Your search found 61 records
1 McCartney, Matthew; Smakhtin, Vladimir. 2011. Agricultural water storage in developing countries. Paper presented at the World Water Congress, Porto de Galinhas, Pernambuco, Brazil, 25-29 September 2011. 9p.
Agriculture ; Water storage ; Climate change ; Rainfall patterns ; Developing countries / Africa / Asia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044350)
(0.29 MB)
This paper addresses the need for agricultural water storage in developing countries. Rainfall variability is an important factor in development and translates directly into a need for water storage. In many places rainfall variability is likely to be amplified (even where the total amount of rain increases) as a result of climate change. If planned and managed correctly, various forms of water storage can increase water security and agricultural productivity thereby contributing to improved livelihoods and reduced rural poverty. However, ill-conceived water storage is a waste of financial resources and, rather than mitigate, may aggravate negative climate change impacts. Systems that combine complementary storage options are likely to be more adaptable and acceptable than those based on a single storage type. More systematic planning and management is required to avoid the mistakes of the past and to ensure more effective and suitable storage systems for the future.
2 Zehtabian, G.; Khosravi, H.; Ghodsi, M. 2010. High demand in a land of water scarcity: Iran. In Schneier-Madanes, G; Courel, M.-F. (Eds.). Water and sustainability in arid regions: bridging the gap between physical and social sciences. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp.75-86.
Water scarcity ; Water use ; Water pollution ; Water management ; Water quality ; Salinity ; Groundwater ; Irrigation ; Soil salinization ; Rainfall patterns / Iran
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044375)
(0.33 MB)
Since ancient times, humans have mobilized huge efforts to counter water shortages and meet water demands in arid and semiarid areas. If, however, water issues existed on a local scale in the past, in the present and future these problems occur on national, regional, and global scales and could threaten peace keeping, food security, and eventually sustainable development. In Iran, a nation covering about 1,650,000 km2, the supply, transfer, and use of water are major concerns, just as they were in ancient times. At present, about 55% of the water consumed in Iran is provided from groundwater resources and 45% from surface water, and more than 90% of water resources are allocated to the agriculture sector. The freshwater shortage has caused an increase in saltwater consumption, especially in arid and semiarid zones. Misuse and unrestrained water resources and traditional irrigation systems have caused soil salinity, land degradation, and desertification problems. Increasing salinity in most water resources in Iran over the past 10 years has caused an intensive decline of soil and water quality. Therefore, one of the main economical and social strategies of the government of Iran must be management that optimizes the use of water resources to attain sustainable development.
3 Lacombe, Guillaume; Smakhtin, Vladimir; Hoanh, Chu Thai. 2013. Wetting tendency in the Central Mekong Basin consistent with climate change-induced atmospheric disturbances already observed in East Asia. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 111(1-2):251-263. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-012-0654-6]
River basins ; Climate change ; Global warming ; Rainfall patterns ; Rainfed farming ; Dry season ; Wet season ; Crop production / Southeast Asia / Mekong River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044857)
(0.44 MB)
Regional and local trends in rainfall intensity, frequency, seasonality, and extremes were analyzed in the central Mekong Basin in continental Southeast Asia over the period 1953–2004 using the modified Mann–Kendall test, accounting for long-term persistence and the regional average of the Kendall’s statistic. Regionally significant and insignificant wetting tendencies of the dry and wet seasons, respectively, were found to be consistent with rainfall alterations in the neighboring southeastern part of China and attributed by previous studies to the weakening of the East Asia Summer and Winter Monsoons. These observations suggest the existence of causal links between global warming and rainfall changes observed in continental Southeast Asia. Although these changes most likely did not alter agricultural production, they confirm the need to account for climate change impacts when assessing water resources availability in this region under rapid economic development.
4 Kuppannan, Palanisami; Raman, S.; Mohan, Kadiri. (Eds.) 2012. Micro-irrigation: economics and outreach. New Delhi, India: Macmillan. 345p.
Irrigation systems ; Irrigation schemes ; Microirrigation ; Drip irrigation ; Sprinkler irrigation ; Irrigation practices ; Economic analysis ; Cost benefit analysis ; Financial situation ; Water resources ; Water availability ; Water demand ; Water supply ; Water use efficiency ; Groundwater irrigation ; Wells ; Surface water ; Tank irrigation ; Irrigated sites ; Capacity building ; Indicators ; Assessment ; Horticulture ; Cropping patterns ; Crop production ; Agroclimatic zones ; Rainfall patterns ; Land use ; Farmland ; Farm size ; Farmers ; Social aspects / India / Karnataka / Andhra Pradesh / Tamil Nadu / Kerala / Maharashtra / Gujarat / Orissa / Uttar Pradesh / Rajasthan / Punjab / Haryana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H044862)
(0.45 MB)
5 Lacombe, Guillaume; McCartney, Matthew; Forkuor, Gerald. 2012. Drying climate in Ghana over the period 1960–2005: evidence from the resampling-based Mann-Kendall test at local and regional levels. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57(8):1594-1609. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2012.728291]
Climate change ; Drying ; Rainfall patterns ; Water management ; Water storage ; Agriculture / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045155)
(1.58 MB)
Trends in rainfall series were investigated at 16 stations in Ghana over the period 1960–2005. Time series were first de-correlated using an effective pre-whitening methodology and then submitted to the resamplingbased Mann-Kendall test. Field significances were assessed using the regional average Kendall statistic. Although no significant changes were observed in annual rainfall, the analysis reveals: (a) a reduction in the number of wet season days totalling less than 20 mm of rainfall, between latitudes 6 and 9.5 N; (b) a delay (about 0.5 d year-1) in the wet season onset at several locations throughout the country; and (c) a lengthening (about 0.1 d year-1) of rainless periods during the wet season in the south and centre of Ghana. All these changes, which remained insignificant at more than half of the individual stations, were found to be regionally significant at the 95% confidence level. The results highlight the importance of evaluating regional significance when investigating climate trends.
6 Kuppannan, Palanisami; Sharda, V. N.; Singh, D. V. (Eds.) 2013. Water management in the hill regions: evidence from field studies. [Outcome of the IWMI and ICAR workshop organized by IWMI-TATA Water Policy Research Program]. New Delhi, India: Bloomsbury Publishing India. 288p.
Water management ; Water resources development ; Water harvesting ; Technology ; Water use efficiency ; Multiple use ; Water storage ; Highlands ; Rainfed farming ; Erosion ; Irrigation system ; Irrigation methods ; Climate change ; Rainfall patterns ; Runoff ; Case studies ; Impact assessment ; Research projects ; Groundwater recharge ; Economic aspects ; Land use ; Households / South Asia / India / Shivalik Region / North Eastern Hilly Regions / Himalayan Regions / Eastern Ghats Region / Sikkim Hills / Darjeeling Hills / Southern High Hills / Uttarakhand / Meghalaya
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G635 PAL Record No: H045723)
(0.38 MB)
7 Arora, S. 2011. Sustainable water resource management in the foothills of the Siwaliks, northwest India. In Findikakis, A. N.; Sato, K. Groundwater management practices. Leiden, Netherlands: CRC Press - Balkema. pp.94-109. (IAHR Monograph)
Water management ; Water resources ; Mountains ; Rainfall patterns ; Cropping systems ; Rain water management ; Water conservation ; Water harvesting ; Ponds ; Water table ; Water law ; Water availability ; Groundwater development / Northwest India / Jammu Region / Himalayas / Sivalik Hills
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 FIN Record No: H045650)
8 Kuppannan, Palanisami; Sharda, V. N.; Singh, D. V. (Eds.) 2013. Water management in the hill regions: evidence from field studies. [Outcome of the IWMI and ICAR workshop organized by IWMI-TATA Water Policy Research Program]. New Delhi, India: Bloomsbury Publishing India. 288p.
Water management ; Water resources development ; Water harvesting ; Technology ; Water use efficiency ; Multiple use ; Water storage ; Highlands ; Rainfed farming ; Erosion ; Irrigation system ; Irrigation methods ; Climate change ; Rainfall patterns ; Runoff ; Case studies ; Impact assessment ; Research projects ; Groundwater recharge ; Economic aspects ; Land use ; Households / South Asia / India / Shivalik Region / North Eastern Hilly Regions / Himalayan Regions / Eastern Ghats Region / Sikkim Hills / Darjeeling Hills / Southern High Hills / Uttarakhand / Meghalaya
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G635 PAL c2 Record No: H045949)
9 Ward, R. C. 1967. Principles of hydrology. 2nd ed. Boston, UK: McGraw-Hill. 367p.
Hydrological cycle ; Precipitation ; Storms ; Rainfall patterns ; Snow ; Interception ; Vegetation ; Woodlands ; Grasses ; Crops ; Water balance ; Water quality ; Evaporation ; Meteorological factors ; Radiation ; Temperature ; Humidity ; Winds ; Soil moisture ; Evapotranspiration ; Infiltration water ; Groundwater ; Water storage ; Groundwater ; Groundwater recharge ; Flow discharge ; Chemical composition ; Runoff ; Drainage
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 551.48 G000 WAR Record No: H045969)
(0.58 MB)
10 Liyanage, P. K. N. C. 2013. Impact of rainfall changes on agro-ecological regions of Sri Lanka due to climate change. Thesis submitted to the Institute of Human Resource Advancement of the University of Colombo, Sri Lanka in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Master of Science in Geoinformatics. 113p.
Rainfall patterns ; Data ; Agroecology ; Agricultural production ; Climate change ; Models ; Food security ; Greenhouse gases / Sri Lanka
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046170)
(4.46 MB)
11 Lacombe, Guillaume; McCartney, Matthew. 2014. Uncovering consistencies in Indian rainfall trends observed over the last half century. Climatic Change, 123(2):287-299.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046286)
http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs10584-013-1036-5.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046286.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046286.pdf
(0.57 MB) (587.68 KB)
Food security in India is tightly linked to rainfall variability. Trends in Indian rainfall records have been extensively studied but the subject remains complicated by the high spatiotemporal variability of rainfall arising from complex atmospheric dynamics. For various reasons past studies have often produced inconsistent results. This paper presents an analysis of recent trends in monthly and seasonal cumulative rainfall depth, number of rainy days and maximum daily rainfall, and in the monsoon occurrence (onset, peak and retreat). A modified version of the Mann-Kendall test, accounting for the scaling effect, was applied to 29 variables derived from square-degree-resolution daily gridded rainfall (1951–2007). The mapping of gridded trend slopes and the regional average Kendall test were used concurrently to assess the field significance of regional trends in areas exhibiting spatial homogeneity in trend directions. The statistics we used account for temporal and spatial correlations, and thus reduce the risk of overestimating the significance of local and regional trends. Our results i/ improve available knowledge (e.g. 5 %-field-significant delay of the monsoon onset in Northern India); ii/ provide a solid statistical basis to previous qualitative observations (e.g. 1 %-field-significant increase/decrease in pre-monsoon rainfall depth in northeast/southwest India); and, iii/ when compared to recent studies, show that the field significance level of regional trends (e.g. in rainfall extremes) is test-dependent. General trend patterns were found to align well with the geography of anthropogenic atmospheric disturbances and their effect on rainfall, confirming the paramount role of global warming in recent rainfall changes.
12 Mikunthan, T.; Vithanage, M.; Pathmarajah, S.; Arasalingam, Sutharsiny; Ariyaratne, Ranjith; Manthrithilake, Herath. 2013. Hydrogeochemical characterization of Jaffna’s aquifer systems in Sri Lanka. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 69p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2014.001]
Hydrology ; Geochemistry ; Aquifers ; Groundwater recharge ; Water quality ; Water levels ; Nitrogen fertilizers ; Contamination ; Drinking water ; Evapotranspiration ; Wells ; Soils ; Land use ; Rainfall patterns / Sri Lanka / Jaffna Peninsula / Chunnakam
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H046389)
(7 MB)
13 Asres, M. T.; Haile, Alemseged Tamiru; Abebe, Yenenesh. 2014. Opportunities and challenges of a community based rainfall observation network in Meja Watershed of the Upper Blue Nile Basin [Abstract only] In Arba Minch University. A base for building climate resilient green economy: proceedings of the 14th Symposium on Sustainable Water Resources Development, Arba Minch, Ethiopia, 27-28 June 2014. Arba Minch, Ethiopia: Arba Minch University. pp.30-31.
Rainfall patterns ; Measurement ; Watersheds ; River basins / Ethiopia / Jeldu / Upper Blue Nile Basin / Meja Watershed
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046869)
14 Ray, K.; Mohapatra, M.; Bandyopadhyay, B. K.; Rathore, L. S. (Eds.) 2015. High-impact weather events over the SAARC Region. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing; New Delhi, India: Capital Publishing Company. 414p. [Selected papers presented at the SAARC Seminar on High Impact Weather Events over SAARC Region, New Delhi, India, 2-4 December, 2013] [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10217-7]
Weather forecasting ; Simulation models ; Remote sensing ; Radar satellite ; Satellite observation ; Assimilation ; Monsoon climate ; Rainfall patterns ; Hail ; Natural disasters ; Thunderstorms ; Cyclones ; Drought ; Temperature ; Clouds ; Early warning systems ; Diagnostic techniques ; Performance evaluation ; Statistical methods ; Agriculture ; Monitoring ; Assessment ; Coastal area ; Case studies / South Asia / India / Bangladesh / Pakistan / Arabian Sea / Bay of Bengal / Uttar Pradesh / Gujarat / Bihar / Delhi / Uttarakhand / Cherrapunji
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 551.6 G570 RAY Record No: H047218)
(0.37 MB)
15 Chinnasamy, Pennan; Maheshwari, B.; Prathapar, Sanmugam. 2015. Understanding groundwater storage changes and recharge in Rajasthan, India through remote sensing. Water, 7(10):5547-5565. [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/w7105547]
Groundwater extraction ; Water storage ; Water use ; Water resources ; Remote sensing ; Rainwater ; Water harvesting ; Rainfall patterns ; Agroclimatic zones ; Irrigated farming ; Agriculture ; Case studies / India / Rajasthan
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047232)
(0.00 MB) (1.96 MB)
Groundwater management practices need to take hydrogeology, the agro-climate and demand for groundwater into account. Since agroclimatic zones have already been demarcated by the Government of India, it would aid policy makers to understand the status of groundwater recharge and discharge in each agroclimatic zone. However, developing effective policies to manage groundwater at agroclimatic zone and state levels is constrained due to a paucity of temporal data and information. With the launch of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission in 2002, it is now possible to obtain frequent data at broad spatial scales and use it to examine past trends in rain induced recharge and groundwater use. In this study, the GRACE data were used to estimate changes to monthly total water storage (TWS) and groundwater storage in different agroclimatic zones of Rajasthan, India. Furthermore, the long-term annual and seasonal groundwater storage trends in the state were estimated using the GRACE data and the trends were compared with those in rainfall data. The methodology based on GRACE data was found to be useful in detecting large scale trends in groundwater storage changes covering different agroclimatic zones. The analysis of data shows that groundwater storage trends depend on rainfall in previous years and, therefore, on the antecedent moisture conditions. Overall, the study indicates that if suitable groundwater recharge methods and sites are identified for the state, there is potential to achieve more groundwater recharge than what is currently occurring and, thus, enhancing the availability of water for irrigated agriculture.
16 Hoanh, Chu Thai; Johnston, Robyn; Smakhtin, Vladimir. 2015. Climate change and agricultural water management in developing countries. Wallingford, UK: CABI. 227p. (CABI Climate Change Series 8)
Climate change ; Agricultural development ; Agricultural production ; Sustainable agriculture ; Adaptation ; Water management ; Water requirements ; Water conservation ; Water accounting ; Water resources ; Water demand ; Water scarcity ; Water use ; Water rights ; Water rates ; Groundwater ; International waters ; Irrigation water ; Irrigation management ; Coastal area ; Sea level ; Salt water intrusion ; Deltas ; Food production ; Crop production ; Rice ; River basins ; Living standards ; Irrigated farming ; Greenhouse gases ; Emission ; Economic aspects ; Environmental effects ; Rainfall patterns ; Temperature ; Precipitation ; Evapotranspiration ; Meteorological stations / China / Philippines / India / Lao People's Democratic Republic / Huang-Huai-Hai Plain / Mekong Delta / Syr Darya Basin / Godavari River Basin / Krishna River Basin / Cauvery River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H047367)
http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/publications/other-publication-types/ca-cabi-series/climate-change-and-agricultural-water-management-in-developing-countries/
http://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047367_TOC.pdf
http://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047367_TOC.pdf
(0.35 MB)
17 Amarasinghe, P.; Liu, A.; Egodawatta, P.; Barnes, P.; McGree, J.; Goonetilleke, A. 2016. Quantitative assessment of resilience of a water supply system under rainfall reduction due to climate change. Journal of Hydrology, 540:1043-1052. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.07.021]
Water supply ; Water distribution systems ; Water security ; Resilience ; Indicators ; Quantitative analysis ; Climate change ; Rainfall patterns ; Reservoir storage ; Simulation models ; Case studies / Australia / Queensland
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047640)
(1.40 MB)
A water supply system can be impacted by rainfall reduction due to climate change, thereby reducing its supply potential. This highlights the need to understand the system resilience, which refers to the ability to maintain service under various pressures (or disruptions). Currently, the concept of resilience has not yet been widely applied in managing water supply systems. This paper proposed three technical resilience indictors to assess the resilience of a water supply system. A case study analysis was undertaken of the Water Grid system of Queensland State, Australia, to showcase how the proposed indicators can be applied to assess resilience. The research outcomes confirmed that the use of resilience indicators is capable of identifying critical conditions in relation to the water supply system operation, such as the maximum allowable rainfall reduction for the system to maintain its operation without failure. Additionally, resilience indicators also provided useful insight regarding the sensitivity of the water supply system to a changing rainfall pattern in the context of climate change, which represents the system’s stability when experiencing pressure. The study outcomes will help in the quantitative assessment of resilience and provide improved guidance to system operators to enhance the efficiency and reliability of a water supply system.
18 Bhattarai, B.; Beilin, R.; Ford, R. 2015. Gender, agrobiodiversity, and climate change: a study of adaptation practices in the Nepal Himalayas. World Development, 70:122-132. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.01.003]
Gender relations ; Climate change adaptation ; Agrobiodiversity ; Women's participation ; Equity ; Living standards ; Households ; Income ; Farmers ; Crop production ; High yielding varieties ; Cash crops ; Rainfall patterns ; Socioeconomic environment ; Organizations ; Case studies / Nepal / Himalayas / Hanspur
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047703)
(0.88 MB)
Gender is seminal to agrobiodiversity management, and inequities are likely to be exacerbated under a changing climate. Using in-depth interviews with farmers and officials from government and non-government organizations in Nepal, we explore how gender relations are influenced by wider socio-economic changes, and how alterations in gender relations shape responses to climate change. Combining feminist political ecology and critical social-ecological systems thinking, we analyze how gender and adaptation interact as households abandon certain crops, adopt high-yielding varieties and shift to cash crops. We argue that the prevailing development paradigm reinforces inequitable gender structures in agrobiodiversity management, undermining adaptation to the changing climate.
19 Chapungu, L.; Nhamo, Luxon. 2016. An assessment of the impact of climate change on plant species richness through an analysis of the normalised difference water index (NDWI) in Mutirikwi Sub-catchment, Zimbabwe. South African Journal of Geomatics, 5(2):244-268.
Climate change ; Plants ; Species ; Biodiversity ; Catchment areas ; Rainfall patterns ; Temperature ; Meteorological stations ; Remote sensing ; Vegetative period ; Environmental impact ; Satellite imagery / Zimbabwe / Mutirikwi Sub-catchment
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047746)
This study assesses the effects of climate change on vegetative species diversity exploring the usefulness of the Normalised Difference Water Index (NDWI) in predicting spatio-temporal diversity variations. The relationship between species richness and climatic variables of rainfall and temperature is explored based on species data collected from the field over a 3 year period and climate data collected from four local weather stations. Relationship between NDWI and species diversity indices is examined to confirm the usefulness of Remote Sensing in predicting vegetative diversity. The resultant predictive model was used to estimate changes in species richness over a 27 year period (1987-2014). The species diversity data was then regressed with climatic data for the same period. The results show a significant (P<0.05) correlation between species diversity and the two climatic variables. The results also indicate that there is a significant positive (P=0.0001; a=0.05; R2=0.565) relationship between species richness and NDWI. This implies that the NDWI is essential when assessing changes in species diversity over time. The Mann Kendall test revealed a decrease, though not statistically significant, in the rainfall received within the catchment over the period and significant variability. The minimum and maximum temperatures over the period were significantly increasing. These changes in climate variables were matched with a decrease in species richness. Some species tend to be succumbing to the environmental changes influenced by climate change resulting in their changes in phenology, abundance and distribution.
20 Jayasree, V.; Venkatesh, B. 2015. Analysis of rainfall in assessing the drought in semi-arid region of Karnataka state, India. Water Resources Management, 29(15):5613-5630. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-015-1137-1]
Weather hazards ; Drought ; Precipitation ; Semiarid zones ; Rainfall patterns ; GIS ; Mapping ; Spatial distribution ; Models ; Meteorological stations / India / Karnataka / Deccan Plateau
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047777)
(1.58 MB)
The present study focuses on drought analysis with an aim to understand the drought vulnerability, estimate and map the drought duration and severity in drought prone North Interior Karnataka region, India. A detailed analysis were carried out using rainfall data of more than 178 (with greater than 30 years data) stations to understand the drought characteristics. Rainfall descriptive variability, percentage occurrence of drought incidences and spatial distribution of rainfall were derived. In order to evaluate the drought severity and its extent and to map, method proposed by Ponce et al. (2000) and the Geographic Information System has been used. The method by Ponce et al. (2000) characterize drought based on intensity, duration and recurrence interval using mean annual precipitation of a location. The results obtained for the study area indicate that, the region is mostly semi-arid with drought occur for more than 50 % of the time. The majority of the drought events are of moderate intensity with few extreme intensity events. Further, it is noticed that, in many station, the rainfall show a decreasing trend. Since, rainfall in this region are mostly declining due to climatic change, the area would experience increasing drought severity in the forthcoming years. The outcome of the study would be useful in understanding the drought pattern, severity and extent in the study area which can be used by scientists and water management professionals to plan drought mitigation measures.
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