food insecurity. These different findings highlight the need to prioritize flexible adaptation options to improve women farmers’ resilience to climate change, rather than generic solutions.
7 Guba, B. Y.; Fielmua, N.; Mwingyine, D. T. 2023. Multiple-use water systems and rural livelihoods in North-Western Ghana: adjusting to a failed hope. Water International, 18p. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2023.2209502]
Water supply ; Multiple use ; Rural areas ; Livelihoods ; Sustainability ; Small scale systems ; Irrigation ; Women ; Developing countries ; Households ; Livelihoods ; Solar powered irrigation systems ; Economic activities / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051939)
(2.04 MB)
This study examines the sustainability of multiple-use water systems (MUS) and the associated livelihood issues among women gardeners in north-western Ghana. Focus group discussions and observation techniques were used as part of a qualitative approach to data collection. We found that the MUS strategy has the ability to improve livelihoods. However, the viability of the strategy necessitates technical assistance and innovative fund-raising strategies. The MUS facility (the hope of the people) failed because these conditions were inadequate. Due to the beneficiaries’ worsening situation, alternative livelihoods were adopted, such as the migration of married women to southern Ghana, the production of charcoal and the harvesting of wild fruits.
8 Nguyen, C. P.; Nguyen, B. Q. 2023. From natural risk to social justice: the influence of natural threats on gender inequality. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, 19:100270. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indic.2023.100270]
Gender equality ; Risk ; Climate change ; Employment ; Women's empowerment ; Tertiary ; Uncertainty ; Economic development ; Economic activities ; Economic growth ; Natural disasters ; Social resilience ; Political institutions
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052229)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2665972723000478/pdfft?md5=ac5869254b2de4146b55375d1bb2ec3f&pid=1-s2.0-S2665972723000478-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052229.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052229.pdf
(0.60 MB) (612 KB)
Climate change and global warming are major modern challenges, while gender inequality has been a social issue throughout the history of humankind. This study attempts to investigate how natural threats influence gender inequality. The study estimates the influence of the likelihood of suffering harms due to natural hazards on gender inequality in education, health, employment, and rights for a sample of 130 countries from 2011 to 2019. Natural threats appear to reduce the proportions of waged and salaried female workers in comparison with males, while inducing higher levels of self-employment among women. Natural threats increase gender inequality in education at both primary and tertiary levels. Natural threats seem to decrease the health status of men more than that of women, which is reflected in increased ratios of female/male life expectancy or survival to age 65. Natural threats are, surprisingly, found to improve women’s rights.
9 Haddad, B. M.; Solomon, B. D. 2024. Ecological economics as the science of sustainability and transformation: integrating entropy, sustainable scale, and justice. PLOS Sustainability and Transformation, 3(2):e0000098. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pstr.0000098]
Ecological footprint ; Economics ; Economic activities ; Economic growth ; Natural capital ; Sustainability ; Justice ; Transformation ; Entropy
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052624)
https://journals.plos.org/sustainabilitytransformation/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pstr.0000098&type=printable
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052624.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052624.pdf
(0.82 MB) (844 KB)
Ecological economics, developed in the late 1980s, came to be known as the multi- and transdisciplinary science of sustainability. Since that time, it has blended basic and applied research with the intention of both informing and bringing change to environmental policy, governance, and society. However, many conventional economists have questioned its originality and contributions. This paper begins by clarifying the foundational perspectives of ecological economics that it engages an economy embedded in both real and limited ecosystems as well as socially constructed power relations. Herman Daly, a founder of the field, expanded on Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen’s entropy economics by focusing on a quantifiable sustainable scale of the economy and achieving justice in the control and distribution of economic benefits. He called for both quantitative analyses of economic scale and discursive approaches to a just distribution. The paper then discusses how the terms entropy, scale, and justice are used and interact in the literature, illustrated by some of the key debates in the field involving the Ecological Footprint, substitutability of natural and manufactured capital, and the growth—“agrowth”—degrowth debate. The debates also illustrate the potential for the field to influence policy. Ecological economics as the science of both sustainability and transformation can deploy numerous concepts and tools to provide insights on how to illuminate and solve some of the most pressing problems of the Anthropocene.
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