Your search found 49 records
1 Kravchenko, J.; Rango, T.; Akushevich, I.; Atlaw, B.; McCornick, Peter G.; Merola, R. B; Paul, C; Weinthal, E.; Harrison, C.; Vengosh, A.; Jeuland, M. 2014. The effect of non-fluoride factors on risk of dental fluorosis: evidence from rural populations of the Main Ethiopian Rift. Science of the Total Environment, 488-489:595-606. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.087]
Rural population ; Dental caries ; Fluorides ; Fluorosis ; Drinking water ; Groundwater ; Water quality ; Pollutants ; Health hazards ; Household consumption ; Milk consumption / Ethiopia / Main Ethiopian Rift
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046313)
(0.34 MB)
Elevated level of fluoride (F-) in drinking water is a well-recognized risk factor of dental fluorosis (DF). While considering optimization of region-specific standards for F-, it is reasonable, however, to consider how local diet, water sourcing practices, and non-F- elements in water may be related to health outcomes. In this study, we hypothesized that non-F- elements in groundwater and lifestyle and demographic characteristics may be independent predictors or modifiers of the effects of F- on teeth. Dental examinations were conducted among 1094 inhabitants from 399 randomly-selected households of 20 rural communities of the Ziway–Shala lake basin of the Main Ethiopian Rift. DF severity was evaluated using the Thylstrup-Fejerskov Index (TFI). Household surveys were performed and water samples were collected from community water sources. To consider interrelations between the teeth within individual (in terms of DF severity) and between F- and non-F- elements in groundwater, the statistical methods of regression analysis, mixed models, and principal component analysis were used. About 90% of study participants consumed water from wells with F- levels above theWHO recommended standard of 1.5 mg/l. More than 62% of the study population had DF. F- levels were a major factor associated with DF. Age, sex, and milk consumption (both cow's and breastfed)were also statistically significantly (p b 0.05) associated with DF severity; these associations appear both independently and as modifiers of those identified between F- concentration and DF severity. Among 35 examined elements in groundwater, Ca, Al, Cu, and Rb were found to be significantly correlated with dental health outcomes among the residents exposed to waterwith excessive F- concentrations. Quantitative estimates obtained in our study can be used to explore new water treatment strategies, water safety and quality regulations, and lifestyle recommendations which may be more appropriate for this highly populated region.
2 Glemet, R.; Elbert, E.; Navy, H.; Singhanouvong, D. 2014. Transboundary fish trade in the Lower Mekong Basin: impacts on fisheries and rural employment in Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Thailand. In Lebel, L.; Hoanh, Chu Thai; Krittasudthacheewa, C.; Daniel, R. (Eds.). Climate risks, regional integration and sustainability in the Mekong region. Petaling Jaya, Malaysia: Strategic Information and Research Development Centre (SIRDC); Stockholm, Sweden: Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI). pp.165-182.
International trade ; Fisheries ; Aquaculture ; Rural areas ; Employment ; Policy ; Economic aspects ; Income ; Markets ; Exports ; Household consumption ; Villages / Cambodia / Lao People s Democratic Republic / Thailand / Lower Mekong Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI, e-copy SF Record No: H046916)
(1.87 MB)
3 Donoso, G. 2015. Water pricing in Chile: decentralization and market reforms. In Dinar, A.; Pochat, V.; Albiac-Murillo, J. (Eds.). Water pricing experiences and innovations. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. pp.83-96. (Global Issues in Water Policy Volume 9)
Water rates ; Pricing ; Decentralization ; Water market ; Water supply ; Water use ; Drinking water ; Urban areas ; Sanitation ; Household consumption / Chile
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy SF Record No: H047119)
The water sector in Chile underwent major changes as a result of decentralization and market reforms. This chapter focuses on recent pricing experiences in the urban residential and rural sectors. Over the last 30 years, the Chilean government has successfully incorporated private participation in the water and sanitation sector and implemented a regulatory framework that has contributed to cost recovery and affordability of the reform. The service offered has greatly improved in quality and coverage reaching, in 2013, 99.9 % of urban population. National coverage of sewage treatment has significantly increased from 17 % in 1999 to 99.8 % in 2013. However, the privatization and decentralization of water utilities is facing new challenges, such as increasing extreme climatic events and a more informed and organized consumer base. In addition, there are concerns with respect to sustainability of groundwater extraction and deterioration of water-dependent ecosystems due to over allocation of water rights. This chapter also presents an overview of Chile’s national Rural Potable Water (APR) program, which has reached almost 100 % coverage in semiconcentrated rural areas. Unlike urban service providers, the rural water-supply and sanitation sector has not been subject to regulation like urban services.
4 Shen, D.; Yu, X.; Shi, J. 2015. Introducing new mechanisms into water pricing reforms in China. In Dinar, A.; Pochat, V.; Albiac-Murillo, J. (Eds.). Water pricing experiences and innovations. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. pp.343-358. (Global Issues in Water Policy Volume 9)
Water rates ; Pricing ; Reforms ; Economic value ; Water resources ; Water supply ; Water use ; Household consumption ; Urban areas ; Wastewater treatment ; Hydraulic engineering ; Development projects ; Environmental protection ; Case studies / China / Beijing / Shanxi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy SF Record No: H047130)
This chapter analyzes the water pricing structure, reform process, and case studies in China and presents a overall picture of pricing water resources and its services during the past 60 years, particularly after 1980. China now implements a comprehensive water pricing framework and develops it step by step. The water resources fee was introduced in the 1980s, and the wastewater treatment and collection fee was developed in the late 1990s. By the 2000s, a comprehensive system was developed. Two case studies, involving Beijing and Shanxi Province, are discussed, which demonstrate increasing tariff standards in both regions. In the future, China will continue struggling with its water sector’s increasing tariff levels in order to meet its multi-objective water pricing.
5 Mandal, S.; Burman, D.; Sarangi, S. K.; Bandyopadhyay, B. K.; Maji, B. 2015. Homestead production systems in Sundarbans region of West Bengal, India – current status and opportunities. In Humphreys, E.; Tuong, T. P.; Buisson, Marie-Charlotte; Pukinskis, I.; Phillips, M. (Eds.). Proceedings of the CPWF, GBDC, WLE Conference on Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone: Turning Science into Policy and Practices, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 21-23 October 2014. Colombo, Sri Lanka: CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF). pp.241-250.
Farming systems ; Domestic gardens ; Aquaculture ; Livestock ; Resource management ; Socioeconomic environment ; Income ; Farmers ; Household consumption ; Food security ; Food production ; Nutrition ; Coastal area / India / West Bengal / Sundarbans Region / North 24 Parganas
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H047205)
https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/66389/Revitalizing%20the%20Ganges%20Coastal%20Zone%20Book_Low%20Version.pdf?sequence=1
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047205.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047205.pdf
(0.24 MB) (11.9 MB)
6 Rink, Paul; Semasinghe, Christina; Manthrithilake, Herath. 2016. The potential benefits of rainwater harvesting for households in the Jaffna Peninsula. Sri Lanka Journal of Aquatic Sciences, 21(1):59-65.
Rainwater ; Water harvesting ; Household consumption ; Groundwater extraction ; Water supply ; Domestic water ; Drinking water ; Water use ; Cost benefit analysis / Sri Lanka / Jaffna Peninsula
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047448)
(0.45 MB)
Recent development activities in the Jaffna Peninsula are threatening the viability of the region’s natural groundwater supply. Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) represents one important approach to remedying this situation. By accumulating freshwater during Jaffna’s wet season, household RWH systems can supply drinking and cooking water for use during the water-limited dry season. Additionally, a RWH calculator created by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) can be used to customize a RWH system for each family given particular household parameters such as rooftop size and daily extraction rate. When paired with cost estimates for tank construction, a RWH installation cost-benefit analysis can be determined for either a specific household or for a collection of households within the Jaffna region.
7 Bekchanov, Maksud; Lamers, J. P. A. 2016. Economic costs of reduced irrigation water availability in Uzbekistan (Central Asia) Regional Environmental Change, 21p. (Online first). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-016-0961-z]
Economic aspects ; Macroeconomics ; Costs ; Irrigation water ; Water availability ; Water supply ; Water governance ; Water use ; Water power ; Agriculture ; Unemployment ; Farmland ; Land use ; Income ; River basins ; Downstream ; Energy consumption ; Models ; Public services ; Resource management ; Value added ; Household consumption / Central Asia / Uzbekistan / Aral Sea Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047544)
(1.41 MB)
Reduced river runoff and expected upstream infrastructural developments are both potential threats to irrigation water availability for the downstream countries in Central Asia. Although it has been recurrently mentioned that a reduction in water supply will hamper irrigation in the downstream countries, the magnitude of associated economic losses, economy-wide repercussions on employment rates, and degradation of irrigated lands has not been quantified as yet. A computable general equilibrium model is used to assess the economy-wide consequences of a reduced water supply in Uzbekistan—a country that encompasses more than half of the entire irrigated croplands in Central Asia. Modeling findings showed that a 10–20 % reduction in water supply, as expected in the near future, may reduce the areas to be irrigated by 241,000–374,000 hectares and may cause unemployment to a population of 712–868,000, resulting in a loss for the national income of 3.6–4.3 %. A series of technical, financial, and institutional measures, implementable at all levels starting from the farm to the basin scale, are discussed for reducing the expected water risks. The prospects of improving the basin-wide water management governance, increasing water and energy use efficiency, and establishing the necessary legal and institutional frameworks for enhancing the introduction of needed technological and socioeconomic change are argued as options for gaining more regional water security and equity.
8 Jean, N.; Burke, M.; Xie, M.; Davis, W. M.; Lobell, D. B.; Ermon, S. 2016. Combining satellite imagery and machine learning to predict poverty. Science, 353(6301):790-794. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf7894]
Poverty ; Satellite imagery ; Forecasting ; Living standards ; Household consumption ; Household expenditure ; Machine learning ; Neural networks ; Models ; Performance evaluation ; Economic aspects ; Assets / Nigeria / Tanzania / Uganda / Malawi / Rwanda
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047755)
(7.12 MB)
Reliable data on economic livelihoods remain scarce in the developing world, hampering efforts to study these outcomes and to design policies that improve them. Here we demonstrate an accurate, inexpensive, and scalable method for estimating consumption expenditure and asset wealth from high-resolution satellite imagery. Using survey and satellite data from five African countries—Nigeria, Tanzania, Uganda, Malawi, and Rwanda—we show how a convolutional neural network can be trained to identify image features that can explain up to 75% of the variation in local-level economic outcomes. Our method, which requires only publicly available data, could transform efforts to track and target poverty in developing countries. It also demonstrates how powerful machine learning techniques can be applied in a setting with limited training data, suggesting broad potential application across many scientific domains.
9 Molden, O.; Griffin, N.; Meehan, K. 2016. The cultural dimensions of household water security: the case of Kathmandu’s stone spout systems. Water International, 41(7):982-997. (Special issue: Putting Practice into Policy). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2016.1251677]
Water security ; Household consumption ; Domestic water ; Water supply ; Water use ; Water distribution systems ; Traditional technology ; Ancestral technology ; Cultural factors ; Water governance ; Political aspects ; Legislation ; State intervention ; Urban development ; Social institutions ; Communities / Nepal / Kathmandu / Lalitpur
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047871)
(1.58 MB)
This article contributes knowledge to the under-studied cultural aspects of household water security through the case of Kathmandu’s ancient stone waterspouts. It asks why and how ‘traditional’ water supply systems persist as a form of water provision, and examines governance arrangements that pose challenges to these systems. It demonstrates that spout systems are critical sources of secure water supply, particularly for underserved populations. Also, the religious, cultural and social significance of spouts enables community autonomy and facilitates their persistence. However, conflicts between cultural heritage and drinking water law and policy undermine spout revitalization efforts and the entire system’s integrity.
10 Sri Lanka. National Water Supply and Drainage Board. 2014. Hand book for water consumers. Katugastota, Sri Lanka: National Water Supply and Drainage Board. Greater Kandy Water Supply Project. 74p.
Water supply ; Water users ; Handbooks ; Guidelines ; Water resources ; Water distribution ; Wastewater management ; Wastewater treatment ; Water conservation ; Rainwater ; Water harvesting ; Water pollution ; Contamination ; Water quality ; Standards ; Water costs ; User charges ; Water rates ; Pricing ; Water storage ; Septic tanks ; Household consumption ; Plumbing ; Pipes ; Water Metering ; Leakage ; Hot water systems ; Governmental organizations / Sri Lanka
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047919)
http://www.waterboard.lk/web/images/pdf/Con_Hnd_Book/Con_man_%20English.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047919.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047919.pdf
(3.78 MB) (3.78 MB)
11 Kumpel, E.; Woelfle-Erskine, C.; Ray, I.; Nelson, K. L. 2017. Measuring household consumption and waste in unmetered, intermittent piped water systems. Water Resources Research, 53(1):302-315. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/2016WR019702]
Water use ; Household consumption ; Measurement ; Water availability ; Water supply ; Water distribution systems ; Water storage ; Storage containers ; Water tanks ; Pipes ; Water loss ; Metering ; Water users ; Socioeconomic environment ; Urban areas / India / Hubli-Dharwad
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048047)
(1.35 MB)
Measurements of household water consumption are extremely difficult in intermittent water supply (IWS) regimes in low- and middle-income countries, where water is delivered for short durations, taps are shared, metering is limited, and household storage infrastructure varies widely. Nonetheless, consumption estimates are necessary for utilities to improve water delivery. We estimated household water use in Hubli-Dharwad, India, with a mixed-methods approach combining (limited) metered data, storage container inventories, and structured observations. We developed a typology of household water access according to infrastructure conditions based on the presence of an overhead storage tank and a shared tap. For households with overhead tanks, container measurements and metered data produced statistically similar consumption volumes; for households without overhead tanks, stored volumes underestimated consumption because of significant water use directly from the tap during delivery periods. Households that shared taps consumed much less water than those that did not. We used our water use calculations to estimate waste at the household level and in the distribution system. Very few households used 135 L/person/d, the Government of India design standard for urban systems. Most wasted little water even when unmetered, however, unaccounted-for water in the neighborhood distribution systems was around 50%. Thus, conservation efforts should target loss reduction in the network rather than at households.
12 Chalise, S.; Naranpanawa, A. 2016. Climate change adaptation in agriculture: a computable general equilibrium analysis of land-use change in Nepal. Land Use Policy, 59:241-250. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.09.007]
Climate change adaptation ; Agricultural sector ; Land use ; Equilibrium theory ; Models ; Economic aspects ; Gross national product ; Household consumption ; Farmers ; Employment ; Crops ; Income ; Consumer prices ; Forecasting ; Rural areas / Nepal
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048055)
(0.98 MB)
This paper investigates the feasibility of changes in cropland-use as an adaptation strategy to minimise the economy-wide costs of climate change on agriculture. Nepal makes an interesting case study as it is one of the most vulnerable agricultural economies within South Asia. We develop a comparative static multi-household computable general equilibrium (CGE) model for Nepal, with a nested set of constant elasticity of transformation (CET) functional forms, to model the allocation of land within different agricultural sectors. Land transformation elasticities in these CET functions are allowed to reflect the ease of switching from one crop to another based on their agronomic characteristics. The results suggest that, in the long run, farmers in Nepal tend to allocate land to crops that are comparatively less impacted by climate change, such as paddy, thereby minimising the economy-wide impacts of climate change. Furthermore, the results reveal that land-use change tends to reduce the income disparity between different household groups by significantly moderating the income losses of marginal farmers. Therefore, it is suggested that policy makers in Nepal should prioritise schemes such as providing climate-smart paddy varieties (i.e., those that are resistant to heat, drought and floods) to farmers, subsidising fertilizers, improving agronomic practices, and educating farmers to switch from crops that are highly impacted by climate change to those that are not, such as paddy.
13 Otoo, Miriam; Taron, Avinandan; Danso, George; Madurangi, Ganesha; Ekere, W.; Dungu, S. 2015. Market assessment of RRR [resource recovery and reuse] business models-Kampala city report. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 121p.
Resource recovery ; Market economies ; Business management ; Fuels ; Briquettes ; Energy generation ; Electricity generation ; Legal aspects ; Sanitation ; Organic fertilizers ; Wastewater irrigation ; Wastewater treatment ; Faecal sludge ; Solid wastes ; Composting ; Renewable energy ; Socioeconomic environment ; Household consumption ; Supply chain ; Farmers ; Water resources ; Water availability ; Water use ; Irrigated farming / Uganda / Kampala
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048076)
(1.99 MB)
14 Otoo, Miriam; Taron, Avinandan; Danso, George; Madurangi, Ganesha; Subrahmanya, M. H. B.; Ramachandran, P.; Balachandra, P.; Sudhira, H. S. 2015. Market assessment of RRR [resource recovery and reuse] business models-Bangalore city report. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 134p.
Resource recovery ; Market economies ; Business management ; Fuels ; Briquettes ; Energy generation ; Electricity generation ; Legal aspects ; Sanitation ; Organic fertilizers ; Wastewater irrigation ; Wastewater treatment ; Faecal sludge ; Solid wastes ; Composting ; Renewable energy ; Socioeconomic environment ; Household consumption ; Supply chain ; Farmers ; Water resources ; Water availability ; Water use ; Irrigated farming / India / Bangalore
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048077)
(2.72 MB)
15 Whittington, D.; Hanemann, W. M.; Sadoff, C.; Jeuland, M. 2009. The challenge of improving water and sanitation services in less developed countries. Foundations and Trends in Microeconomics, 4(6-7):469-609.
Developed countries ; Developing Countries ; Sanitation ; Economic aspects ; Cost benefit analysis ; Investment ; Infrastructure ; Water supply ; Water use ; Water availability ; Water requirements ; Rural communities ; Manual pumps ; Household consumption ; Drinking water treatment ; Dams ; Social aspects / Africa / South Asia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048108)
(0.75 MB)
This paper argues that there are many challenges to designing and
implementing water and sanitation interventions that actually deliver economic benefits to the households in developing countries. Perhaps most critical to successful water and sanitation investments is to discover and implement forms of service and payment mechanisms that will render the improvements worthwhile for those who must pay for them. In this paper, we argue that, in many cases, the conventional network technologies of water supply and sanitation will fail this test, and that poor households need alternative, non-network technologies. However, it will not necessarily be the case that specific non-network improved water supply and/or sanitation technologies will always be seen as worthwhile by those who must pay for them. We argue that there is no easy panacea to resolve this situation. For any intervention, the outcome is likely to be context-dependent. An intervention that works well in one locality may fail miserably in another. For any given technology, the outcome will depend on economic and social conditions, including how it is implemented, by whom, and often on the extent to which complementary behavioral, institutional and organizational changes also occur. For this reason, we warn against excessive generalization: one cannot, in our view, say that one intervention yields a rate of return of x% while another yields a return of y%, because the economic returns are likely to vary with local circumstances. More important is to identify the circumstances under which an intervention is more or less likely to succeed. Also for this reason, when we analyze a few selected water and sanitation interventions, we employ a probabilistic rather than a deterministic analysis to emphasize that real world outcomes are likely to vary substantially.
implementing water and sanitation interventions that actually deliver economic benefits to the households in developing countries. Perhaps most critical to successful water and sanitation investments is to discover and implement forms of service and payment mechanisms that will render the improvements worthwhile for those who must pay for them. In this paper, we argue that, in many cases, the conventional network technologies of water supply and sanitation will fail this test, and that poor households need alternative, non-network technologies. However, it will not necessarily be the case that specific non-network improved water supply and/or sanitation technologies will always be seen as worthwhile by those who must pay for them. We argue that there is no easy panacea to resolve this situation. For any intervention, the outcome is likely to be context-dependent. An intervention that works well in one locality may fail miserably in another. For any given technology, the outcome will depend on economic and social conditions, including how it is implemented, by whom, and often on the extent to which complementary behavioral, institutional and organizational changes also occur. For this reason, we warn against excessive generalization: one cannot, in our view, say that one intervention yields a rate of return of x% while another yields a return of y%, because the economic returns are likely to vary with local circumstances. More important is to identify the circumstances under which an intervention is more or less likely to succeed. Also for this reason, when we analyze a few selected water and sanitation interventions, we employ a probabilistic rather than a deterministic analysis to emphasize that real world outcomes are likely to vary substantially.
16 Leder, Stephanie. 2017. Gender issues in water and sanitation programmes: lessons from India. SAWAS (South Asian Water Studies), 5(4):59-62.
Gender ; Women's participation ; Water quality ; Water availability ; Sanitation ; Education programmes ; Capacity building ; Drinking water ; Rural areas ; Household consumption ; Policy making ; Case studies / India
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048234)
http://www.sawasjournal.org/files/SAWAS%205(4)%202017/Book%20Review%201-SAWAS%205(4),%202017.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048234.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048234.pdf
(5.02 MB)
17 Tambo, J. A.; Wunscher, T. 2017. Farmer-led innovations and rural household welfare: evidence from Ghana. Journal of Rural Studies, 55:263-274. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.08.018]
Farmer participation ; Agricultural practices ; Innovation ; Household income ; Social welfare ; Household expenditure ; Household consumption ; Indicators ; Food security ; Nutrition ; Impact assessment ; Socioeconomic environment ; Models ; Econometrics ; Rural areas / Ghana / Bongo / Kassena Nankana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048318)
(0.43 MB)
It is well recognized that agricultural innovations could emerge from many sources, including rural farmers. Yet the numerous micro-level studies on impacts of agricultural innovations have largely focussed on externally promoted technologies, and a rigorous assessment of impacts of farmer-led innovations is lacking. We address this issue by analyzing the effect of farmer-led innovations on rural household welfare, measured by income, consumption expenditure, and food security. Using household survey data from northern Ghana and applying endogenous switching regression and maximum simulated likelihood techniques, we find that farmer-led innovations significantly increase household income and consumption expenditure per adult equivalent. The innovations also contribute significantly to the reduction of household food insecurity by increasing food consumption expenditure, by decreasing the duration of food shortages, and by reducing the severity of hunger. Furthermore, we find that these effects are more pronounced for farm households whose innovative activities are minor modifications of existing techniques. Overall, our results show positive welfare effects of farmer-led innovations, and thus support increasing arguments on the need to promote farmer-led innovations (which have been largely undervalued) as a complement to externally promoted technologies in food security and rural poverty reduction efforts.
18 Sacolo, T.; Abidoye, B. 2017. Are long-held beliefs and taboos on recycled water reducing in southern Africa?. Water Policy, 19(6):1172-1188. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2017.076]
Water reuse ; Recycling ; Household consumption ; Attitudes ; Willingness to pay ; Water resources ; Water quality ; Valuation ; Water demand ; Models ; Socioeconomic environment / Southern Africa / Mozambique / Zimbabwe / Botswana / Limpopo River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048380)
(0.21 MB)
A sample of 1,114 households in three countries located in the Limpopo River Basin was surveyed to investigate willingness to use (WTU) and willingness to pay (WTP) for different quality attributes of recycled water. The results indicate that 36% of the households are willing to use recycled water for potable uses and only 70% are willing to use it for non-potable use such as gardening. WTU recycled water was found to be associated with gender, age, education, occupation and perception of quality of water from the main source. Households are willing to pay 76% of the price of standard water for improved quality in recycled water with no colour.
19 Asamoah, B.; Nikiema, Josiane; Gebrezgabher, Solomie; Odonkor, E.; Njenga, M. 2017. Fuel briquettes – making business sense. Urban Agriculture Magazine, 32:42-43.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048416)
In recent years, interest in fuel briquetting increased because of the opportunity to utilise agricultural residues and the organic fractions of municipal solid waste for energy, with a potential reduction in environmental pollution levels, and where modern heating and cooking fuels for domestic, institutional, commercial and industrial use are not readily available or affordable.
20 Balasubramanya, Soumya; Horbulyk, Theodore M. 2018. Groundwater arsenic in Bangladesh: what's new for policy research? Water Policy, 20(3):461-474. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2017.041]
Groundwater ; Arsenic compounds ; Pollutants ; Contamination ; Research policy ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Socioeconomic environment ; Water supply ; Drinking water ; Rural areas ; Pathogens ; Wells ; Household consumption ; Filtration ; Purification ; Supply chain / Bangladesh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048450)
This paper provides an overview of policy responses to arsenic in groundwater in rural Bangladesh to assess their role and potential effectiveness in reducing exposure. With 97% of the country consuming groundwater for drinking, there is a continuing crisis of tens of millions of people exposed to elevated levels of arsenic. An examination of the number of people protected through two major remediation efforts suggests that recent progress may not be sufficient to keep up with the increasing population or to resolve the crisis during this century. Recent developments in remedial options are examined to identify their potential role in an evolving policy and research agenda. There appears to be growing agreement about future research and policy responses that can scale remedial options and make them widely accessible. These include: (1) the need for a reliable and affordable programme of arsenic testing and retesting; (2) attention to risks from other soluble contaminants and pathogens; (3) explicit priority setting across locations, time and to address fairness; and (4) development of value chains to ensure remedial options are supported over time.
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